Professional Documents
Culture Documents
UNAIDS usually reports the proportion, among 1519-year-olds, having had sex by age 15 (UNAIDS, 2008) whereas other sources use the mean age at first sexual intercourse
This does not indicate most 15 year olds are having sex
The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Early Online Publication, 4 October 2011 doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70254-7
Teenage Pregnancy
Rates
Strategy
2005
U16 conception rate
2010
2005
U16 conception rate target18
2010
are highly effective (95%) against HIV transmission in vaginal sex BUT HIV is a very rare STI in the UK and USA
sex Condoms have a 2-15% failure rate in preventing conception The lower failure rates are in experienced and motivated couples Risk displacement can increase numbers of unplanned conceptions in population use of condoms
Richens diagram
Ten-year Decline in National HIV Seroprevalence in Uganda, Based on Data from15 Sentinel Surveillance Sites, 1990-2000
25 20 15 10 5 0
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
Condom use
70%
Men
Women
48%
49%
56%
60% 57% 50% 40% 34% 30% 24% 27% 20% 41% 42%
40%
19% 15%
20%
18%
20%
20%
1 10%
Kenya 98
Kenya
Myth 4. Condoms are 99% effective Single, distinctive factor behind every HIV
prevention success wide social communication leading to declines in casual sex of up to 65% at the population level. If this risk avoidance did not occur, HIV did not decline, even with greater resources, condom use, counseling, education and treatment.
Low-Beer 2003, Going Face to Face with AIDS
www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/09/03/
sex works
The abstinence-centred TeenSTAR sex education intervention was effective in the prevention of unintended adolescent pregnancy
Cabezon et al J Ad H 2005 36 64-9
Abstinence only intervention led to later sexual initiation relative to abstinence plus and comprehensive SRE.
Jemmott JB et al Arch of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, 164(2): 152-159.
Sexual desire is itself inherently nuptial leading through tenderness to the vow of erotic love.
Sex is about
COMMUNICATION
pleasure is...in intensity and kind, unique among human pleasures: it has no passable substitute from other realms of life. For ordinary persons orgasmic sex is the only access they have to ecstasy Mohr 1988:113
Theres more to sex than skin on skin. Sex is as much a spiritual mystery as physical fact. As written in Scripture The two become one. Since we want to become spiritually one with the Master, we must not pursue the kind of sex that avoids commitment and intimacy leaving us more lonely than ever the kind of sex that can never become one
I Cor 6v16-18 St Paul
References
Colman S., T. Joyce and R. Kaestner (2008), Misclassification Bias and the Estimated Effect of Parental Involvement Laws on Adolescents Reproductive Outcomes American Journal of Public Health, 98(10): 1881-5. DiCenso A., G. Gordon, W. Andrew and L. Griffith (2002), Interventions to reduce unintended pregnancies among adolescents: systematic review of randomised controlled trials, British Medical Journal, 324(15, June): 1426-34. Eurydice/NFER (2009), SRE education in other countries /www.inca.org.uk/Sex_and_relationships_education_December_2009_.pdf accessed 19th October 2010. Girma, S and D Paton (2006), Matching Estimates of the Impact of Over-the-Counter Emergency Birth Control on Teenage Pregnancy, Health Economics, 15 (Sept): 1021- 32. Girma, S. and D. Paton. (2011) The Impact of Emergency Birth Control on Teen Pregnancy and STIs, Journal of Health Economics,30: 373-80. Glasier, A, K Fairhurst, S Wyke, S Zirebland, P Seaman, J Walker & F Lakha (2004), Advanced Provision of Emergency Contraception Does not Reduce Abortion Rates, Contraception, 69: 361-6. Henderson M, D Wight, GM Raab, C Abraham, A Parkes, S Scott et al (2007), Impact of a theoretically based sex education programme (SHARE) delivered by teachers on NHS registered conceptions and terminations: final results of cluster randomised trial, BMJ, 334(Jan): 133-137. Jemmott III JB, LS Jemmott and GT Fong (2010), Efficacy of a Theory-Based Abstinence-Only Intervention over 24 Months: a randomized controlled trial with young adolescents, Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, 164(2): 152-159. Joyce T., R. Kaestner and S. Colman (2006), Changes in Abortions and Births and the Texas Parental Notification Law, New England Journal of Medicine, 354(10, March): 1031-8. Klick J. and T. Stratmann (2008), Abortion access and risky sex among teens: parental involvement laws and sexually transmitted diseases, Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, 24(1, May): 2-21. Kost K., S. Singh, B. Vaughan, J. Trussell and A. Bankole (2008), Estimates of contraceptive failure from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth, Contraception, 77: 10-21. Levine, PB (2003), Parental involvement laws and fertility behavior,Journal of Health Economics, 22 (5, Sept), 861-78. New, M.J. (2011). Analyzing the effect of anti-abortion U.S. state legislation in the post-Casey era, State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 11 (1, March): 28-47 Paton, D (2002), The Economics of Abortion, Family Planning and Underage Conceptions, Journal of Health Economics, 21 (2, March): 27-45 Paton, D (2006), Random Behaviour or Rational Choice? Family Planning, Teenage Pregnancy and STIs, Sex Education, 6 (3, August): 281-308. Raymond, EG, J Trussell & CB Polis (2007), Population Effect of Increased Access to Emergency Contraceptive Pills: a systematic review, Obstetrics & Gynecology, 109 (1, Jan): 181-8. Raymond E.G. and M.A. Weaver (2008), Effect of an emergency contraceptive pill intervention on pregnancy risk behavior, Contraception, 77: 333-6. Rosenbaum JE (2009), Patient Teenager: A comparison of the sexual behavior of virginity pledgers and matched nonpledgers, Pediatrics, 123 (1, Jan): e110-e120. Stanford J.B. (2008), Emergency Contraception: overestimated effectiveness and questionable expectations, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 83(1, Jan): 19-21. Wilkinson P., R. French, R. Kane, K. Lachowycz, J. Stephenson, C. Grundy et al (2006), Teenage conceptions, abortions and births in England: 198942003, and the national teenage pregnancy strategy Lancet, 368(Nov): 1879-86. Zavodny, M (2004), Fertility and parental consent for minors to receive contraceptives, American Journal of Public Health, 94(8): 1347-1351. Zavodny, M (2005), Erratum In: Fertility and Parental Consent for Minors to Receive Contraceptives, American Journal of Public Health, 95(1): 194.