What is the difference between first and third angle

projection

-
Any space can be divided into 4 quadrants basically using two mutually perpendicular
planes - the horizontal plane (HP) and the vertical plane (VP). These planes are
considered to be transparent and to be of infinite size.
n first angIe projections, the object is considered to be in front of VP and above HP.
Hence the top view or plan of the object will be obtained below the reference line and
the front view or elevation above the reference line.
n third angIe projections, the object is said to be behind VP and below HP. hence the
top view or plan will be obtained above the reference line and the elevation below the
reference line.
The aim of an engineering drawing is to convey all the necessary information of how to
make the part to the manufacturing department. For most parts, the information cannot be
conveyed in a single view. Rather than using several sheets of paper with different views of
the part, several views can be combined on a single drawing using one of the two available
projection systems, first angle, and third angle projection.

The diagram below demonstrates how the projection systems work

Finite Element Analysis FEA Review - Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a powerful tool
that essentially divides a complex structure up into many small elements, where for each
the stresses and deformations can be solved for using known equations of elasticity.
Because the boundaries of each element in contact with another

What is the Difference between the way an

Airplane and a Helicopter fly?


To fly, helicopters have a Propeller. Airplanes have an engine that provides thrust
to push it through the air, which forces air over the wings and create lift that allows
the plane to climb.
Helicopters have main propellor blades that turn about a vertical axis. This large
rotor provides the Lift and forward motion to the helicopter. It also has a smaller
rotor at the tail that counter acts the torsion forces created by the torque of the
main rotor.
An auto gyro is a type of helicopter that has a propeller that pulls it forward
through the air. This forces air to go through the top main rotor (like on a
helicopter) and this main rotor produces the lift for the autogryo.

PLANE:-
A two-dimensional surface, any two of whose points can be joined by a straight line that lies
entirely in the surface.
AXIS:-
a. A reference line from which distances or angles are measured in a coordinate
system.
b. A straight line about which a body or geometric object rotates or may be conceived
to rotate.
c. An imaginary line around which an object rotates.



omputational fluid dynamics (FD): is one of the branches of fluid mechanics that
uses numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problems that involve fluid
flows. Computers are used to perform the millions of calculations required to simulate the
interaction of fluids and gases with the complex surfaces used in engineering. Even with
simplified equations and high-speed supercomputers, only approximate solutions can be
achieved in many cases. Ongoing research, however, may yield software that improves the
accuracy and speed of complex simulation scenarios such as transonic or turbulent flows.
Validation of such software is often performed using a wind tunnel.
Finite element method (FEM). This method is popular for structural analysis of solids, but is
also applicable to fluids. The FEM formulation requires, however, special care to ensure a
conservative solution. The FEM formulation has been adapted for use with the Navier-Stokes
equations. Although in FEM conservation has to be taken care of, it is much more stable
than the FVM approach. Subsequently it is the new direction in which CFD is moving.
Generally stability/robustness of the solution is better in FEM though for some cases it
might take more memory than FVM methods.
In this method, a weighted residual equation is formed:
Where #

is the equation residual at an element vertex , " is the conservation equation

expressed on an element basis,

is the weight factor and '

0
is the volume of the element.
Isotropic: Properties of a material are identical in all directions
Anisotropic: Properties of a material depend on the direction; for example, wood. In a
piece of wood, you can see lines going in one direction; this direction is referred to as "with
the grain". The wood is stronger with the grain than "against the grain". Strength is a
property of the wood and this property depends on the direction; thus it is anisotropic.
Orthotropic is a term that can have several meanings
In materials science, an orthotropic material is one that has the different materials
properties or strengths in different orthogonal directions.(For example glass reinforced
plastic, or wood)
In bridge design, an orthotropic deck is one in which the deck is solid steel plate. The deck
plate is used as the top flange of the main girder system, and also as the top flange of
transverse floor beam system, and also as the top flange of the deck ribs.
hat are von mises stresses ?
ood question. Von Mises Stress is actually a misnomer. t refers to a theory called the "Von Mises -
Hencky criterion for ductile failure".

n an elastic body that is subject to a system of loads in 3 dimensions, a complex 3 dimensional system of
stresses is developed (as you might imagine). That is, at any point within the body there are stresses
acting in different directions, and the direction and magnitude of stresses changes from point to point. @
Von Mises criterion is a formula for calculating whether the stress combination at a given point will cause
failure.
There are three "Principal Stresses" that can be calculated at any point, acting in the x, y, and z
directions. (The x,y, and z directions are the "principal axes" for the point and their orientation changes
from point to point, but that is a technical issue.)