OPEARTIONAL AMPLIFIERS

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Circuit symbol for the op amp.

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An op amp amplifies the difference voltage!

Equivalent circuit for the ideal op amp. AOL is very large (approaching infinity).
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Other than the input and output lines an op amp has DC power supply lines.

Figure 2.3 Op-amp symbol showing power supplies.

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Inverting Configuration

Analyze the inverting amplifier by using the summing-point constraint, followed by KCL/KVL equations

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A better inverting configuration with less amount of total resistance. - On-chip resistors occupies large area (shown later)

An inverting amplifier that achieves high gain with a smaller range of resistor values than required for the basic inverter. Jan 06/05 EE171-Winter/05

Summing Configuration

Summing amplifier.
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Examples: derive the values for the marked currents and the voltages for the circuits below

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Find the relation between V1, V2 and Vo for the circuit given below

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An op amp with a positive feedback behaves like a Schmitt trigger

Schmitt trigger circuit and waveforms.

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Non-inverting configuration - Note that the feedback is still negative!

Noninverting amplifier.

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Buffer configuration

Voltage follower
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Find the voltage gain and the input resistance of the circuit below for the cases switch is on and off

Inverting or noninverting amplifier. See Exercise 2.4.

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Find the relation between the input and output voltages for the configuration given below

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Derive the relation between the input and output voltages for the circuit given below

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Integrated resistors and definition of sheet resistance.

IC resistors are fabricated from a layer of conductive material. Jan 06/05 EE171-Winter/05

Integrated resistors and definition of sheet resistance

The resistance of the larger square is the same as the resistance of each of the smaller squares.
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Integrated resistors and definition of sheet resistance

A resistor having L/W = 3.

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We can not construct a single line long resistance since the area is important. For this reason, the practical on-chip resistors are folded to better utilize the chip area

IC resistors are often folded to keep the distance between the contacts smaller.
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How should the resistor values be chosen?

If low-value resistors are used, an impractically large current is required. Power is an issue!!
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Extremely large values are also impractical for area and noise coupling

If very high value resistors are used, stray capacitance can couple unwanted signals into the circuit.
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Inverting configuration with a buffer

To attain large input resistance with moderate resistances for an inverting amplifier, we cascade a voltage follower with an inverter
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The op amp circuit below can be used as a summation circuit With a desired weighting at the input voltages (Operational !!!)

The relation between the inputs and the output can be derived

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