Professional Documents
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Course Outline
Presenter Biographies
2008 Trane
Trane is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members available on request. This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
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Agenda
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Todays Presenters
Mick Schwedler Steve Taylor manager, principal, applications Taylor Engineering engineering
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Demand-controlled Demandventilation
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90.1 requirements
Ventilation control or dynamic reset options (DCV for zones, VRC for systems) Dehumidification requirements (65% RH analytical limit) Zone minimum airflow in VAV-reheat systems (intake airflow depends on zone airflow)
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Dynamic Reset
Optional controls may reset zone or intake airflow in response to changing conditions, e.g.:
Variations in zone occupancy, based on TOD schedule, direct count of occupants, or outdoor air rate per person based on sensed CO2 Variations in system ventilation efficiency based on system airflow values Variations in VAV box minimums due to changes in system outdoor air intake flow (when economizing)
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dynamic reset
Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) resets zone outdoor airflow (Voz) as zone population or effective OA per person varies (zone-level control) Ventilation reset control (VRC) resets outdoor air intake flow (Vot) in multiple-zone systems as system ventilation efficiency (Ev) varies (system-level control) Ventilation optimization combines DCV and VRC for multiple-zone (VAV) systems
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Zone Calculations
1. Calculate breathing-zone outdoor airflow, using
2. Determine zone air distribution effectiveness, Ez Look up Ez (typically 1.0) 3. Calculate zone outdoor airflow Voz = Vbz/Ez (Table 6-2)
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dynamic reset
TOD: Determine Voz using effective population, Pz, based on time-of-day schedule OCC: Determine Voz using Pz equal to design or zero population, based on occupancy sensors COU: Determine Voz using Pz equal to actual population, based on direct count
Voz=(Rp*Pz+Ra*Az)/Ez
CO2: Maintain effective people outdoor air rate Rp, in breathing zone, based on differential CO2
Rp = N/(Cr Co) where N = CO2 cfm/person
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dynamic reset
Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) resets zone outdoor airflow (Voz) as zone population or effective OA per person varies (zone-level control) Ventilation reset control (VRC) resets outdoor air intake flow (Vot) in multiple-zone systems as system ventilation efficiency (Ev) varies (system-level control) Ventilation optimization combines DCV and VRC for multiple-zone (VAV) systems
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Multiple-Zone Systems
Cant deliver OA with 100% efficiency because some excess OA exhausts
VAV air handler Some excess (unused) OA leaves building EA VAV PA RA PA VAV RA PA OA RA VAV RA
zone 1 OVERVENTILATED
zone 3 OVERVENTILATED
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System Calculations
6.2.5 Multiple-Zone Recirculating Systems
When one air handler supplies mixed air to many zones (e.g., VAV systems), find outdoor air intake flow (Vot) using prescribed equations:
Vot = Vou/Ev Vou = f(Vbz in all zones) Ev = 1 + Xs Zd
2 1
Xs = Vou/Vps Zd = Voz/Vdz
3 4
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system calculations
w/o VRC
w/VRC
Vou = D*Rp*Pz + Ra*Az = 0.65*7,125 + 1860 = 6,500 Xs = Vou/Vps = 6,500/20,160 = 0.322 Ev = 1 + 0.322 0.585 = 0.738 Vot = Vou/Ev = 6,500/0.738 = 8,808 90% system load disc airflow Vdz 4,000 4,100 4,200 4,300 vent rate Vbz 1,880 1,880 2,190 2,190 vent fraction Zdz 0.470 0.459 0.521 0. 509 Vou = 6,500 Xs = Vou/Vps = 6,500/18,200 = 0.357 Ev = 1 + 0.357 0.585 = 0.772 Vot = Vou/Ev = 6,500/0.772 = 8,410 300 1,300 85 760 0.283 0.585
8,810
8,410
dynamic reset
Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) resets zone outdoor airflow (Voz) as zone population or effective OA per person varies (zone-level control) Ventilation reset control (VRC) resets outdoor air intake flow (Vot) in multiple-zone systems as system ventilation efficiency (Ev) varies (system-level control) Ventilation optimization combines DCV and VRC for multiple-zone (VAV) systems
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ventilation optimization
part load
For non-DCV zones, use Pz = design population For non-CO2 DCV zones, use Pz = estimated (for TOD, OCC zones) or actual (for COU zones) population For CO2 DCV zones, disregard population and use controller to find Vbz based on sensed CO2 For non-DCV zones, use D = design occupant diversity For DCV zones, use D = 1
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Vou = D*Rp*Pz + Ra*Az =find new + 1860 = 6,500 0.65*7,130 Vbz population Xs = Vou/Vps = 6,500/20,200 = 0.332 Ev = 1 + 0.332 0.585 = 0.738 Vot = Vou/Ev = 6,500/0.738 = 8,810 140 140 50 260 5 90% 20 Pz 8,410 disc airflow Vdz 4,000 4,100 4,200 4,300 300 1,300 7,190 vent rate Vbz 1,880 1,880 2,190 2,190 85 680 560 915 vent fraction Zdz 0.470 0.459 0.218 0. 509 0.283 0.431 0.146 0.431 Vou = D*NONRp*Pz + NONRa*Az+co2[Vbz] + NON-co2(Rp*Pz+Ra*Az) = 0.65*(4,780) + 1,260 + 915 + 560 = 5,840 VRC w/zone-level Xs = Vou/Vps = 5,840/18,200 = 0.321 Ev = 1 + 0.321 0.509 = 0.812 DCV reduces Vot Vot = Vou/Ev = 5,840/0.812 = 7,190
even more
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ventilation optimization
OCC
elevators
OCC office
CO2 conference rm
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Section 6.4.3.9 Ventilation Controls for HighOccupancy Areas Demand control ventilation (DCV) is required for spaces larger than 500 ft2 and with a design occupancy for ventilation of greater than 40 people per 1000 ft2 of floor area and served by systems with one or more of the following: a. An air-side economizer
b. c.
Automatic modulating control of the outdoor air damper, or A design outdoor airflow greater than 3000 cfm
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Systems with energy recovery complying with Section 6.5.6.1 Multiple-zone systems without DDC of individual zones communicating with a central control panel Systems with a design outdoor airflow less than 1200 cfm
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Economizers
Climate zone
1a, 1b, 2a, 3a, 4a 2b, 5a, 6a, 7, 8
(Miami, St. Louis, Charlotte)
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Moist
Required for Systems > 11T
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90.1 requires DCV for certain applications 62.1 allows DCV for any application
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Demand control ventilation (DCV): a ventilation system capability that provides for the automatic reduction of outdoor air intake below design rates when the actual occupancy of spaces served by the system is less than design occupancy.
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6.2.7 Dynamic Reset: the system may be designed to reset the design outdoor air intake flow (Vot) and/or space or zone airflow as operating conditions change. These conditions include but are not limited to:
1. Variations in occupancy or ventilation airflow in one or more individual zones for which ventilation airflow requirements will be reset. Note: Examples of measures for estimating such variations include: occupancy scheduled by time-ofday, a direct count of occupants, or an estimate of occupancy or ventilation rate per person using occupancy sensors such as those based on indoor CO2 concentrations.
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Equation to
Vpz , Cs
I
N, v, CR
VIot3 CR
VIot3 CR
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Is proportional to bioeffluent generation rate Is proportional to activity level and activity level is predictable
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room CO2 concentration outdoor air CO2 concentration zone ventilation effectiveness people component area or building component zone floor area design number of people activity level (met)
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(CO2max)
Maximum output signal when room CO2 is at CO2max Minimum output signal when room CO2 is ambient (400 ppm) At maximum output signal, outdoor air rate = Vot At minimum output signal, outdoor air rate = Vat
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Room CO2
Voz
200 0
Vat 0
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infrared
incandescent infrared source
interactive sensor element reduction oxidation (voltage output) light resistance emission change quenching (color change)
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usage and to ensure 62.1 compliance has not yet been determined statement being developed results probably in late 2010
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CO2
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Increase the zone damper up to 100% of zone maximum Then stage the OA damper open from unoccupied minimum to design OA minimum
100% Zone Minimum Setpoint
Dehumidification
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90.1 requirements
Ventilation control or dynamic reset options (DCV for zones, VRC for systems) Dehumidification requirements (65% RH analytical limit) Zone minimum airflow in VAV-reheat systems (intake airflow depends on zone airflow)
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Dehumidification
Std 62.1-2007 limits space relative
humidity to 65% or less, analyzed at dew point design (design dew point, mean coincident dry bulb) impact ability to meet the Std 62.1 limit
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single-zone system
T space
constantspeed fan
EA
OA
MA
SA
full load OA 96F DB, 76F WB RA 74F DB, 52% RH MA 80.6F DB SA 55.7F DB
(1,500 cfm)
et w 55 u -b
basic CV system
85
wetter warmer drier
180 160 140 120 100 80 humidity ratio, grains/lb of dry air
80
, re F 75
colder
t lb 60
4.8atu r to 70 ns pe em
65
full load
OA
50 35 40 45
MA RA
60 40 20 0 110
30
SA
30
40
50
60 70 80 dry-bulb temperature, F
90
100
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part load OA 76F DP, 84F DB RA 74F DB, 52% RH MA 77F DB SA 63F DB
(1,500 cfm)
et w 55 l bu b m te 65
basic CV system
85 180 160 140 120 100 humidity ratio, grains/lb of dry air
65% RH
t ra 70 pe e, ur F 75
80
RA'
60
MA
80 60 40 20 0 110
50 35 40 45
SA RA
30
30
40
50
60 70 80 dry-bulb temperature, F
90
100
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part load OA 76F DP, 84F DB RA 74F DB, 67% RH MA 77F DB SA 63F DB
(1,500 cfm)
et w 55 u -b
basic CV system
85 180 160 140 120 100 80 humidity ratio, grains/lb of dry air
80 75
lb 60
65
50 35 40 45
SA
60 40 20 0 110
30
30
40
50
60 70 80 dry-bulb temperature, F
90
100
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CA
SA
CA
SA
RA
direct to spaces
RA
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100% OA system
(cold air)
85 180 160 humidity ratio, grains/lb of dry air
80
, re F 75
lb 60
m te
tu ra 70 pe
part load OA
65
RA' SA RA
80 60 40 20 0 110
CA
30
30
40
50
60 70 80 dry-bulb temperature, F
90
100
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Single-Path VAV
EA RA
space T
OA MA
SA
variablespeed fan
space T
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79F DB 55F DB
(900 cfm)
part load OA MA
50 35 40 45
SA
RA
30
30
40
50
60 70 80 dry-bulb temperature, F
90
100
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+ total-energy recovery 50% + mixed-air bypass + 2-speed fan + return-air bypass + reheat (direct) 100% OA (DOAS, direct) VAV w/local reheat 52% 52% 52% 52% 50% 52%
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section 6: HVAC
Mandatory Provisions
prescriptive requirements mandatory provisions
(6.5)
(6.4)
Energy Cost Budget Method (ECB, 11) Simplified Approach Option (6.3)
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Reheating Mixing of hot and cold airstreams Heating and cooling the same airstream
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simultaneous heatingcooling
Dehumidification Exceptions
a) Reducing supply airflow to 50%, or minimum ventilation rate specified by 62.1 b) Systems < 6.67 tons that can unload at least 50% c) Systems smaller than 3.3 tons d) Systems with specific humidity requirements for process needs (e.g. museums, surgical suites, supermarkets) e) 75% of reheat/recool energy is site-recovered or site-solar f) Desiccant systems where 75% of the heat added is removed by a heat exchanger using energy recovery
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possible
can be done to limit energy waste from simultaneous heating and cooling
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Compliance Techniques
VAV Systems
Except in unusual applications with high space latent loads, humidity control is inherent Limit supply air temperature reset upper limit
Any type of reheat is allowed by 90.1 Reheat using exhaust air sensible heat recovery or refrigerant hot gas
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Compliance Techniques
Single zone systems
Reheat allowed for small units Use variable speed or two-speed motors
To be required for single zone systems
7.5 tons by Addendum 90.1n in 2012 Consider ECMs for small fan motors
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No reheating No recooling No mixing or simultaneously supplying mechanically (or economizer) cooled and mechanically heated air
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simultaneous heatingcooling
Zone-Control Exceptions
a) Reduce zone airflow to
prescribed limit
pressurization requirements or code-required minimum circulation rates energy provides 75% of reheat energy
c) Site-recovered or site-solar
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simultaneous heatingcooling
Zone-Control Exceptions
Zone airflow does not exceed whichever is largest:
a) ASHRAE Standard 62s zone requirements for outdoor air b) 0.4 cfm/ft
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simultaneous heatingcooling
Zone-Control Exceptions
Zone airflow does not exceed whichever is largest: a) ASHRAE Standard 62s zone requirements for outdoor air b) 0.4 cfm/ft c) 30% of supply air d) 300 cfm e) ASHRAE Standard 62s multiple-space requirements, if approved by AHJ
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90.1 requirements
Ventilation control or dynamic reset options (DCV for zones, VRC for systems) Dehumidification requirements (65% RH analytical limit) Zone minimum airflow in VAV-reheat systems (intake airflow depends on zone airflow)
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space T
OA MA
SA
variablespeed fan
space T
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Provide at least minimum OA required by Section 6 at any load condition (all conditions)
Prescribes minimum zone outdoor airflow rates for 63 typical occupancy categories
Prescribes procedures and equations to find minimum outdoor air intake flow for the system
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Zone Calculations
1. Calculate breathing-zone outdoor airflow, using
(6-1)
2. Determine zone air distribution effectiveness Look up Ez (typically 1.0) 3. Calculate zone outdoor airflow Voz = Vbz/Ez (6-2) (Table 6-2)
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Multiple-Zone Systems
Find discharge outdoor air fraction (each zone) Zd = Voz/Vdz (6-5) Vdz = Vdz-exp at condition analyzed Find uncorrected outdoor airflow Vou = D*(RpPz) + (RaAz) D = Ps/Pz (6-6)
5.
6.
Find system ventilation efficiency Xs = Vou/Vps Vps = Vps-exp at condition analyzed Evz = 1 + Xs Zd (App A) Ev = lowest(Evz) Find outdoor air intake flow: Vot = Vou/Ev (6-8)
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7.
Multiple-Zone Systems
Step 4 (find Zd = Voz/Vdz), use minimum
Designer must determine the minimum primary airflow expected at the condition being analyzed for design purposes
Is it the minimum zone outdoor airflow for
Vdz-rm) per Std 90.1, Exception a? Is it some other value (Vdz-exp Vdz-rm Voz)?
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discharge airflow
local reheat
design heating
* Vpz = Vdz for single-supply systems
deadband
zone load
discharge airflow
local reheat
design heating
* Vpz = Vdz for single-supply systems
deadband
zone load
40
max clg
discharge airflow
local reheat
design heating
* Vpz = Vdz for single-supply systems
deadband
zone load
max clg
discharge airflow
local reheat
design heating
* Vpz = Vdz for single-supply systems
deadband
zone load
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possible
Traditional single-duct VAV reheat systems are limited But VAV is still a viable option! DOAS is not required and may not be the most efficient option!
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62MZCalc
compared to DOAS
Provide transfer air (e.g. fan-powered boxes, dual fan dual duct) to potentially critical zones
Low or even zero VAV minimums are possible
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62MZCalc Spreadsheet
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62MZCalc Spreadsheet
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62MZCalc Spreadsheet
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62MZCalc Spreadsheet
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62MZCalc Spreadsheet
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This concludes the American Institute of Architects Continuing Education System Program
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required
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90.1 requires reduction of zone airflows prior to using new energy for reheat 62.1 requires specific ventilation airflows No conflict, but
Challenges must be met through proper system
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www.trane.com/engineersnewsletter
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ENL Archives
Air distribution Refrigerant-to-air systems Control strategies Industry standards and LEED Energy and the environment Acoustics Ventilation Dehumidification
www.trane.com/bookstore
2008 Trane
LEED 2009 Modeling and Energy Savings Ice Storage System Design: Round-theClock Operation for Office Buildings and K-12 Schools Air-Handling Systems, Energy, and IAQ
November 4
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Bibliography
Industry Standards and Handbooks
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). ANSI/ASHRAE IESNA Standard 62.1-2007: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. Available at www.ashrae.org/bookstore American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). ANSI/ASHRAE IESNA Standard 90.1-2004: Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. Available at Available at www.ashrae.org/bookstore American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). 62.1 Users Manual: ANSI/ASHRAE IESNA Standard 62.1-2007. Available at Available at www.ashrae.org/bookstore American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE). Standard 90.1-2004 Users Manual. Available at <http://www.ashrae.org>
ASHRAE, Research Project 1276-RP: A Study of Multiple Space Effects on Ventilation System Efficiency in Standard 62.1 2004 and Experimental Validation of the Multiple Spaces Equation, Yuill, D., Yuill, G., March 2007, ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA
Trane Publications
Murphy, J., Better Part-Load Dehumidification, Engineers Newsletter 33-2 (2004). Murphy, J., Advances in Desiccant-Based Dehumidification, Engineers Newsletter 34-4 (2005). Stanke, D., Dehumidify with Constant-Volume Systems, Engineers Newsletter 29-4 (2000).
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Bibliography
Stanke, D., Dedicated Ventilation Systems, Engineers Newsletter 30-3 (2001). Trane, Air-to-Air Energy Recovery in HVAC Systems Trane application manual SYS-APM003-EN (2002) Trane, Dehumidification in HVAC Systems Trane application manual SYS-APM004-EN (2002) Murphy, J., CO2-based demand-controlled ventilation with ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004, Engineers Newsletter 34-5 (2005). Stanke, D. Addendum 62n, Engineers Newsletter 33-1 (2004).
Analysis Software
Trane Air-Conditioning and Economics (TRACE 700). Available at <www.trane.com/Commercial/DNA/View.aspx?i=1136> TRACE 700 Users Manual, CDS-PRM001-EN, 2005.
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