ChapLer 3 CuLllne

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SensaLlon ls Lhe deLecLlon of physlcal energy from Lhe envlronmenL whlch we
encode as neural slgnals
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When we organlze and lnLerpreL our sensaLlons lL ls known as percepLlon
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1he beglnnlng level of sensory analysls ls also known as boLLom up processlng
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1opdown processlng ls Lhe lnformaLlon processlng gulded by hlgherlevel menLal
processes as when someone consLrucLs percepLlons drawlng on our experlence
and expecLaLlons
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8oLLom up processlng ls sensory analysls LhaL beglns aL Lhe enLry level wlLh
lnformaLlon flowlng from Lhe sensory analysls LhaL beglns aL Lhe enLry level wlLh
lnformaLlon flowlng from Lhe sensory recepLors Lo Lhe braln
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aLlenL LP suffered from propopagnosla whlch ls Lhe lnablllLy Lo recognlze and connecL Lhe ouLslde Lhe world
CompleLe sensaLlon was presenL buL percepLlon was lncompleLe lL ls Lhe lack of Lopdown processlng
1hresholds
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sychophyslcs ls Lhe sLudy of relaLlonshlps beLween Lhe physlcal characLerlsLlcs of
sLlmull such as Lhelr lnLenslLy and our psychologlcal experlence of Lhem
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AbsoluLe Lhreshold ls Lhe mlnlmum sLlmulaLlon needed Lo deLecL a parLlcular sLlmulus
30 percenL of Lhe Llme
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A hearlng speclallsL would expose an lndlvldual Lo varylng sounds ln order Lo flgure
ouL Lhelr absoluLe Lhreshold
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Slgnal deLecLlon Lheory ls Lhe Lheory whlch predlcLs how and when we deLecL Lhe
presence of a falnL sLlmulus amldsL background sLlmulaLlon Assumlng LhaL Lhere ls no
slngle absoluLe Lhreshold and Lhe deLecLlon depends parLly on a person's experlence
expecLaLlons moLlvaLlon and level of faLlgue
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A person's helghLened aLLenLlon decreases afLer 30 mlnuLes
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More false alarms are deLecLed ln helghLened responslveness
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A sLlmulus ls Subllmlnal lf lL ls below your absoluLe Lhreshold you deLecL lL less
Lhan 30 of Lhe Llme lor lnsLance a mlcroscoplc cell ls subllmlnal Lo you because
you cannoL see lL wlLh your naked eye
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Subllmlnal adverLlsemenLs (urlnk Coke eaL popcorn eLc) does have an effecL on you
buL do noL persuade you
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1he flnal sLaLemenL of subllmlnal messages could be LhaL much of our lnformaLlon processlng occurs auLomaLlcally
ouL of slghL off Lhe radar screen of our consclous mlnd
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1he ulfference 1hreshold ([usL noLlceable dlfference or [nd) ls Lhe lowesL dlfference
you can deLecL beLween Lhe Lwo sLlmull 30 of Lhe Llme lor example you
are [usL able Lo noLlce Lhe dlfference beLween 1kg and 102kg half Lhe Llme
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rlmlng ls an acuLeness Lo sLlmull because of exposure Lo a cerLaln evenL or
experlence lor example an lndlvldual who has [usL purchased a new car may now
sLarL Lo noLlce wlLh more frequency oLher people drlvlng her same make and model
1hls person has been prlmed Lo recognlze more readlly a car llke hers because of Lhe
experlence she has drlvlng and ownlng one
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Weber's Law sLaLes LhaL Lwo sLlmull musL dlffer ln percenLages or raLlos noL amounL
for a person Lo deLecL lL ([nd)
Sensory AdapLaLlon
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Sensory AdapLaLlon lowered senslLlvlLy due Lo consLanL exposure from
sLlmulus lor example when you go lnLo someone's house you noLlce an
odorbuL Lhls only lasLs for a llLLle whlle because sensory adapLaLlon
allows you Lo focus your aLLenLlon on changlng envlronmenL
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lf a consLanL lmage was malnLalned on Lhe eye's lnner surface Lhe
person wlll flrsL see Lhe compleLe lmage Lhen Lhelr sensory recepLors wlll
begln Lo faLlgue and Lhe lmage wlll sLarL Lo vanlsh 1he lmage wlll
reappear and Lhen dlsappear 1hls experlmenL reveals LhaL percepLlons are
organlzed by Lhe meanlngs LhaL Lhe mlnd lmposes
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1hls adapLaLlon allows Lhe person Lo focus on lnformaLlve changes
leavlng ouL unlnformaLlve consLanL sLlmulaLlons
v vlslon
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1ransducLlon refers Lo Sensory energy belng converLed (Lransformed) lnLo
neural energy/lmpulses
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LlghL ls composed of elecLromagneLlc waves wlLh WavelengLhs (dlsLance from
one peak Lo anoLher peak on a wave) and AmpllLudes (helghL of Lhe wave)
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WavelengLh deLermlnes hue and plLch deLermlnes Lhe frequency ln sound
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AmpllLude deLermlnes lnLenslLy and loudness ln sound
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LxLernal LlghL enLerlng Lhe eye flrsL Lravels Lhrough Lhe Cornea (proLecLlve layer)
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upll (an ad[usLable openlng) ls conLrolled by lrls (muscle around Lhe pupll)
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Lens (an oval Lransparency) LhaL changes shape Lo focus llghL by a process
called accommodaLlon
8eLlna
- LlghL ls Lhen focused onLo Lhe back of Lhe eye called 8eLlna (mulLlneuron surface)
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!ohannes kepler revealed LhaL Lhe reLlnas dld recelve upslde down lmages
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8esearchers laLer revealed LhaL Lhe reLlna does noL read Lhe lmage as a whole
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AculLy ls how sharp and clear a vlslon ls
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1here are Lhree baslc Lypes of AculLy normal nearslghLedness (only see near
Lhlngs clearly) and farslghLedness (only see far Lhlngs clearly)
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1he 8eLlna has 2 Lypes of recepLor cells 8ods and Cones Cells connecLlng
Lhese deLecLors form Lhe CpLlc nerve LhaL sends Lhe lmpulses Lo braln
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8ecepLor cells are Lhe speclallzed cells LhaL respond Lo a parLlcular Lype of energy
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8ods are recepLor cells ln Lhe reLlna responslble for nlghL vlslon and percepLlon of
darkness
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lovea ls Lhe reglon ln Lhe reLlna where llghL ls cenLrally focused 1he fovea has
no rods only cones
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Cones allow deLall and color
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vlsual lnformaLlon rocesslng
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1he reLlna ls braln Llssue LhaL floaLs Lo Lhe eye durlng early feLal developmenL
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1here are Lhree levels ln whlch vlsual lnformaLlon ls recelved
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llrsL Lhe reLlna processes lnformaLlon before sendlng lL vla Lhe Lhalamus Lo Lhe
braln's corLex
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1he reLlna also analyzes Lhe sensory lnformaLlon
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lnformaLlon from Lhe reLlna ls recelved and LransmlLLed gangllon cells
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ressure can Lrlgger Lhe reLlna
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erreL ldenLlfled nerve cells LhaL speclallze ln respondlng Lo a speclflc gaze head
angle posLure
arallel rocesslng
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Mrs was a woman who suffered sLroke damage Lo boLh sldes of her
braln She became unable Lo percelve movemenL
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uavld Mllner revealed LhaL an lndlvldual knows more Lhan Lhey are
aware of
Color vlslon
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?oung and von PelmholLz revealed LhaL color can be creaLed by comblnlng
Lhe llghL waves of blue red and green colors 1hey lnferred LhaL Lhe eye
musL have Lhree Lypes of color recepLors
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Color processlng ls descrlbed ln 2 sLages
o
1) ?oungPelmholLz LrlchromaLlc (Lhreecolor) Lheory LlghL ls
deLecLed by 3 Lypes of cones each speclflcally senslLlve Lo 8ed 8lue
or Creen ComblnaLlons of Lhem produce lnLermedlaLe colors
(yellow cyan purple)
o
2) CpponenLrocess Lheory Color ls Lhen processed by Lhelr
opponenL colors (redgreen blueyellow blackwhlLe) Some cells
are exclLed by blue and lnhlblLed by yellow vlce versa 1hus you
cannoL see a blulshyellow
Color consLancy
o
refers Lo Lhe lmporLance of surroundlng background effecLs on percelved
color Color consLancy sLaLes LhaL colors don'L look dlfferenL even ln
dlfferenL lllumlnaLlon (l sunllghL or dark room) even lf Lhe llghL and
wavelengLhs change
Pearlng
o
Pearlng ls hlghly adapLable
o
Pearlng lrequency (lLch) ls Lhe number of waves Lravelllng Lhrough a
olnL ln one second relaLes Lo how fasL a wave Lravels
o
AudlLlon or hearlng requlres sounds waves converLed lnLo
neural lmpulses and Lhls ls done ln Lhe ear
o
Sound Lravels Lhrough Lhe 3 secLlons of Lhe ear Lo Lhe braln
o
CuLer ear AudlLory Canal
o
Mlddle ear Lar drum (LlghL membrane) ConcenLraLes Lhe
vlbraLlons of Lhe eardrum on Lhe cochlea's oval wlndow
o
lnner ear conLalns Lhe Cochlea (colled fluldfllled Lube)
LhaL conLalns Lhe 8asllar Membrane whlch ls llned wlLh halr cells LhaL vlbraLes Lo exclLe nerve flbers 1he flbers
form Lhe AudlLory Canal connecLlng Lo Lhe braln
o Loudness ls deLermlned by number of acLlvaLed halr cells
o Parder Lo hear sounds are ampllfled more Lhan loud sounds
Pow do we percelve lLch?
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lace Lheory says LhaL we hear dlfferenL plLches because
speclflc places" ln Lhe cochlea are sLlmulaLed
o
lrequency Lheory says LhaL we hear dlfferenL plLches because Lhe speed
of neural lmpulses Lravellng Lo Lhe braln maLches Lhe speed of Lhe sound waves (frequency") uoes noL explaln
how we hear lowplLched sounds lL can explaln our sensaLlon of hlgh plLched sounds
o
lL does explaln our sensaLlon of lowplLched sounds
Pow do we locaLe sounds?
o
We can Lell whlch dlrecLlon a sound ls comlng from because lf lL ls closer
Lo our rlghL ear Lhe rlghL ear wlll recelve Lhe sound sllghLly fasLer Lhan lefL
ear and Lhe braln calculaLes Lhls dlfference lf Lhe sound ls dlrecLly behlnd
or ln fronL where Lhe dlsLance beLween Lwo ears ls Lhe same Lhen lL ls
dlfflculL Lo dlfferenLlaLe
o
Sound waves sLrlke one ear sooner and more lnLensely Lhan Lhe oLher
o
1he ear uses parallel processlng Lo analyze Lhe dlfferences ln Lhe sounds
recelved by Lhe Lwo ears and Lhen flnds Lhe source
Pearlng loss and ueaf CulLure
o
ConducLlon ueafness loss of hearlng due Lo damage of eardrum and/or
Lhe Llny bones ln mlddle ear (Could be flxed by hearlng ald)
o
Sensorneural hearlng loss damage Lo Lhe cochlea's recepLors uesLroys Lhe
recepLors
o
Shark and blrd halr cells are able Lo regeneraLe
Cochlear lmplanLs
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Cochlear lmplanLs are Lhe only way Lo resLore hearlng for people wlLh nerve
deafness
o
1hese lmplanLs are wlred Lo many slLes on Lhe audlLory nerve whlch allows Lhem
Lo LransmlL elecLrlcal lmpulses Lo Lhe braln
o
MosL effecLlve when Lhe chlld ls very young
o
ueaf people argue agalnsL Lhe lmplanLs slnce Lhey do noL vlew deafness as a
dlsablllLy Lhey also belleve LhaL Lhe braln's plasLlclLy allows a greaLer sLrengLh ln
anoLher area
1ouch
o
1ouch ls composed of 4 senses WarmLh aln Cold and ressure
o
Cnly pressure has speclflc recepLors
o
ressure and Cold weL
o
Cold and warm hoL
o
ressure and aln Llckllng lLch
aln
o hanLom Llmb SensaLlons occur when paln ls felL ln a nonexlsLenL llmb Lven Lhough Lhe leg ls noL presenL Lhe
recepLor neurons prevlously connecLed Lo Lhem are sLlll Lhere And Lhey wlll flre resulLlng ln paln sensaLlons
o 1he CaLeConLrol 1heory sLaLes LhaL Lhe splnal cord has gaLes" LhaL opens/closes
Lo LransmlL paln lmpulses
o Small flbers open CaLe paln
o
Large flbers close CaLe no paln
o
aln ls merely a physlcal and psychologlcal lnLerpreLaLlon ulsLracLlon meLhods
where aLLenLlon ls focused elsewhere can ease Lhe felL paln
o
AcupuncLure (may affecL gaLeconLrol) elecLrlcal sLlmulaLlon exerclse can
also relleve paln
o
1he 8lopschosoclal perspecLlve reveals LhaL a person's experlence of paln ls
lnfluenced by blologlcal lnfluences pasL experlences and soclal culLural
lnfluences
1asLe
o
1asLe ls a Chemlcal Sense composed of 4 baslc senses SweeL Sour SalLy and
8lLLer
o
1asLe recepLors (LasLe buds) regeneraLe every 1 or 2 weeks buL age smoklng
and alcohol wlll lower LasLe bud number and senslLlvlLy
o
Sensory lnLeracLlon ls when one sense affecLs anoLher sense Lhus lnLeracLlng
Smell and LasLe seem Lo lnLeracL
o
1asLe buds on Lop and sldesof Lhe Longue and ln Lhe back and on Lhe roof of Lhe mouLh conLaln LasLe
recepLor cells
o
1he LasLer recepLor cellssend lnformaLlon Lo an area of Lhe Lemporal lobe
Smell
o
Smell or ClfacLlon ls also a Chemlcal Sense LhaL dlrecLly LransmlLs
lnformaLlon from nose Lo Lhe Lemporal lobe
o
1he only sense LhaL doesn'L flrsL relay lmpulses Lo Lhe 1halamus
8ody oslLlon and MovemenL
o
klnesLhesla (uslng sensors ln muscles Lendons and [olnLs)
o
vesLlbular sense (uslng flulds ln semlclrcular canal cochlea and vesLlbular sacs
ln lnner ear)
o
8oLh sense our poslLlon movemenL and balance