Tasks For Tutorial of The Course Principles of Refrigeration

Tasks for Tutorial
of the course
Principles of Refrigeration

Lecture: Prof. Dr.-Ing. U. Hesse

Tutorial: Dipl.-Ing. C. Hammer

Winter semester 2011 / 2012
Bitzer-Stiftungsprofessur fr Klte-, Kryo- und Kompressorentechnik

1
TasksforcoursePrinciplesofRefrigeration
Complex 1: Temperatures, Demand of Cold
Task 1-1: Demand of cold provisioning of money
A water flow m
w
= 2 kgs should be cooled down continually from t
W,i
= 10 C to t
W,o
= 5 C.
In this case the heat exchanger should be assumed as adiabatic. Determine the refrigeration
capacity
0
. Make a suggestion where the required temperature t
0
of the refrigerant is.

Task 1-2: Demand of cold of a typical cold chamber
In a frozen cargo chamber of a slaughter business 3000 kg meat are stored at t
i
= - 20C.
The daily intake of fresh meat amounts to m
mcut
= 1uuu kgJ that enters the room with a
temperature of t
meat
= 30 C. The fresh meat should be cooled, frozen, super-cooled and
stored.
Also know is:
Conditions outside the cold chamber: t
a
= 25 C; temperature of the soil (ground
underneath the cold chamber) t
soil
= 10 C
Geometry of the cold chamber: width = 3,6 m; length = 5 m; height = 2,5 m, volume of
the room = 45 m
3
(internal dimensions, see sketch);
thickness of wall and ceiling = 0,3 m; width of the door = 0,9 m; height of the door =
1,9 m
Heat transfer coefficients: wall and ceiling = 0,157 W/(m
2
K); floor = 0,8 W/(m
2
K)
2 ventilators inside the room with a power of 400 W each; run time 16 h/d
4 lights with 100 W power each and a run time of 1 h/d
Heat input caused by inspection of 2 people; heat emission of 300 W per person and
duration of stay 1 h/d
Air conditions: outside: h
a
= 56,5 kJ/kg;
a
= 1,2 kg/m
3
; inside: h
i
= - 18,9 kJ/kg;
i
=
1,375 kg/m
3

Meat: c
meat
= 2,6 kJ/(kgK); freezing temperature of the meat t
freeze
= - 2 C; h
freeze
=
220 kJ/kg; c
meat,freeze
= 1,61 kJ/(kgK)
3 air changes per day must be guaranteed
Due to the inspections the door opening time is 12 min/d. A numerical value for the
heat loss caused by the door opening (related to 24 h) is given by the equation:

doo
= (8,u + u,u67 t
u
) p
B E _E (1 -
p
u
p
, ) (b
u
- b
doo

t
air

a
,
i
B, H h
a
, h
i

W K kg/m
3
min/h m kJ/kg

To defrost the evaporator 10 % of the calculated cooling load must be added
For the calculation of the transmission the dimensions of the middle of the walls and
ceiling should be used (see sketch next page)

2

a) Determine the total demand of cold
0,dcmund
in kJ/d and kW.
b) For which refrigeration capacity does the refrigerating machine has to be designed
when it should only run 16 h per day?

Task 1-3: Production of cold with a wear process
The operation of task 1-2 should be accomplished the help of dry ice (solid CO
2
; sublimation
temperature - 78,5 C). The following values are known for CO
2
:
h
solid
= 72 kJ/kg (t = - 78,5 C) (solid)
h = 645 kJ/kg (t = - 78,5 C) (vapor in balance)
h
gas
= 680 kJ/kg (t = - 30 C) (gas at 30 C)

Which mass of CO
2
would be needed for that task every day?


3
Complex 2: Energetic Correlations, Description of Processes in
Refrigeration Engineering

Task 2-1: Maximal coefficient of performance and minimal energy requirement
Calculate the maximal Carnot coefficient of performance (refrigeration capacity)
C,max
and
the minimal energy requirement depending on the maximal Carnot coefficient of performance
(1/
C,max
). Determine these values depending on T
a
= 300 K and the given values for T
room
.
Illustrate your results in a graphical manner.
T
room
in K 250 225 200 150 100 50 30 5

Task 2-2: Energetic calculation
A compression refrigerating machine is working (corresponding to task 1-2) to freeze and
store food. With the following known values
0
= 1u kw; t
a
= 25 C and t
room
= - 20 C you
should calculate:
a) the maximal Carnot coefficient of performance
C,max
and the minimal drive power P
min

b) the Carnot coefficient of performance
C,max
and the Carnot power P
C
with the internal
temperatures T
0
and T
C
considering the temperature differences in both heat
exchangers of
a. 5 K
b. 7,5 K
c. 10 K
c) the real drive power P
real
with the help of the estimated equation
1
e
cuI
= u,S 1u
O
witb =
I
C
-I
0
1uu
or t
0
= -1u - 4u C

d) Compare the calculated Carnot coefficient of performance of task 2-2 b with
coefficient when the condensation temperature is t
c,new
= t
c
+ 5 K


4
Complex 3: Work with log p - h - diagram
Given Searched Searchedvalue

1. Refrigerant:NH
3
TemperatureTinK:
Pressure:0,5MPa SpecificVolumevinm
3
/kg:
Enthalpy:740kJ/kg SpecificEntropysinkJ/(kgK):
Stateofmatter:

2. Refrigerant:NH
3
Pressurepinbar:
Temperature:253K SpecificEnthalpyhinkJ/kg:
Boilingliquid

3. Refrigerant:R134a SpecificEnthalpyhinkJ/kg:
Temperature:10C SpecificVolumevinm
3
/kg:
Pressure:1bar SpecificEntropysinkJ/(kgK):
Stateofmatter:

4. Refrigerant:R134a PressurepinMPa:
Pressure:7bar TemperaturetinC:
Enthalpy:500kJ/kg Stateofmatter:

5. Refrigerant:NH
3
Pressurepinbar:
Vaporratex=0,3 SpecificEnthalpyhinkJ/kg:
Temperature:235K SpecificEntropysinkJ/(kgK):

6. Refrigerant:NH
3
Temperaturet
2
inC:
Isentropiccompression
fromp
1
=0,1MPa
top
2
=0,8MPa
SpecificEnthalpyh2inkJ/kg:
SpecificEnthalpyh1inkJ/kg:
SpecificEnthalpydifferencehinkJ/kg:
Temperaturet
1
=10C SpecificEntropys
1
inkJ/(kgK):
SpecificEntropys
2
inkJ/(kgK):

7. Refrigerant:NH
3
EvaporationPressurep
0
inbar:
Evaporationat20C SpecificEnthalpyhinkJ/kg:
SpecificEnthalpyhinkJ/kg:
SpecificEnthalpyofEvaporationrinkJ/kg:

8. Refrigerant:NH
3
Condensationtemperaturet
C
inC
Condensationatp
C
=5bar SpecificEnthalpyhinkJ/kg:
SpecificEnthalpyhinkJ/kg:


5
9. Refrigerant:R134a SpecificEnthalpyh
1
inkJ/kg:
Isenthalpicexpansion
fromp
1
=2MPa
top
2
=0,2MPa
Temperaturet
1
inC:
Temperaturet
2
inC:
SpecificEnthalpyh
2
=550kJ/kg

10. Refrigerant:R134a SpecificEnthalpyh
1
inkJ/kg:
Isenthalpicexpansionand
completeevaporation
fromp
1
=1MPa
top
2
=0,085MPa
SpecificEnthalpyh
2
inkJ/kg:
Temperaturet
2
inC:
SpecificRefrigerationcapacityq
0
inkJ/kg:
TemperatureT
1
=273K

6
Complex 4: Theoretical cycles, Basic Cycles and Modifications
Task 4-1: Basic Cycle
For a process with the refrigerant R134a the condensation temperature t
C
= 35 C and the
evaporation temperature t
0
= - 30 C are given.
The requested refrigeration capacity is
0
= 1u kw. The flow chart with the four points of
state symbolizes the simplest setup of a compression refrigerating machine.

Determine:
a) p, t, h for all points of state and v
1
(put values into a table)
b) refrigerant mass flow m
R

c) refrigerant volume flow I
v1
(at the suction side of the compressor)
d) theoretical compressor power P
th

e) condensation capacity
c

f) specific volumetric refrigeration capacity q
0,v
= q
0
/v
1

g) theoretical coefficient of performance
th

Task 4-2: Variation of evaporation temperature
For the process of task 4-1 the following values should be calculated with changed
evaporation temperatures t
0
= 0 C; - 10 C; - 20 C:
a) refrigerant mass flow m
R

b) theoretical compressor power P
th

c) condensation capacity
c

d) specific volumetric refrigeration capacity q
0,v
= q
0
/v
1

e) theoretical coefficient of performance
th

f) tabular collection of the results with those from task 3-1
g) Illustrate the theoretical coefficient of performance
th
as a function of t
0
in a graphical
manner. Determine the percentage change when t
0
is increased (respectively
decreased) by 1 K (reference is t
0
= - 20 C).

7
Task 4-3: Variation of condensation temperature
Based on task 4-1 the condensation temperature t
c
should be varied and the impact of this
change should be determined for the values of m
R
, P
th
,
c
and
th
. The changed
temperatures are t
c
= 30 C; 40 C. The results of task 4-1 and 4-3 should be shown in table
for better comparison. Determine the percentage change when t
c
is increased (respectively
decreased) by 1 K (reference is t
c
= 35 C).

Task 4-4: Comparison of NH
3
(R717) and C
2
H
2
F
4
(R134a)
For a single-stage compression refrigerating cycle (analogue to 4-1) all calculated values
should be determined for NH
3
(R717). The results (p
0
, p
c
, v
1
, q
0
, q
0,v
, w
t,s
, m
R
, I
v1
, P
th
,
c
,
th
)
should be compared with each other in a table.

Task 4-5: Subcooling and superheating
Calculate the process of task 4-1 with the following changes:
(1) a subcooling of T
c,u
= 5 K (in the condenser),
(2) an superheating of T
0,h
= 10 K (in the evaporator)
(3) and both, which means subcooling and superheating.
Determine the following values:
a) demonstration of the cycle in a p-h-diagram
b) specific and volumetric refrigeration capacity
c) specific isentropic compressor work
d) refrigerant mass flow and refrigerant volume flow
e) theoretical compressor power
f) condensation capacity
g) theoretical coefficient of performance and its percentage change compared to the
basic process from task 4-1.

Task 4-6: Subcooling heat exchanger (counter flow) (German:
Unterkhlungsgegenstrmer UKG)

The operation with a subcooling heat exchanger (also called suction gas liquid heat
exchanger) should be investigated. The process should be calculated with t
c
= 35C,
t
0
= - 30 C,
0
= 1u kw and R134a as the refrigerant. For the subcooling heat exchanger a
minimal temperature difference between the two fluid flows of T
min
= 5 K should be
considered. Pay attention to the given flow chart:

8

Look for:
a) specific and volumetric refrigeration capacity
b) specific isentropic compressor work
c) refrigerant mass flow and refrigerant volume flow
d) theoretical compressor power and condensation capacity
e) heat flow
hcut_cxchungc

f) theoretical coefficient of performance and its percentage change compared to the
basic process from task 4-1

Task 4-7: 2-stage process Economizer-cycle
For a 2-stage process with R134a the following data and the flow chart are given:
evaporation temperature t
0
= - 30C
condensation temperature t
c
= 35 C
saturation temperature at medium pressure t
m
= 0 C


9
Determine:
b) p, t, h and for ever point of state
c) theoretical coefficient of performance and its percentage change compared to the

Task 4-8: 2-stage NH
3
process with medium pressure separator and intercooler
Given are the flow chart, the values t
0
= - 30C, t
c
= 35 C, t
3
= 30 C and p
m
= p
c
p
0
.

Determine:
b) p, t, h and for every point of state
c) theoretical coefficient of performance
d) Check the balance of energy of the process with your calculated values.

Task 4-9: Mixture of 3 refrigerants with non-isothermal phase change
R22 is a significant refrigerant but because of its amount of chlorine (CHClF
2
) forbidden
for new facilities and processes. As a displacement for R22 a number of different refrigerant
mixtures are taken into account. Basis for this task should be R407C, a refrigerant mixture
consisting of 3 single refrigerants (R32, R125 and R134a).
The isobar phase change happens non-isotherm (in a channel with a forced flow and a
consideration of balance). This behavior is called temperature glide and can easily be seen
in a p-h-diagram with the temperature difference t > t at constant pressure.

10
Assume for the condenser that it has a counter flow where the non-isothermal descent can
be used. So t
c
= 35 C. This cannot be achieved in the evaporator because of the air impact.
But simplifying the temperature at the entrance of the evaporator (2-phase-area) should be
t
0,E
= - 30 C.

Determine
a) t
c
= t
c,o
; pc, t
0
= t
0,o
, p
0
, t
2s
, q
0
, q
0,v
, w
t,s

b) theoretical coefficient of performance
c) What is the change of the theoretical coefficient of performance when t
c
= 35C and
t
0
= -30 C are assumed.

Task 4-10: Operation of an expansion machine
As a liquid cooling machine the company CARRIER operates with a turbo expansion
machine that works with R134a. Here the expansion machine, the turbo compressor and the
engine are arranged on one shaft. The basis for the theoretical process are t
0
= 0 C and
t
c
= 40 C. To point out the use of the set up 4 cycles should be compared with each other:
a) The basic cycle (see first sketch)
b) The 2-stage cycle according to task 4-7 with a medium pressure of p
m
= 5,55 bar (see
second sketch)
c) The basic cycle with an isentropic expansion (ideal expansion machine instead of a
throttle) (see third sketch)
d) The basic cycle with a real expansion and the efficiency of the expansion of
ex
= h/h
s
= 0,65 (see third sketch)

(Be aware that in the calculation of a real process in all cases the efficiency for the
compressor should be considered.)
For the calculation of the values a thermodynamic table or a log p-h-diagram should be used
(when working with the table, be aware that the reference points of the enthalpy can vary).
The specific work of the compressor can be calculated with the help of a phase diagram or
with the help of the following equation:

11
w
t,s
=
k
k-1
p
S
:
S
_[
p
D
p
S
k-1
k
- 1_, and = 1,06.

Determine:

a) The theoretical coefficients of performance of the four options including the
percentage change compared to the basic process.
b) How many percent of the compression work is the producible expansion work?

Task 4-11: Transcritical process with CO
2

For a transcritical process with CO
2
the following temperatures are valid: t
0
= 0 C and
t
h,out
= 35 C. The high pressure should be varied: p
h
= 80; 90; 100; 110 bar. Due to the fact
that the isotherms have a heavily curved s-shaped behavior above the critical point the
optimum of the process cannot be detected easily but should be search for.
Determine the following values:
a) Calculate the specific refrigeration capacity q
0
and the specific isentropic compression
work w
t,s
for the given high pressures and point out the maximum of the theoretical
coefficient of performance with a diagram.
b) Wanted are also t
2,s
, (pressure ratio), p (pressure difference) and the specific
volumetric refrigeration capacity q
0,v
. Compare the results with the values of R134a
from task 4-2!
c) A super-cooling heat exchanger (Unterkhlungsgegenstrmer UKG) with a minimal
temperature difference of T
min
= 5 K should be implemented into the cycle. How do
th
, q
0
and q
0,v
change?


12
Complex 5: Real Processes
Task 5-1: Basic example
The process of task 4-1 with t
c
= 35 C, t
0
= 30 C and
0
= 10 kW and R134a and NH
3

(task 4-4) should be calculated for real conditions. For the compressor the following facts are
given:
Adiabatic and reversible
Internal compressor efficiency
i
= 0,75 + 0,024 0,003
2

Volumetric efficiency = 0,95 0,04
Wanted are:
a) Demonstration of the cycle in a p-h-diagram
b) p, t and h for every point of state
c) refrigerant mass flow m
d) theoretical volume flow of the compressor I
th

e) Internal performance of the compressor P
i

f) Internal coefficient of performance
i
(referred to the internal performance)

Task 5-2: Variation of evaporation temperature
The process of task 5-1 should be recalculated only for the refrigerant R134a but with
varying evaporation temperatures: t
0
= 0; 10; 20 C. Additionally a subcooling of the
refrigerant in the condenser of T
c,u
= 3 K and an superheating in the evaporator of
T
0,h
= 10 K should be considered.
Determine:
a) The theoretical volume flow of the compressor I
th

b) Internal performance of the compressor P
i

c) Internal coefficient of performance
i
(referred to the internal performance)

Task 5-3: Hermetic compressor
For a single stage compression refrigeration machine the following facts are given:
Refrigerant: R134a
Refrigeration capacity:
0
= 10 kW
Evaporation temperature: t
0
= 30 C
Superheating in the evaporator: T
0,h
= 10 K
Condensation temperature: t
C
= 35 C
Subcooling in the condenser: T
c,u
= 3 K
Real compressor with:

13
o Internal efficiency:
i
= 0,87 - 0,002 0,0019
2

o Mechanical efficiency:
m
= 0,85
o Electric efficiency:
el
= 0,90
o Volumetric efficiency = 0,95 0,04
Wanted are:
a) Real and theoretical volume flow of the compressor I
cuI
and I
th

b) Theoretical, internal, effective and drive power P
th
, P
i
, P
e
and P
d

c) Appropriate coefficients of performance

Task 5-4: 2-stage R134a cycle with internal heat exchanger
For the shown 2-stage cycle with internal heat exchanger the values in the sketch and the
following facts should be taken into account:
0
= 30 C, with superheating of T
0,h
= 5 K
C
= 35 C, with subcooling of T
C,u
= 5 K
Evaporation temperature at medium pressure: t
10
= 0 C
Minimal temperature difference of the internal heat exchanger: T
min
= 5 K (material
flow 56 will be subcooled furthermore; material flow 1011 is evaporated and
superheated)
Volumetric efficiency of both compressors:
H
=
L
= 0,83
Internal efficiency of both compressors:
i,H
=
i,L
= 0,8
0
= 10 kW

Determine the following facts and values:
a) Demonstration of the cycle in a p-h-diagram
b) p, t and h for all points of state
c) v
1
and v
3
of the suction sides of the compressors

14
d) all mass flows m
H
, m
M
, m
0

e) Theoretical volume flow of both compressors I
th,L
and I
th,H

f) Heat flow of the condenser
C
and the heat flow of the internal heat exchanger
cx

g) Internal coefficient of performance
i
and its percentage change compared to the

Task 5-5: Calculation of a cycle according to the compressor geometry
For a single-stage compression refrigeration machine an NH
3
-compressor with the following
parameters is given:
Piston diameter: d
piston
= 100 mm
Stroke: s = 60 mm
Number of pistons: z = 2
Revolutions per minute: n = 25 s
-1

Volumetric efficiency: = 0,60
The condensation of the refrigerant happens at t
C
= 30 C.
Calculate the refrigeration capacity
0
at t
0
= 20 C. Please note that the refrigerant is
superheated in the evaporator to t
1
= 10 C.

Task 5-6: Single-Stage cycle with subcooling heat exchanger (counter flow)
Given is a process with R134a and the temperatures t
C
= 35 C, t
0
= 30 C,
0
= 10 kW and
a minimal temperature difference of the subcooling heat exchanger T
min
= 5 K,
an internal compressor efficiency
i
= 0,75 + 0,024 0,003
2
,
a mechanical and electric efficiency
m
=
el
= 0,8 and
a volumetric efficiency = 0,95 0,04.
Wanted are:
a) Cycle in the p-h-diagram
b) t and h for all points of state
c) Refrigerant mass flow m
d) Theoretical, internal, effective and drive power P
th
, P
i
, P
e
and P
d

e) Appropriate coefficients of performance
th
,
i
,
e
and
d

f) Theoretical volume flow of the compressor I
th


15
Task 5-7: Single-stage cycle with R134a
From the investigation on a test rig of a single-stage compression refrigeration machine (with
R134a as the refrigerant) the following values were measured:
0
= 30,6 kW
At an evaporation temperature of t
0
= 15 C
0,h
= 6 K
Drive power of the compressor: P
d
= 12,6 kW
Entrance temperature of the cooling water: t
W,E
= 25 C
Discharge temperature of the cooling water: t
W,D
= 30 C
Mass flow of the cooling water: m
w
= 1,87 kg/s
Minimal temperature difference at the condenser: T
C,min
= 5 K
Subcooling in the condenser T
C,u
= 4 K
The internal efficiency
i
= 0,75 + 0,024 0,003
2

Determine for this cycle:
a) The amount of heat that needs to be dissipated from the condenser
C

b) The amount of heat that is dissipated by the housing of the compressor
comp

c) The refrigerant mass flow m
d) The real volume flow of the compressor I
cuI
and
e) The product of the mechanical and electric efficiency
m
el

Task 5-8: Intercooling with refrigerant injection
A 2-stage compression refrigeration machine is equipped with a flooded evaporator to
operate a freezer (see scheme below). The refrigerant is R717 (NH
3
). At medium pressure
an amount of refrigerant is injected into the mixing chamber that leads exactly to the dew
point (Point of state number 3 is saturated vapor).


16
Also given is:
p
C
= 1,55 MPa; p
M
= 0,44 MPa; p
0
= 0,12 MPa
refrigeration capacity
0
= 145 kW
internal efficiency
i
= 0,8 (for both stages)
Wanted are:
a) Cycle in the p-h-diagram with declaration of all points of state and temperatures
b) Coefficient of performance
i

Task 5-9: 2-Stage cycle with internal heat exchanger
For a 2-stage compression refrigeration machine scheme of the cycle (see below) and the
following values are given:
Refrigerant: R134a
0
= 30 C
C
= 35 C
Subcooling in the condenser: T
C,u
= 5 K
0,h
= 10 K
0
= 10 kW
Mass flow ratio: p
0
=
m
0
m
H
= u,8u and
H
= 1
Medium pressure: p
m
= p
0
p
C

Point of state 9 is NOT completely evaporated

Wanted are:
b) t and h for all points of state
c) Refrigerant mass flow m
0

d) Theoretical power P
th

e) Condensation capacity
C

f) Theoretical coefficient of performance
th


17
Task 5-10: Cycle with Economizer (reservoir at medium pressure) and inter-cooling
With a 2-stage compression refrigeration machine with an economizer and inter-cooling a
refrigeration capacity of 50 kW should be produced. We have a real compression with an
assumed internal efficiency for both stages of 0,78. The gas from the economizer will be
mixed with cooled gas (cooled by the inter-cooler) of the first compression stage (in front of
the second compression stage).
Also the following facts are given:
Entrance temperature of the cooling brine in the evaporator: t
0,brine,E
= 20 C
Cooling of the cooling brine of 10 K
Minimal temperature difference in the evaporator: T
0,min
= 5 K
0,h
= 5 K
Entrance temperature of the cooling water in the inter-cooler: t
CW,E
= 15 C
Warming of the cooling water of 10 K
Minimal temperature difference in the inter-cooler: T
IC,min
= 10 K
C
= 25 C
Equation for medium pressure: p
m
= p
0
p
C

Refrigerant: NH
3

Determine:
b) Parameters p, t and h of every point of state
c) Specific mass flows of all points of state (p
=
m
i
m
10
)
d) The refrigerant mass flows m
5
, m
4
onJ m
10

e) The demand of cooling water mass flow in the inter-cooler
f) The condensation capacity
C

g) The internal compressor power P
i,H
and P
i,L

h) The complete energetic balance of the cycle to check the calculated values
i) The coefficient of performance
i

j) The real volume flows of the compressors I
cuI,L
and I
cuI,H


18
Complex 6: Other Cooling options
Task 6-1: Gas Refrigeration Machine
For cooling the storage house of a gallery gas refrigeration machine (Kaltgasmaschine)
should be used. The inside of the storage room should be cooled by blowing cold air inside,
while the compressor is sucking the gas out of the room. The cooling of the cycling air after
the compressor happens with the help of ambient air. The minimal temperature difference of
the heat exchanger is set to 5 K. Due to the different mass flows of the cycling and ambient
air, this minimal temperature difference is at the inlet of the ambient air. The surrounding of
the storage room is at t
a
= 25 C and a pressure of 1 bara. The air in the storage room has
ambient pressure and should be kept at a constant temperature t
low
= 3 C. The cooled air
that enters the room should not drop below -2 C, because of possible damages of the stored
art. The realized cooling capacity should be 5 kW.
The internal efficiency of the shown compressor is set to
comp
= 0,88 and the one of the
expansion machine is
exp
= 0,82.
The air can be assumed as an ideal gas and pressure losses inside the pipes and heat
exchangers can be neglected.
Storage
room
Pcomp
Pexp

The following parameters should be detected:
a) Cycle in T-s-diagram
b) Mass flow of the air inside the cycle m
u

c) Pressure after the compressor
d) Temperature of the air after the compressor
e) Real power of compressor and expansion machine
f) Amount of heat that needs to be dissipated to the surrounding
g) Coefficient of performance


19
Task 6-2: Absorption machine
Besides Vapor Compression Refrigeration Systems and Gas Refrigeration systems another
important cooling system should be named: the absorption machine. Nowadays this cooling
method can easily be found for example in hotel mini bars.
An absorption refrigeration system should be evaluated with the help of the following sketch:
a
3
a
2
a
1
r
3
r
2
r
1
1
4
3
2
H
Q
D
Q
C
Q
0
Q
A
Q

The used media for this absorption machine are NH
3
/H
2
O and an internal heat exchanger
should be considered (see sketch).
The following values are given:
C
= 40 C
0
= -19 C
Temperature in the absorber: t
A
= 30 C

20
Temperature in the generator/heater: t
H
= 130 C
Required refrigeration capacity
0
= 2u kw
It should be assumed that after the dephlegmator 100% of ammonia (NH
3
) are available for
the condensation ( = 1).
The minimal temperature difference of the internal heat exchanger of the solution is T
min
=
10 K.
The following assumption should be used for the calculation:
No subcooling in the condenser
No superheating in the evaporator
Rich solution (high rate of refrigerant) should be boiling liquid at the outlet of the
absorber
Poor solution (low rate of refrigerant) at the outlet of the generator/heater
Outlet of the dephlegmator: saturated vapor
Neglect of the input power of the solution pump
Neglect of the pressure losses inside heat exchangers and pipes
With the help of the lg p - (-
1
1
) - diagram the following values should be determined:
Condensation pressure p
C

Evaporation pressure p0
Composition of the rich solution
r

Composition of the poor solution a
Theoretical minimal generator temperature
With the help of the h--diagram find out:
temperatures,
pressures,
specific enthalpies,
compositions and
mass flows
of the points of state.
Also calculate: q
0
, q
C
, q
A
,
C
,

Tasks For Tutorial of The Course Principles of Refrigeration

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Bitzer-Stiftungsprofessur fr Klte-, Kryo- und Kompressorentechnik

Bitzer-Stiftungsprofessur fr Klte-, Kryo- und Kompressorentechnik

Bitzer-Stiftungsprofessur fr Klte-, Kryo- und Kompressorentechnik

Bitzer-Stiftungsprofessur fr Klte-, Kryo- und Kompressorentechnik

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Bitzer-Stiftungsprofessur fr Klte-, Kryo- und Kompressorentechnik

Bitzer-Stiftungsprofessur fr Klte-, Kryo- und Kompressorentechnik

Bitzer-Stiftungsprofessur fr Klte-, Kryo- und Kompressorentechnik

Bitzer-Stiftungsprofessur fr Klte-, Kryo- und Kompressorentechnik

Bitzer-Stiftungsprofessur fr Klte-, Kryo- und Kompressorentechnik

Bitzer-Stiftungsprofessur fr Klte-, Kryo- und Kompressorentechnik

Bitzer-Stiftungsprofessur fr Klte-, Kryo- und Kompressorentechnik

Bitzer-Stiftungsprofessur fr Klte-, Kryo- und Kompressorentechnik

Bitzer-Stiftungsprofessur fr Klte-, Kryo- und Kompressorentechnik

Bitzer-Stiftungsprofessur fr Klte-, Kryo- und Kompressorentechnik

Bitzer-Stiftungsprofessur fr Klte-, Kryo- und Kompressorentechnik

Bitzer-Stiftungsprofessur fr Klte-, Kryo- und Kompressorentechnik

Bitzer-Stiftungsprofessur fr Klte-, Kryo- und Kompressorentechnik

Bitzer-Stiftungsprofessur fr Klte-, Kryo- und Kompressorentechnik

Bitzer-Stiftungsprofessur fr Klte-, Kryo- und Kompressorentechnik

Bitzer-Stiftungsprofessur fr Klte-, Kryo- und Kompressorentechnik

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