Spread spectrum technology

Advanced Phase Shift Keying Modulation

Q

BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying):

1 0 I

Carrier
s(t) = At sin(2 ft t + t)

192620010 Mobile & Wireless Networking

Problem of radio transmission: frequency dependent fading can wipe out narrow band signals for duration of the interference Solution: spread the narrow band signal into a broad band signal using a special code protection against narrow band interference

10 Q 11

bit value 0: sine wave bit value 1: inverted sine wave very simple PSK low spectral efficiency robust, used e.g. in satellite systems

Basic analog modulation schemes schemes

power

interference

spread signal

power

signal

QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying):

Amplitude Modulation (AM) Frequency Modulation (FM) Phase Modulation (PM)

Lecture 2: Wireless Transmission (2/2)

detection at receiver

spread interference

00 01 A

Digital modulation
ASK, FSK, PSK - main focus here differences in spectral efficiency, power efficiency, robustness

2 bits coded as one symbol symbol determines shift of sine wave needs less bandwidth compared to BPSK more complex

[Schiller, Section 2.6 & 2.7] [Reader Part 1: OFDM: An architecture for the fourth generation]
Geert Heijenk

Side effects:
t 11 9 10 00 01

coexistence of several signals without dynamic coordination tap-proof

Often also transmission of relative, not absolute phase shift: DQPSK Differential QPSK (IS-136, PHS)

Alternatives: Direct Sequence, Frequency Hopping

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Effects of spreading and interference

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

Digital modulation

Outline of Lecture 2
Wireless
Spread

dP/df
0 1

dP/df

Modulation of digital signals known as Shift Keying 1 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK):
very simple low bandwidth requirements very susceptible to interference

Transmission (2/2)
Modulation Orthogonal

i)
1 0 1

ii)

f Frequency Shift Keying (FSK):

Q 0010 0001

user signal broadband interference narrowband interference

sender

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM): combines amplitude and phase modulation it is possible to code n bits using one symbol 2n discrete levels, n=2 identical to QPSK bit error rate increases with n, but less errors compared to comparable PSK schemes

Spectrum Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

dP/df
Example: 16-QAM (4 bits = 1 symbol)
t
0011 0000

dP/df
binary FSK (BFSK) continuous phase modulation (CPM) needs larger bandwidth
1 0 1

dP/df

iii)
a

iv)
I

v) Phase Shift Keying (PSK):

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f
1000

receiver
Binary PSH (BPSK) more complex robust against interference
t

Symbols 0011 and 0001 have the same phase , but different amplitude a. 0000 and 1000 have different phase, but same amplitude.

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Spreading and frequency selective fading

Hierarchical Modulation

Advanced Frequency Shift Keying

Modulation
Process of encoding information from a message source in a manner suitable for transmission

channel quality

narrowband channels

frequency

Two major steps: 1. Digital modulation

narrow band signal

guard space

DVB-T modulates two separate data streams onto a single DVB-T stream High Priority (HP) embedded within a Low Priority (LP) stream Multi carrier system, about 2000 or 8000 carriers QPSK, 16 QAM, 64QAM Q Example: 64QAM

10 I

digital data is translated into an analog signal (baseband)

2.

Analog modulation

channel quality

bandwidth needed for FSK depends on the distance between the carrier frequencies (and bit rate of source signal) special pre-computation avoids sudden phase shifts MSK (Minimum Shift Keying) bits separated into even and odd bits, the duration of each bit is doubled depending on the bit values (even, odd) the higher or lower frequency, original or inverted is chosen the frequency of one carrier is twice the frequency of the other

shifts center frequency of baseband signal up to the radio carrier Motivation

1 00 000010 010101

spread spectrum channels

good reception: resolve the entire 64QAM constellation poor reception, mobile reception: resolve only QPSK portion 6 bit per QAM symbol, 2 most significant determine QPSK HP service coded in QPSK (2 bit), LP uses remaining 4 bit

even higher bandwidth efficiency using a Gaussian low-pass filter GMSK (Gaussian MSK), used in GSM

smaller antennas (e.g., /4) Frequency Division Multiplexing medium characteristics

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frequency

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Spread spectrum technology

Wireless
Modulation Spread

Outline of Lecture 2

Example of MSK
1 0 data even bits odd bits 1 1 0 1 0 bit even odd signal value low frequency 0101 0011 hnnh - - ++

Modulation and demodulation

Protection against narrow band interference Tightly coupled to CDM

Transmission (2/2)

coexistence of several signals without dynamic coordination High security

digital data 101101001

analog baseband signal digital modulation

analog modulation radio carrier

radio transmitter

Military use Overlay of new SS technologies on the same spectrum as old NB Civil applications

Spectrum Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

IEEE802.11 Bluetooth UMTS

h: high frequency n: low frequency +: original signal -: inverted signal high frequency analog demodulation MSK signal radio carrier t No phase shifts!
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Disadvantages

analog baseband signal

digital data synchronization decision 101101001 radio receiver

High complexity Large transmission bandwidth

Alternatives: Direct Sequence, Frequency Hopping

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Spectra for Three Orthogonal Carriers

Multicarrier modulation FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) I

Discrete changes of carrier frequency
sequence of frequency changes determined via pseudo random number sequence many chips per bit (e.g., 128) result in higher bandwidth of the signal
tb user data 0 tc chipping sequence 01101010110101 = resulting signal 01101011001010 1 XOR

DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) I

XOR of the signal with pseudo-random number (chipping sequence) Advantages

Target: increase data rate

Increase bandwidth? Increase symbol rate?

Two versions

Problem: increase of frequency selective fading and Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) Solution:

Fast Hopping: several frequencies per user bit Slow Hopping: several user bits per frequency
base stations can use the same frequency range several base stations can detect and recover the signal soft handover

reduces frequency selective fading in cellular networks

High bit rate signal split into many low bit rate signals Each low bit rate signal used to modulate a different carrier Less vulnerable to ISI and frequency selective fading

Disadvantages
precise power control necessary
tb: bit period tc: chip period
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But: How to make multicarrier systems efficient?

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OFDM(A)
Wireless
tb user data 0 f td slow hopping (3 bits/hop) td t f3 f2 f1 f f3 f2 f1 t fast hopping (3 hops/bit) 1 0 1 1 t

Outline of Lecture 2

FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) II

DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) II

Transmission (2/2)

Modulation Spread

user data X chipping sequence

spread spectrum signal modulator radio carrier transmitter

A multicarrier system based on orthogonal subcarriers: Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) When different subcarriers can be used by different users: Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)

transmit signal

Typically uses phase and amplitude modulation on each subcarrier: QAM (BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK, 16QAM, 32QAM, 64QAM)

Spectrum Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

N 1

correlator products received signal demodulator radio carrier chipping sequence receiver X integrator sampled sums decision

Composite signal given by: f (t) = Ak cos(k 0 t + k ) , for 0 t Tp

k= 0

where Tp is symbol width,

lowpass filtered signal

data

0 = 2/Tp ,
tb: bit period
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Ak and k are QAM amplitude and phase on carrier k

td: dwell time

Can by computed by Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT)

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OFDM(A) deployment
narrowband signal modulator

Spectrum of a rectangular pulse

FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) III

The Rake Receiver

modulator

user data

spread transmit signal

frequency synthesizer transmitter hopping sequence

OFDM is used in IEEE 802.11a and g 48 (+4 pilot) subcarriers of 312.5 kHz (total 20 MHz) 3.2s time 0.8s guard space (ISI mitigation) 250 000 symbols/s 64QAM on 48 carriers results in 6 * 48 = 288 bits/symbol 72 Mbit/s, with coding rate (error correction): 54 Mbit/s

Takes advantage of multipath propagation Each multipath component is called a finger Need to estimate delay, amplitude and phase for each finger The Rake receiver combines multipath components with a separation in time one chip period Tchip Example: 3.84 Mcps Tchip = 0.26 s 78 m

OFDM is also used in DAB, DVB

received signal

narrowband signal demodulator demodulator

data

OFDMA is used in WiMAX and LTE with up to 1200 subcarriers of 15 kHz in 20 MHz.
hopping sequence
2 2

frequency synthesizer

receiver

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Two-carrier pulse spectrum

FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) IV

Example:

Time Dispersion Rake receiver Channel Estimation

Channel
Bluetooth (1600 hops/sec on 79 carriers)
h0

r(n) C(n)

C(n C(n)

C(n)

Advantages

h2 h1

g
a2
1 2

g
frequency selective fading and interference limited to short period simple implementation uses only small portion of spectrum at any time
a1 a0

g
Diversity Combination To Decoder

Disadvantages

not as robust as DSSS simpler to detect

Channel Diversity Combination Estimation Selective Equal gain Maximum Ratio

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a2 Delay Delay 0 1/3 Delay and h* complex amplitudes 2

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a1 0 1/3 h1*

a0
1 2

a0

1 1/3 h0*
2
a1 a2

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