Solid Waste Management Options for Urban Areas

1. INTRODUCTION
The growing level of urbanisation in the developing countries which tends to
follow a trend of concentration in large urban areas has led to an expression of concern
by policy makers and the citizens at large, on the poor environmental conditions resulted
by the absence of adequate availability of infrastructure facilities in the urban areas.
From the traditional areas of water supply, transport and sanitation facilities, of late, such
concern has spilled over to that of solid waste management too. Such a growing concern
for increased and improved level of solid water management operations in urban areas
has been primarily due to the increasing awareness of the public about the linkage
between the epidemic health hazards often occuring in the large urban areas and the
deterorating effects of unmanaged solid wastes on the quality of drinking water, drainage
system etc.
Such concern of the governments of the developing countries is also reflective of
their understanding of the role and importance of urban areas in their national
development. A considerable proportion of the GDP of the developing countries is in
general, estimated to be accounted by their urban areas. The ability of the urban areas
which are the backbone of their national settlement system to support productive public
and private sector economic activities is severely constrained by the poor service delivery
at the first instance and the deteriorating quality and performance of such infrastructure at
later stages.
Inspite of the clear awareness and concern of the governments of developing
countries on the overall need for improving the infrastructure in urban areas, the
emphasis on various components has been varied. While the actions and efforts taken by
the governments for improving the water supply conditions in urban areas has been just
and fairly adequate, the same on solid waste management operations has been dismal.
Studies indicate that in many urban areas in developing countries, only about 60 per cent
of the refuse is collected, the population coverage has been less than 50 per cent, services
operated by public authorities are inefficient and that uncontrolled and indiscriminate
dumping is widely prevalent.

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 Solid Waste Management Options for Urban Areas

2. PRESENT PATTERN OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

OPERATIONS
The existing system of solid waste management practices in the large urban areas
of the developing countries is characterised by partial coverage, which is manually
operated and labour intensive and offers a fairly high level of employment opportunities
for the informal sector population.
The whole operation involves collection of waste manually from the roadside as
well as that deposited by the residents in the communal bins using hand carts etc and
deposit the same in the collection point or transfer station. The bins are normally made of
masonry and in some cases the trailers and skip containers are used as community bins.
Refuse collection vehicles such as tractors or trucks collect the waste from these
collection points and transport to a disposal site.
a) Partial coverage
At present in most cases, solid waste disposal involves merely open dumping with
out taking measures to control environmental pollution. Most often, the abandoned
temporarily dry ponds are used as landfill sites.
In sparsely populated towns and peripheral areas of bigger towns, solid wastes are
not normally considered a serious problem. Household refuse is often disposed off by
throwing out of the window and allowed to decompose and degenerate there itself, a
practice which is feasible because of the high vegetable content of such waste. However,
in the congested localities of urban areas, approach to inner areas by the municipal
vehicles is difficult and the deposit points of wastes being at the entry points which are
distant from the inner areas results in the unsightly disposal of refuse in streets and
pathways.
The situation is particularly severe in low income areas as the naturally formed
channels which act as drains often get filled with sullage, latrine discharges and solid
waste and as solid waste collection normally is not done from the unauthorised settlement
areas, decomposing refuse tends to accumulate contributing to poor environmental
conditions.

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 Solid Waste Management Options for Urban Areas

b) Labour intensive and partly mechanised

The solid waste management activity is essentially a labour intensive operation.
It involves a number of cadre of workforce ranging from the health inspector to street
sweepers. For instance, the total staff for solid waste management activity in Indian
towns works out on an average to 2 to 3 workers per 1000 residents.
Further, in most towns, the transfer of waste from dustbins to disposal sites is
done using a multiplicity of vehicles such as the conventional trucks of non-tipping and
tipping type, tractors with detachable trailors, the roll-on-roll-off type vehicles with long
flat chassis and hydraulic lifting system which directly lift the relatively large sized
containers to the disposal sites, dumper placers and compactor vehicles. Such vehicles
are normally either purchased of obtained from international agencies on grant basis.
c) Recycling and reuse through informal sector
An important component of solid waste management in urban areas of developing
countries is recycling and reuse. The recycling and reuse of the waste constituents begins
from the individual household itself where readily saleable items like old newspapers,
glass and plastic bottles, empty tins and containers are sold to street hawkers. By far, the
largest amount of resource recovery and recycling takes place through the informal
private sector. Individual waste pickers collect materials that could be recycled from the
roadside and intermediate storage bins. They operate usually in specific areas and self
the collected material to middle men who in turn sell it to the recycling industry. This is
common phenomenon virtually in all cities of developing countries. In addition to
salvaging of materials on city streets considerable recycling activity is centred at landfills
and dumpsites.

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 Solid Waste Management Options for Urban Areas

3. INPORTANCE OF PROPER SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

PRACTICES
The adverse effect of improper and inadequate solid waste management
operations are still only partially appreciated as it is still difficult to link the resultant
health effects directly to the inadequacy in waste management.
The primary effects arise mainly from the improper dumping of the solid wastes
both by individuals and by the authorities. On a smaller scale, the scattered waste at the
residential neighbouhoods act as the breeding ground for the mosquitoes, rats etc. that
lead to a number of communicable diseases. In addition to causing unpleasant
environment, the scattered wastes along the roads and drains clog the drains and naturally
formed nallahs resulting in stagnation of water leading to overflow of drains. The
individual households also quite often burn the waste in the street corners and backyards
leading to release of toxic chemical compounds in the neighbourhood.
At the public authority level, illegal and improper dumping of solid wastes by the
official carriers at the periphery of the town with least concern to the location of water
sources either surface or under ground may lead to leacheate action resulting in the
contamination of water source. Further, adhoc dumping in the dry ponds and shallow
depressions during drought/dry periods is normally resorted to by the public authorities.
This may have an adverse impact on the ground water source during rainy periods. These
polluted water bodies are often sources for other cities and towns, or even a future source
of supply for the polluter themselves resulting in poor quality and higher treatment cost at
a later date.
Polluted water being the prime reason for the incidence and spread of a number of
infections/contagious diseases, the role of proper and adequate solid waste management
practices for the well-being of the public in general may not need greater emphasis.

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 Solid Waste Management Options for Urban Areas

4. MAJOR REASONS FOR POOR SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS
a) Lack of proper logistic planning of operations
Solid waste management operations even though appear to be simplistic in nature,
require a well thought out logistic planning for effective performance. The number and
siting of bins, frequency of collections by waste collectors, location of transfer stations,
frequency of trips by the vehicles etc. all farm important components of the solid waste
management operations. Through the work norms and duties have been specified for the
lowest category, the same has not been strictly defined for the supervisory staff.
b) Resource Constrains
Fund availability for maintenance activities has always been limited as often the
grants available are mainly for creation of assets and maintenance is left to the local body
after the initial few years. Difficulties in the revision of tax rates of various sources in the
municipalities have resulted in the revenue receipts being mainly spent on staff salaries.
With inadequate power to revise service tariffs of various infrastructure facilities and also
the collection performance not worth mentioning, the cumulative effect has been a drastic
cut on created assets.
Solid waste management operations forms one of those services or infrastructure
which benefit the general public or even specific groups, but it is difficult or even
impossible to levy a user charge. As such in general a specific proportion of property tax
or any other tax is earmarked for this purpose.
c) Poor Maintenance
Typically, the major components of a solid waste management system that
requires operation and maintenance are the dump sites, stationery communal storage bins,
transfer stations, collection vehicles, handcrafts, containers, standardised dust bins,
equipment at dump sites and composting sites. As such the major maintenance
operations that are required include structural maintenance of communal storage bins,
transfer stations etc., maintenance of drains and other installations and disposal sites and
maintenance of mechanical plant and the vehicles.

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 Solid Waste Management Options for Urban Areas

By far, the biggest maintenance problem is faced in case of the vehicles. While
minor repairs and mechanical works of the refuse collector vehicles/tractors are done in
the municipal workshops, for other major works the vehicles are normally sent outside
workshops selected on quotation basis. This involves considerable delay in their repair
and leads to strain on the remaining vehicles.
In general, projects implemented with external assistance particularly contribution
in terms of machinery and materials have been found to suffer because of maintenance
problems for want of adequate spare parts and the financial capacity of the user beyond
their capacity to import such spares from abroad. Use of alternate brands of mechanical
and electrical components as replacements quite often does not solve the problem on a
long term basis.
Normally the disposal sites do not have proper approach road, check post, staff
and equipment. This results in the vehicles depositing the waste wherever convenient
and allowing unauthorised persons visiting disposal sites for selective rag-picking.
d) Lack of Coordination Departments
Infrastructure facilities particularly solid waste and drainage require effective co-
ordination among the various development agencies of other/related activities. Effective
coordination particularly between departments providing various utilities and solid waste
management employees could ensure efficient and uninterrupted service. For instance,
lack of street sweeping or garbage collection can increase costs for road, sewer and drain
maintenance as accumulated material interferes with proper use or maintenance of these
facilities. Similarly, improper maintenance of the roads may hinder the movement and
ability of the garbage collection vehicles in performing their operations.
e) Lack of Effective control on Solid Waste Operation
Normally supervision of the solid waste removal operations is minimal and left
fully to the discretion of the field staff to organise themselves. With little accountability
and absence of proper maintenance of daily activity reporting, sweepers start designing
their own schedules of visit and frequency to different areas resulting in unattended areas.

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 Solid Waste Management Options for Urban Areas

5. PRE-REQUISITES FOR AN EFFECTIVE SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN URBAN AREAS
Any waste disposal management system essentially contains the components of
waste material generation, collection, their disposal and their treatment with minimal
environmental effect and within a reasonable cost. A scientifically conceived, context
based, long term oriented solid waste management plan is an essential pre-requisite to
achieve success. Some of the basic elements of these components that need to be
addressed are as follows:
a) Generation of solid wastes :
This would require as a first step, a systematic survey to assess the quantum of
population both in terms of individuals and also the number of houses. Such an analysis
of the population and houses would enable a fair assessment of the quantum of solid
waste generated as on date. This would enable an estimation of the likely population and
quantum of solid waste generation at a future date based on which an appropriate system
could be arrived at. The number and placement of communal bins is one of the very
basic essential step that needs to be carefully planned which should be based on factors
such as quantum of generation, distance from the transfer station, ease of mobility of
collection vehicles etc.
b) Collection and transportation
The frequency of collection of wastes should be evolved so as to avoid undue
accumulation of wastes and also to ensure that larvae is not developed within the heap of
waste material. There are a number of methods by which solid waste management
operations could be systematised effectuating cost reduction. For instance, the transfer
stations should be considered necessary only when the haul distances from the collection
area to the disposal site are greater than a tolerable limit.
Further, the collection should be ensured through trained municipal authorised
person so that scattering of waste does not occur by animals and unauthorised material
pickers. Such selective material pickers be allowed at the final disposal site. As far as

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 Solid Waste Management Options for Urban Areas

possible, the vehicles that carry and transport the wastes should be tipping in nature so
that loading and unloading is easier to handle.
c) Disposal of wastes
Quite often any public vacant space irrespective of its location and its
surroundings, forms the dumping yard in the urban areas. While in the beginning such
sites are used by neighbouring population as a convenient dumping point, over time,
either due to the distant location of the identified site or due to lack of any other space,
the public authorities themselves opt for dumping the waste in such locations regularising
those areas as dumping sites. This short term measure continues as a permanent solution.
Identification of disposal sites is of crucial importance and should done with due
consideration to the location of residential areas, surface and sub-surface water sources,
distance from the town, adequacy for a longer period etc.

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 Solid Waste Management Options for Urban Areas

6. APPROPRIATE OPTIONS AND APPROACHES FOR URBAN

AREAS
The solid wastes generated in all sizes of towns in developing countries in
general, present similarities in nature and content. However, seldom is a similar method
of waste disposal applicable in all the places. Identification and adoption of a particular
system for any town/locally requires an analysis and assessment of the nature and
contents of the waste, the behavioural patterns of the local populace as conditioned by
their income status, availability of opportunities and exposure to adopt better waste
management practices and the enforcement practices ensured by the local
authorities/administration fully backed by adequate legislative measures. Therefore, an
appropriate system needs to be evolved with reference to the individual context taking
into account a number of such determining factors.
a) Options for large Urban Areas
The situation in metro and large cities is highly deplorable. Any suggestion for an
appropriate system of management needs to look into the present status of operations.
Some of the basic characteristics of solid waste and its management operations in large
urban areas of developing countries are :
i) Percapita generation : Even though the percapita generation of solid waste in Indian
urban centres is very small (national average is between 150 to 350 gms/head/day)
compared to that of developed countries, the total quantum generated in metropolitan and
large cities is mind boggling. For example, Mumbai produces a total of 4400 tons of
waste every day (about 450 gms per capital/day). Bangalore and Madras generate about
2200 mt every day. Thus the average generation in the metropolitan and large cities
range from 450 to 500 gms/capita/day.
ii) Quality of solid waste : Estimates about the proportion of decomposable organic
matter in the solid waste range from 40 to 80 per cent. It is about 65 per cent in Madras
and goes upto 77 per cent in Bangalore.

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 Solid Waste Management Options for Urban Areas

iii) Land availability for dumping : There is an increasing concern over the availability
of land required for disposal. For example Delhi has five landfill sites namely Ghazipur,
Bhalaswa, Tughlakabad, Hasthal and Mandwli and except. Ghazipur all others have been
filled. In Bombay too, the landfill sites of Deonar, Malad, Mulund, Marve and Gorai are
expected to last not more than another 30 years. In Bangalore, there are no defined
landfill sites and the waste is disposed along the highways radiating from the city, outside
the city at peripheral locations. In Madras, there are two major dumping grounds, at
Perungudi and Kodungaiyur which receive about 2000 mt of garbage every day. But they
are not sanitary landfills, are not fenced and do not have proper approach road to ensure
systematic dumping.
iv) Substantial unmanaged quantum : Nowithstanding the substantial removal of the
non combustible and reusable material in advance, the quantum the public authorities in
most cities are able to transport and dispose in any manner range from 60 to 80 per cent
only. The daily generation of solid waste is increasingly backlogged in terms of their
ability to transport and dispose of.
The above discussion indicates that the metropolitan and large cities in general
have a substantial quantum of generation, with a high organic content and are chronically
deficient in terms of proper disposal sites. In view of the above, any alternative should be
less space extensive, should be able to solve disposal of a substantial portion of the waste
generated and be financially self supportive in the long run.
In this context, one of the emerging technologies that holds promise for large
urban areas of developing countries, particularly India is the process of pelletisation of
the solid wastes and their use for energy generation purpose. The refuse derived fuel
generation plants typically have a magnetic separator to seive the metal particles and a
density separator to eliminate glass, ceramic, plastic, sand and stone pieces and residuals.
The operation separates the combustibles from the non combustible materials. The
combustible garbage is put through a rotary drier to get rid of the moisture before it is
made into pre-densified lumps for use as fuel. Such a process of production of pre-
densified lumps which is less energy consuming could be adopted wherever the outputs

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 Solid Waste Management Options for Urban Areas

are to be used at the manufacturing site itself. However, where outputs are to be used
away from the manufacturing site, the process of production of varying sized pellets
could be adopted so that transport is made easier. For production of 1 M.T. of fuel
pellets, the garbage requirements is estimated to be about 4 to 5 M.T.
There are concerns about the applicability of such a technology in the developing
countries compared to the developed ones wherein because of the higher volume of paper
usage and content in the garbage, the calorific value of the waste is around 4000 Kcl.
Achieving such a high level of calorific value may not be possible in developing
countries wherein the reusable and materials amenable for recycling are removed in
advance by the rag-pickers. Nevertheless, notwithstanding the cost involved which needs
to be analysed in detail, studies indicate, that it is possible to add additives of biomass to
the solid wastes at appropriate stage in the process so that their calorific value is
enhanced to the required level. The moisture content of the garbage is another crucial
factor, that determines the suitability of the garbage for direct pelletisation purpose as a
greater level of drying of the garbage needs to be attempted when the moisture content is
high. Ideally, the moisture content of the garbage needs to be around 8 to 10 per cent.
There is great variation in the moisture content of the garbage in Indian conditions
depending on their location, availability of water etc. For example, in respect of Mumbai
it is estimated to be about 50 per cent. In case of Madras it is expected to be much lower
(about 30 per cent). Appropriate segregation of non-combustibles and drying of the
garbage would enhance the calorific value substantially requiring only marginal adequate
usage of additives.
The refuse derived pellets could be used as an alternative to coal or along with
coal in heat generation processes for electricity generation etc. One of the major
advantages of adoption of this technology would be that the net waste left out for
dumping would be only of the order of one third of the total used which would result in
substantial reduction in the land area required for disposal. Further, the waste discarded
by the separators could be used for public purposes such as filling of shallow areas and as
filling materials in the laying of road formations etc.

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 Solid Waste Management Options for Urban Areas

b) Private sector participation

Traditionally ownership, operation and financing of infrastructure in the urban
areas of developing countries has been the monopolistic domain of public authorities
mainly due to the global coverage of infrastructure services and the perceived potential
risks in allowing a private monopoly in public services. However, it is being increasingly
recognised that solid waste collection and disposal activities may be one of the best suited
for involving private sector through contracting as the operations are routine in nature
and are of a large magnitude, with well defined timing, duration and service and
measurable output. Major advantages may include dispensing with administrative and
staff over heads, establishment costs, transport and maintenance of infrastructure costs.
Findings in a number of studies in respect of cities of the developed countries
support the hypothesis that the private sector can operate more efficiently than the public
sector in providing municipal solid waste services. Summarised research from United
States, Canada and United Kingdom with more than 2000 cities surveyed in total shows
services provided by public monopolies typically cost 25 to 41 per cent more than the
contracted services.
Public Authorities in a number of large cities in the developing world too have
adopted to contracting of solid waste management operations to private sector.
(Examples are Buenos Aires, Caracas, Santiago, Sao Paulo etc.) Such an approach range
from full privatisation of operations (examples include Bogota, Cordoba, Montevideo) to
partial private sector involvement (Santa Cruz. Bangalore). Such contracts could be
flexible to suit local conditions. In Abidjan the contractor is paid based on the volume of
waste material collected, but precise clauses allow for price variations to account for the
price of fuel, labour and other variable cost. In Bangalore Development Authority Areas,
the contractor is supposed to provide labour, transport and the disposal services and
assessments indicates that there is a 50 per cent reduction in financial outlay because of
privatisation.

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 Solid Waste Management Options for Urban Areas

c) Public Participation and involvement of NGOs

There are many cases wherein the voluntary and non-governmental agencies have
successfully participated in the solid waste management operations. (Ciudad Juarez,
Mexico; Medallin, Columbia, Cairo, Egypt). Often, the scavengers who were involved in
rag picking have been organised into a cooperative either encouraged by voluntary
organaisations or through the encouragement of public authorities themselves. Their role
in implementing projects to motivate and encourage public in general in solid waste
management operations and improvement of working and living conditions of the
informal sector population engaged in waste picking etc. by suitably integrating them into
the operations needs to be recognised. New initiatives involving voluntary agencies in
the solid waste collection have been quite successful in Indian cities even though such
initiatives have been highly localised in elite pockets.

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 Solid Waste Management Options for Urban Areas

7. CONCLUSIONS
The rapid population explosion taking place in large urban areas of developing
countries necessitates urgent and appropriate measures for effective management of solid
waste. Emphasis should be to integrate solid waste management and its requirements as
part of the general city development operations and plans/programmes. The concept of
source separation needs to be introduced initially in literate pockets so as to be extended
in wider context later. This practice would enable achieving a higher caloriffic value to
the organic and combustible garbage making it amenable for greater level of reuse,
recycling and additional energy generation. Substantial research and development effort
needs to be initiated to look into the possibilities of operationalising the pre-densification
and pelletisation process for wider applicability in the larger urban areas of developing
countries. To achieve quick and prompt repair of the transport vehicles, the possibility of
adopting the method of awarding annual maintenance contracts to selected companies
needs a positive closer scrutiny rather than following the system of awarding works to
workshops on quotation basis. With severe resources crunch faced by the local agencies
and public authorities, it is imperative to involve the private sector either fully or in part
operations. Role of NGOs and voluntary organisations in educating and motivating the
general public and also organising the informal sector workers for a systematic effort to
achieve a cleaner city, needs to be recognised and accommodated.

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 Solid Waste Management Options for Urban Areas

7. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

• Unit cost of collection/disposal is not worked out.
• Cost saving measures are not analysed for proper asset management
• Revenue potential of solid waste is not assessed.
• Potential for PSP (private sector participation) is not examined.
• Assets are not listed through inventory.
• Element of subsidy is not calculated.

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8. CASE STUDY - 1
Management : Community Participation, Project Management, Private Sector
participation.
Summary
Lucknow, as in the case of most cities in India, has been struggling with the
problem of solid waste management. Muskan Jyoti Samiti is a Non-Governmental
Organisation (NGO) which has been successfully providing comprehensive solid waste
management services to a part of the city since 1094. Its operations include street
cleaning, garbage collection, sorting, transportation, disposal and vermi-composting. It
recovers the operation and maintenance cost from the households served.
Details of Case Study
Location
Lucknow is located Uttar Pradesh. It is the capital of the state.
Situation Before
The Municipal Corporation of Lucknow was unable to provide adequate and
efficient solid waste management services its population (about 1.7 million in 1991).
This led to the emergence of a few non-governmental solid waste management initiatives.
Lead Agency
Muskan Jyoti Samiti, an NGO in Lucknow.
Strategy
The inefficiency of the Municipal Corporation to keep the city clean led to the
formation of Muskan Jyoti Samiti (MJS) which decided to take up the task of efficient
garbage collection and disposal in Lucknow city. MJS also decided to get the community
to participate in this effort.
MJS first started its solid waste management operations in an upper middle class
locality in Lucknow, but did not achieve much success. It then moved to a lower-middle
class locality and succeeded in the effort. After successful operations in middle-class
localities, MJS expanded its activities to cover selected slums.

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 Solid Waste Management Options for Urban Areas

CASE STUDY - 2
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN PUNE
Name of City/Town: PUNE District: PUNE
Name of Municipal Body: PUNE Municipal Corporation Division: Pune
Address: Shivaji Nagar, State : Maharashtra
Pune - 411 005
Telephone : 550 1000 Fax : 550 1104
Email : Website:
Demography
1. Name of Officer In-Charge Dr.Arul M. Ravetkar,
Medical Officer of
Health
2. Area of Municipal Corporation/Council 264 sq. kms.
(Please provide map showing legal limits of municipal body)
(km2)
3. No. of wards/zones 4 Zones/14 Ward Offices
4. Total population (as per 1991 census) 15,66,651
5. Total population (as per 2001 census) 25,40,000
6. Population

Urban 13,00,000
Slums 12,40,000
1. Floating population 2,05,000 approx.
2. Total no. of household 5,25,000
generation of municipal solid waste
1. Total MSW generation (MT/day) 1000 MT
2. MSW generation (gms/capital/day) 390 gm
3. Of the total MSW generated
Quantity of domestic MSW (MT/day) 400
Quantity of commercial MSW (MT/day) 250
Quantity of industrial (non-toxic and non-hazardous) 0
waste (MT/day)
Quantity of waste from markets (MT/day) 50
Quantity of waste from hotels and restaurants 250
(MT/day)
1 Composition of MSW (Attach separate sheet)
Physical characteristics

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 Solid Waste Management Options for Urban Areas

0 Biodegradable (%)

0 Paper (%) 0.8

0 Plastic (%) 0.7
0 Glass (%) 0.6
0 Metal (%) 0.4
0 Inert, ash, debris (%)
collection, storage and transportation
1. Area covered for collection of MSW 264 sq. km
2. No. of households covered 5,25,000
3. No. of households covered under door-to-door Under study
collection (bell ringing)
4. Is the collection carried out by municipal P.M.C. Pune
authority or private contractor or NGO?
5. Is the segregation is carried out at source ? Yes, Partially
6. MSW collected in mixed form (MT/day) Mixed
7. Is waste collected every day Yes
i.e. 7 days a week and 365 days a year ?
8. Total number, type, size and capacity of storage RCC bins : 487,10'x4'x5'
bins/container/trailers provided
9. Whether all bins are attended/cleaned daily? Yes
(i.e. 7 days a week and 365 days a year)
10. Whether the lifting of waste from the bins is manual or 0-75% mechanical, 25%
mechanical ? Manual
11. Vehicle details
Type Total No. Capacity(MT) Daily At present Additional
required available proposed
Compactor 12 cu.m 8 12
(mobile)
Dumper 3.8 cu.m 80 NIL
placer (with
4.5m3/7m3
containers)
Open truck 6 cu.m 7 NIL
Open truck 6 cu.m 45 NIL
with tipping
Bulk Refuse 7 cu.m 40 8
Collector

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 Solid Waste Management Options for Urban Areas

WATER SUPPLY IN THE URBAN

Wells and hand pumps are the main source of drinking water in the fringe also.
However 20 villages constituting of primary inner fringe are being served by tube wells.
Most of the villages situated at the outer limit of the western fringe have only wells as a
source of drinking water. In certain areas tank, river and canal water is used for drinking
purposes.
All the big factories and mills situated beyond the municipal limits in
Clutterbuckganj and Izatnagar area have their own piped water supply systems with
tubewells and overhead tanks. So is the case of residential colonies and labour colonies
developed in these parts ( S E Survey, Bareilly, 1971). Thus in general, people in the
fringe area still depend on primitive means of water supply.
DRAINAGE AND SEWAGE DISPOSAL
Bareilly city has no planned drainage or sewage system. A skeleton system of
drains exist which leaves the sullage to stagnate abruptly forming pools in low lying area,
without any outlet. During rainy season the sullage mixed with rain water flows along
some of the main roads of Beharipur and Gulabnagar. Due to insufficient capacity of
storm water-cum-sullage drains an extremely insanitary sight is presented.
Beharipur and Gulabnagar roads are along the natural water-shed forming a valley
of nearly 1.5 km. in length. Here often such sights may be seen during rains.
RUBBISH AND NIGHT SOIL REMOVAL
Though the disposal of rubbish and night soil is in the process of being
mechanized, most of the work is done by hand. The night soil is collected in the 'dalaos'
which in the majority of cases are kacha without screen walls. Further, it is removed both
by departmental agency and by contractors.
As city lacks sewer lines, the service types of latrines are common in whole of the
town and a considerable part of new town. The night soil is removed by sweepers in
baskets and Hand carts, who carry it to the dumping grounds. But recently with the
development of partial sewage system and construction of sullage pits, this inhuman and

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unhygienic work is being abandoned. Lately the municipal board is using mechanical
transport for removing night soil.
The south-western fringe of the city present a different character. This area of the
fringe, particularly toward the Rounganga river, faces the problem of inundation,
therefore the built up area could not extend as much in this sector as in north west sector.
The intensity of landuse has increased along roadside only.
In the eastern fringe, which is very limited in area high mixed landuse intensity is
visible only among one or two villages, especially along roadside. Further, in north-east
the existance of I.A.P. camp on a wider area with its restricted land has also influenced
the land use pattern of the villages. Negligible changes have taken place in the eastern
parts of the fringe extending upto the river Nakatia. Due to the lack of transport facilities,
this area is least accessible.
To conclude, the landuse pattern in the fringe focucces the changes in relation to
industrial and residential developments. Whereas north, north-western sector shows
multiple landuses, the south-west fringe has developed an extensive landuse on roadside.
In the east while the southern part of the fringe has developed intensive agriculture, the
northern part has more vacant land due to its location further from the city centre.

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