1 The Pi-Space Formulas

In this chapter, Ill show how one can alter some existing Physics formulas so that they work
for v < C and v << C. Newtons formulas assume that velocity and acceleration are linear but
we can use our knowledge of Pi-Space to produce more general forms. This is without the
need for General Relativity. Ill cover General Relativity after this and address those
formulas too from the perspective of Pi-Space.

These advanced formulas cover

Einstein Special Relativity, Energy
Newton Gravity, Acceleration, Velocity
Orbits
Bernoulli
Navier-Stokes
Hooke
Simple Harmonic Motion

1.1 More general form of E=MC
2


Ill start with the simplest change which is a modification to the Einstein Mass Energy
Equation. We add the constant Pi.

( )
2
c m E t =

This is due to the Square Rule. All we need to do here is add the constant t .

1.2 Velocity addition and Subtraction in Pi-Space

In Pi-Space, there are two classifications of addition and subtraction. The first classification
is straight-forward addition and subtraction in a non-Inertial framework; namely where there
is no acceleration or deceleration to go from v1, to v2. For this case, use the Einstein velocity
addition and subtraction formulas.
In the second case, we have an Inertial Framework in which going from v1 to v2 requires a
constant rate of change of velocity (AKA acceleration). For this case, youll need to use Pi-
Space formulas which model how a Pi-Shell loses or gains area over time.

1.3 General Solution (v<<C and v<C) To Kinetic Energy Using
Pi-Space

The Pi-Space formula for the general solution to Kinetic Energy in Pi-Space is

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=
c
v
ArcSin Cos m KEvelocity 1 *
This formula is relativistic and gives the same answers as the Newtonian formula where
v<<C and also provides the correct answer where v<C. Whats more, you dont need
General Relativity.

The Proof (ignoring mass)

Sum up the velocities from 0..V where there is a constant acceleration. Sin x represents the
constant area gain represented in terms of the Pi-Shell diameter. To sum up the velocities we
use integration. The input angle is part of a right-angled triangle which represents three Pi-
Shells (constituting Pi-Shell addition) as Ive shown already.

c v
o
dx x
/
) ( sin
Which produces, where x = v/c
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c
v
Cos 1

However, v/c is a diameter value and we need to convert it into an angle (because thats what
Cos needs) so we use an inverse sin function. To elaborate further, ArcSin() takes a value
0..1 and maps it to 0..Pi/2. In our case, 1 is V/C so it maps from Pi-Space velocity to the
Trignometric version of our Pi-Space formulas where I show for example a right angled
triangle.

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c
v
ArcSin Cos 1

We dont need to do anything further as weve summed up the total velocities. The way
Newton did this was he squared the velocities and halved the result. We dont need to halve
the result as the reason he halved the result was to get the sum of the average velocities. At
v<C the velocity is almost the same so we can have an average and this is why his formula
works.

So if we take v=0.1C, the Newtonian result is 0.05 and if we apply it to this formula we get
the same result. However, at v=0.9, the values differ.

Exercise: In Mathematica, try plotting v at 0 to 0.1 for the Newtonian and Pi-Space formula.
Both return 0.05.

Plot[1 -Cos[ArcSin[v]],{v,0,0.1}];



Plot[(v*v)*0.5,{v,0,0.1}];



Note that the two charts are almost identical where v<<C.

Now change v=0 to 0.9

Plot[1 -Cos[ArcSin[v]],{v,0,0.9}];



Plot[(v*v)*0.5,{v,0,0.9}];

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5


The values match at the lower relativistic values. Again, we can use Mathematica to plot the
values.

Table[1-Cos[ArcSin[v]],{v,0,1.0, 0.1}]
{0,0.00501256,0.0202041,0.0460608,0.0834849,0.133975,0.2,0.285857,0.4,0.56411,1.}

Table[(v*v)*0.5,{v,0,1.0,0.1}]
{0,0.005,0.02,0.045,0.08,0.125,0.18,0.245,0.32,0.405,0.5}

Placing this is a comparison tables

Velocity 0..V, constant acc Newtonian KE Pi-Space KE
0.1 0.005 0.00501256
0.2 0.02 0.0202041
0.3 0.045 0.0460608
0.4 0.08 0.0834849
0.5 0.125 0.133975
0.6 0.18 0.2
0.7 0.245 0.285847
0.8 0.32 0.4
0.9 0.405 0.56411
1.0 0.5 1

So, using the Newtonian KE formula at V=C=1.0 which is the fastest possible speed, one has
KE of 0.5. However, at the lower speeds, it matches the Pi-Space KE formula because the
slope of both curves is almost linear. At V=1.0 for the Pi-Space KE formula, KE is 1.0.
Note: The total area of the Pi-Space is Pi/2 * 1 which is Pi/2. Non-linear combined velocity
accounts for 1. In the Newtonian view, its 1 * 1. Linear combined velocity accounts for 0.5.

So Newtonian KE maps to 0.5CC (area) for Combined Velocities 0..C
And
Pi-Space KE maps to 1CC (area) for Combined Velocities 0..C.

Therefore we can see that Einsteins Energy Formula E=MCC tallies with the Pi-Space KE
formula MCC for V=0..C (where we add Mass M). Earlier I showed how Einsteins Energy
Formula mapped to Pi-Space area using the Square Rule. (Shortly, Ill explain why
Einsteins Relative Kinetic Energy formula produces Infinity and how that tallies with this
equation which does not.)

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
So, this is where we see a big win in Pi-Space beyond just reverse engineering other
formulas. We can create our own. By understanding the geometry of Pi-Space, we can use
Trig and some Integration to figure out your average speed at youd fall into a black hole!
We use Integration to add up the individual velocities which are related to the rate of area
change.

Note: The total area of Sin(x) where x is 0 to Pi/2 is Pi/2 * 1 which equals Pi/2. The area
under the curve in this case is 1.0. It is not the total area which is Pi/2.

Please note that this is the energy of the object in question not the work done on the object
which is a slightly different thing.

Lets understand this equation in terms of the Einstein Relative Kinetic Energy formula.

Einstein formulated Relative Kinetic Energy as

2
2
2
2
1
mc
c
v
mc

This formula produces infinity where v=c. The infinite energy refers to the work done to
accelerate an object to c. Its the work done by another object or force which is doing the
work. For example, its the work done by the person pushing the rock, not the energy of the
rock itself. In Pi-Space, the Relative Kinetic Energy formula described models the energy of
the moving object itself (the rock, using the analogy) and not that of the object applying the
force (the person). Einsteins formula models the person doing the pushing of the rock. Lets
derive our formula to look like the Einstein one and see how they compare.

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c
v
ArcSin Cos 1

Simplify Cos(ArcSin(v/c)) to use Square Root equivalent

2
2
1 1
c
v


Where 1 = mc^2 (no longer using standard units)


2
2
2 2
1
c
v
mc mc

One of the major arguments in favor of the Einstein equation being correct is that it
represents the Newtonian equivalent where v << C because of the Binomial expansion. In
Mathematica, we can express this as.

Series[1/Sqrt[1-x^2],{ x,0,10}]


The second term x^2/2 represents 1/2mv^2 in the Newtonian equation where v << c.

Lets apply the same analysis to the Pi-Space equation.

Series[Sqrt[1-x^2],{ x,0,10}]


...
8 2
4 2
2 2
x x
mc mc + +

This also approximates the Newtonian Equation where v << c as the second term is x^2/2.

So, summing up. The Pi-Space Relative Kinetic Energy equation represents the Kinetic
Energy of the object in question. Einsteins Relative Kinetic Energy formula models the
object doing the work which becomes infinite when v = C. The Pi-Space Kinetic Energy
formula does not go to infinity but to c^2 at v = c, which was always the total energy of the
object in the first place. However, the Einstein equation correctly shows that it takes an
infinite amount of work to achieve this kinetic energy state.

Why is this distinction important? The reason why this is important is that when we describe
Kinetic Energy using the roller coaster analogy within Gravity, we describe the energy of the
roller coaster itself which is what the Pi-Space formula describes; the energy of the object
itself.

Example.

Lets convert 20 Miles Per Second into Kinetic Energy and get the Newtonian result and then
use the Pi-Space formula. Here I use Mathematica expressions.

Mass = 1,
Newton KE = 0.5*((20)^2) = 200

Miles Per Second 186000
Pi-Space KE = (1 - Cos[ArcSin[20.0/186000.0]])*(186000^2) = 200
Note how we multiply by C^2 to get back to the Newtonian analogue


1.4 Representing Flow of Time as an Angle Change in Pi-
Space

Ive already shown that time is proportional to the diameter of a Pi-Shell. Using the SR
formulas, we can see that a smaller Pi-Shell has slower time than a larger one. However, an
important question arises when an object falls under Gravity or accelerates. How can one
represent the rate of change of time with respect to area change? The Pi-Shell diagrams Ive
shown so far do not have any concept of time, except for showing a larger one has a differing
1
x
2
2
3 x
4
8
5 x
6
16
35 x
8
128
63 x
10
256
O x
11
1
x
2
2
x
4
8
x
6
16
5 x
8
128
7 x
10
256
O x
11
clock tick. How can one accurately measure time or visualize it in Pi-Space? The answer
goes back to the right-angled triangle. Ive shown how we can measure KE more accurately
using a Pi-Shell which is gaining area. I turned the proportion of c, namely v/c into an
ArcSin equivalent which is the angle representing the proportion of area change. This is the
angle in a right-angled triangle. Also, Ive already shown that a right-angled triangle
represents Pi-Shell addition where one Pi-Shell represents the change in area and the other is
the remaining Observer Pi-Shell area leading to the need for relativity calculations.
Therefore, as the angle changes in a right-angled triangle the amount of area changes also
which is our focus for this discussion. For the sake of convention, we can assume that the
perpendicular line segment represents the Pi-Shell whose area is growing. This can be
assumed to be the area loss due to acceleration.

T
i
m
e

t
Pi Shell
growing area
Time as Angle Increasing OverTime
The Hypotenuse represents the Observer Pi Shell
(constant length)
The two other vertices are the two Pi Shells which
combine to form that hypotenuse
The angle changes over time t, starting at 0 a and
ending at 90 degrees
Pi Shell
losing area
(relativistic
observer)
Stgationary
Observer
(Newton)
Angle
representing
this (state)
moment in
time
0 degrees
20 degrees
40 degrees
60 degrees
80 degrees
90 degrees


What is significant about this angle area change? The answer is that it represents a constant
rate of area change wrt to the diameter of a Pi-Shell. What we are looking at is how a Pi-
Shell loses area as it falls under Gravity or generally accelerates. So, if we take a unit of
constant area change over time and we can represent it as a Pi-Shell starting at 0 and ending
up at a particular v/c, we can break the rate of change up into 0 to 90 degrees and this acts as
the timer, namely the per second timer, as v/c is per second.

Importantly, the angle change is proportional to the line segments which are diameter
representations of a Pi-Shell. Therefore, the angle is proportional to the rate of change of
time which is proportional to the diameter.

1.5 General Solution (v<<C and v<C) To Potential Energy
Using Pi-Space

The general solution to Potential Energy is to place it equal to the new Kinetic Energy
equation.

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=
c
v
ArcSin Cos
c
gh
1
2


Therefore we can see that Gravity is non-linear as v<C and linear as v <<C. However, it
would be nice to derive a more general acceleration formula based purely on velocity change
as Newton did. This is covered as the general solution to acceleration.

1.6 Solving for KE=PE for v/c where v<C and v<<C

Lets derive the v/c solution to KE=PE. The usefulness of this approach is that this can later
be used to derive the escape velocity for an object attempting to escape a Gravity field or if
one would like to understand ones velocity after falling a certain distance under Gravity.

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=
c
v
ArcSin Cos
c
gh
1
2


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=
c
v
ArcSin Cos
c
gh
2
1

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c
v
ArcSin
c
gh
ArcCos
2
1

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=
2
1
c
gh
ArcCos Sin
c
v


The values match at the lower relativistic values. Again, we can use Mathematica to plot the
values. Note gh/cc must be less <= 1 as it is a relativistic formula.

Table[Sin[ArcCos[1-gh]],{gh,0,1.0, 0.1}]
{0,0.43589,0.6,0.714143,0.8,0.866025,0.916515,0.953939,0.979796,0.994987,1.}

Table[Sqrt[2*gh],{gh,0,1.0,0.1}]
{0,0.447214,0.632456,0.774597,0.894427,1.,1.09545,1.18322,1.26491,1.34164,1.41421}

Placing this is a comparison tables

gh/cc Newtonian Velocity Pi-Space Velocity
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.1 0.447214 0.43589
0.2 0.632456 0.6
0.3 0.774597 0.714143
0.4 0.894427 0.8
0.5 1.0 0.866025
0.6 1.09545 0.916515
0.7 1.18322 0.953939
0.8 1.26491 0.979796
0.9 1.34164 0.994987
1.0 1.41421 1.0

As we can see, the Newtonian Velocity is > C while the Pi-Space solution is 1.0 when
PE=1.0C.

Important note:

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2 2
1 1
c
gh
ArcSin Cos
c
gh
ArcCos Sin

So we can represent it this way if we choose. We leave it this way for the example to show
how it was derived but its possible to use it the other way if preferred.

1.7 Solving for KE=PE Escape Velocity where v<C and v<<C

We start with the Newtonian formula

r
GM
mv =
2
2
1


We can convert to the Pi-Space version

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=
c
v
ArcSin Cos
r
GM
1


Solving for v/c, Note GM/r is divided by c^2


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r
GM
ArcCos Sin
c
v
1


Adjusting to Pi-Space units of area
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=
2
1
c
r
GM
ArcCos Sin
c
v


To get back a Newtonian velocity we need to multiply by C

c
c
r
GM
ArcCos Sin v * 1
2
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=

Which is the same as

c
c
r
GM
ArcSin Cos v * 1
2
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=

So what we need is the mass of the planet and the radius.

Body Mass (kg) Radius (km)
Earth 5.98 * 10
24
6378
Mercury 3.30 * 10
23
2439
Venus 4.87 * 10
24
6051
Mars 6.42 * 10
23
3393
Jupiter 1.90 * 10
27
71492
Saturn 5.69 * 10
26
60268
Uranus 8.68 * 10
25
25559
Neptune 1.02 * 10
26
24764
Pluto 1.29 * 10
22
1150
Moon 7.35 * 10
22
1738
Ganymede 1.48 * 10
23
2631
Titan 1.35 * 10
23
2575
Sun 1.99 * 10
30
696000


Lets take the example of the Earth using the traditional Newtonian mechanism.
As an example, the mass M of the Earth is 5.98 * 10
24
kilograms. The radius r of the Earth is
6378 kilometers, which is equal to 6.378 * 10
6
meters. The escape velocity at the surface of
the Earth can therefore be calculated by:
v
esc
= (2 * G * M / r)
1/2

= ( 2 * (6.67 * 10
-11
) * (5.98 * 10
24
) / (6.378 * 10
6
) )
1/2

= 1.12 * 10
4
meters/second
= 11.2 kilometers/second APPROX
Mathematica Sqrt[2*(6.67*10^-11)*(5.98*10^24)/(6.378*10^6)] = 11183.7

So, lets use the Pi-Space formula.
First point to note is that the Gravitational potential must be expressed in terms of an area
change.

So we need to have the speed of light which is 299,792,458 meters per second.

Also, once we have the result, this is an area calculation; we need to convert it back to a
velocity so we need to multiply the answer by the speed of light.

This equates to the following Mathematica expression.

Sin[ArcCos[1-((((6.67*10^-11)*(5.98*10^24))/(6.378*10^6))/(299792458^2))]] *
299792458

This produces an answer of 11183.7 meters per second, or 11.1837 kilometers per second.

TODO: Fill out the other planets


Planet Mass Radius Newton Escape Velocity Pi-Space E/V
Earth 5.98 * 10
24
6378 11183.7 11.1837
Mercury 3.30 * 10
23
2439
Venus 4.87 * 10
24
6051
Mars 6.42 * 10
23
3393
Jupiter 1.90 * 10
27
71492
Saturn 5.69 * 10
26
60268
Uranus 8.68 * 10
25
25559
Neptune 1.02 * 10
26
24764
Pluto 1.29 * 10
22
1150
Moon 7.35 * 10
22
1738
Ganymede 1.48 * 10
23
2631
Titan 1.35 * 10
23
2575
Sun 1.99 * 10
30
696000


1.8 Solving for a Black Hole Event Horizon

Lets derive the radius solution where a Gravity field completely compresses the mass. This
is more commonly called the event horizon or Schwarzchild radius. In this case, we assume
the velocity is equivalent to the Speed of Light which means the atom is completely
compressed.

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c
c
ArcSin Cos
c
r
GM
1
2


1
2
=
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c
r
GM



2
c
r
GM
=

r
c
GM
=
2


2
c
GM
r =

The Newtonian derivation is, where the 2 is due to the averaging of the velocities. Pi-Space
does not need to do this as discussed earlier and uses an Integral.

2
2
c
GM
r =

Therefore for Earth, the back hole radius is

Newtonian / Schwarzchild derivation
2*(6.67*10^-11)*(5.98*10^24)/(299792458^2) = 0.00887597 = 8.8 mm approx

Versus

Pi-Space derivation
(6.67*10^-11)*(5.98*10^24)/(299792458^2)= 0.00443798 = 4.4 mm approx


1.9 General Solution (v<<C and v<C) To Acceleration

Newton defined acceleration as the rate of change of acceleration with respect to time. The
implicit assumption is that acceleration is constant.

t
v v
on accelerati
1 2

=

In Pi-Space, acceleration is linear where v<<C but non-linear where v<C. Generally
speaking, we can modify the acceleration equation to include a scaling factor.

o
t
v v
on accelerati
1 2

=

Where o is between range [0..1]. If o is 1 then v << C and if v = C then o is 0. When o
is 0, there is no acceleration and when o is 1, this is the acceleration we are familiar with on
Earth inside a weak Gravity field or when we accelerate our cars for example.

We choose Sine because it represents a constant rate of change of velocity, as Ive described
earlier. The slope of Sine represents the rate of change of acceleration.

So we need a simple version and a more complex version using Integration for larger velocity
ranges.

1. For v2/c v1/c << C use

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=
c
v
ArcSin v
2 '
2

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=
c
v
ArcSin v
1 '
1


( ) ( )
'
1
,
2
'
1
'
2
v v
v Sin v Sin

= o

In Mathmetica, we can plot constant velocity increases of 0.1 to 0.2, 0.2 to 0.3 etc;

Plot[(Sin[ArcSin[x+0.1]]-Sin[ArcSin[x]])/(ArcSin[x+0.1]-ArcSin[x]),{x,0,0.9}];



Table[(Sin[ArcSin[v+0.1]]-Sin[ArcSin[v]])/(ArcSin[v+0.1]-ArcSin[v]),{v,0,0.9,0.1}]

{0.998329,0.988235,0.967729,0.936118,0.892204,0.834012,0.758171,0.658338,0.51955,0.2
21716}

Velocity 0..V, t=1, constant
acc
Newtonian Acc m/s/s Pi-Space o
0.0 to 0.1 0.5 0.5 * 0. 998329
0.1 to 0.2 0.5 0.5 * 0. 988235
0.2 to 0.3 0.5 0.5 * 0. 967729
0.3 to 0.4 0.5 0.5 * 0. 936118
0.4 to 0.5 0.5 0.5 * 0. 892204
0.5 to 0.6 0.5 0.5 * 0. 834012
0.6 to 0.7 0.5 0.5 * 0. 758171
0.7 to 0.8 0.5 0.5 * 0. 658338
0.8 to 0.9 0.5 0.5 * 0. 51955
0.9 to 1.0 0.5 0.5 * 0. 221716

Also for V=C (0.999999C to 1.0)

(Sin[ArcSin[1.0]]-Sin[ArcSin[0.999999]])/(ArcSin[1]-ArcSin[0.999999])= 0.000707107

So there is virtually no acceleration near the speed of light as the Pi-Shell has no remaining
area.



2. For v2/c v1/c < C, you can use an Integral, summing and then averaging all
the slopes. You can assume x A = 0.0001

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
0.4
0.6
0.8
( ) ( )
'
1
'
2
'
2
'
1
v v
x
x Sin x x Sin
v
v

A
A +
=

o

e.g. (NIntegrate[((Sin[x]-Sin[x-0.000001])/0.000001),{x,0, 1.5707}])/(1.5707)

Table[((NIntegrate[((Sin[x]-Sin[x-0.000001])/0.000001),{x,i,i+0.1}])/(0.1)),{i,0,1.57,0.1}]

{0.998334,0.988359,0.968509,0.938982,0.900072,0.85217,0.795752,0.731384,0.659709,0.5
81441,0.497364,0.408318,0.315191,0.218916,0.120453,0.0207867}


Proof

Consider an object with velocity v1 accelerating to v2 over time t.

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with respect to time

In Pi-Space, acceleration is the rate of change of Pi-Shell area loss with respect to time

In Pi-Space, the change of area of a Pi-Shell is modeled by the Sin(x) function representing
the per second area change in terms of its diameter.

The diameter line represents v/c and the angle represents per second time t.

Therefore 0..90 degrees represents a Pi-Shell accelerating from 0..v/c in time t, per second.

From differential calculus, acceleration is the slope of the velocity change.

The slope of the sin(x) function between v2/c and v1/c therefore represents acceleration. We
turn v2/c and v1/c into an angle using the ArcSin() function.

To calculate the slope, one needs to add the slope at each point and add them up, then average
them over the range of velocities under consideration.

We use an Integral to add up the individual y/x slopes.

Then we divide the summed slopes by the range of angles to get the average acceleration over
that range.

In the case where v << C, we can subtract the velocities and divide by the angle difference
which is equivalent to time.

1.10 Pi-Space Solution to Einsteins SR Lorenz-Fitzgerald
Relativity Formula

There is no question to the fact that Einsteins SR Lorenz-Fitzgerald formula works.
However, its possible to derive this formula independently of the Einstein approach without
using rods and clocks. Lets see how we can derive it in Pi-Space.

Lets first understand what the Lorenz-Fitzgerald transformation is. It is a scaling factor
which represents the change in diameter of the Observer Pi-Shell. Newtons formulas all
assume that the Observer Pi-Shell remains the same size. However, Einstein showed that this
was incorrect. Once more we return to a right angled triangle. The hypotenuse represents the
stationary Observer or the Newtonian Observer whose size is 1. The other two Pi-Shells
represents the Pi-Shell whose area is growing and whose area is shrinking. The Pi-Shell
whose area is growing represents the Newtonian Observer loss of area due to velocity. The
other Pi-Shell whose area is shrinking represents the non-Newtonian or relativistic Observer
whose Pi-Shell is shrinking due to velocity area loss.

In order to correctly adjust the velocity, we must calculate the proportion of the Newtonian
Observer to the Relativistic Observer. How can we do this in Pi-Space? We already know
the amount of area gain due to velocity we can calculate it using Sine as this is area gain in
terms of the right-angled triangle.

c
v
c
v
ArcSin Sin ocity PiSpaceVel =
|
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.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

Note: This is the velocity relative to the Newtonian Observer and is equivalent to Newtonian
velocity.

1 = = Hypotenuse bserver NewtonianO

Therefore, the relativistic observer is the remaining area of a right-angled triangle.
Remember that a right-angled triangle represents Pi-Shell area addition, expressed in terms of
the diameter. A Pi-Space rule of thumb is that Cosine represents Pi-Shell compression so we
use Cosine for the case where we are losing area.

2
2
1 Re
c
v
c
v
ArcSin Cos Observer lativistic =
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
This is equivalent to

2
2
1
c
v
tzgerald SRLorenzFi =

Therefore, if we want a relativistic velocity, we need to calculate the non-relativistic velocity
by the Relativistic Observer

* Re Re Observer lativistic Velocity lativistic = <property>

We can use this value for time, length x and mass as these are all properties of a Pi-Shell.




Velocity 0..C Lorenz-Fitzgerald Sqrt(1-
v/c*v/c)
Pi-Space Cos(ArcSin(v/c))
0.0 1.0 1.0
0.1 0.994987 0.994987
0.2 0.979796 0.979796
0.3 0.953939 0.953939
0.4 0.916515 0.916515
0.5 0.866025 0.866025
0.6 0.8 0.8
0.7 0.714143 0.714143
0.8 0.6 0.6
0.9 0.43589 0.43589
1.0 0.0 0.0


1.11 General Solution to the Average Velocity (v<<C, v<C)

One of the key aspects of Newtons formulas is the calculation of the average velocity.
Newtons approach is to assume Gravity is linear therefore the velocity gain is linear. The
average velocity is half-way along the velocity change.

T
i
m
e

t
Pi Shell growing
area =
Sin(ArcSin(v/c))
Mapping Lorenz-Fitz to Pi Space
Hypotenuse = Newtonian Observer
Growing Pi Shell = Area Loss due to Velocity
Shrinking Pi Shell = Relativistic Observer
Pi Shell losing area
(relativistic observer)
= Cos(ArcSin(v/c)) =
Lorenz-Fitz
Stgationary
Observer
(Newton)
Angle
representing
this (state)
moment in
time
0 degrees
20 degrees
40 degrees
60 degrees
80 degrees
90 degrees
2
0
_
v v
v
+
=

In Pi-Space, we can sum the velocities to produce Kinetic Energy. The average velocity is
therefore the sum of the velocities, divided by the velocity range.

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
c
v
ArcSin
dx x
c
v
ArcSin
o
) ( sin

Which produces, where x = v/c
|
.
|

\
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.
|

\
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.
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\
|

c
v
ArcSin
c
v
ArcSin Cos 1


Table[(1-Cos[ArcSin[x]])/(ArcSin[x]), {x,0.1,1, 0.1}]

Velocity 0..C Newton Average velocity Pi-Space Average Velocity
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.1 0.05 0.0500418
0.2 0.1 0.100339
0.3 0.15 0.151171
0.4 0.2 0.202871
0.5 0.25 0.255873
0.6 0.3 0.3108
0.7 0.35 0.368659
0.8 0.4 0.431362
0.9 0.45 0.503773
1.0 0.5 0.63662


1.12 General Solution to Distance an Object Travels as it
Accelerates

The distance an object travels while accelerating is defined by Newton as

2
0
2
1
tan at t v ce dis + =
Were interested in the second part of the formula, which is the acceleration part

2
2
1
tan at ce onDis accelerati =

This is the summing up of the Kinetic Energy component over time t and averaging it which
produces the general version of the formula. Time t is multiplied by acceleration a, to
produce a velocity v and halved to get the average velocity. The average velocity is then
multiplied by time t once more to get the distance traveled.

t
at v v
c
at
ArcSin
at v v
c
at
ArcSin Cos
t v ce dis
|
|
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.
|

\
|
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.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ =
0 0
0 0
0
,
, 1
tan
o
o


Where
1 ,
0 0
s + at v v
c
at
o

Note: o is applied to the acceleration range vel start to vel end e.g. 0.1 to 0.2C

Note: There is no straight-forward way to solve for time t using this approach but it is more
accurate while calculating distance.


Table[((1-Cos[ArcSin[0.01*t]])/(ArcSin[0.01*t]))*t,{t,1,10,1}]
{0.00500004,0.0200007,0.0450034,0.0800107,0.125026,0.180054,0.2451,0.320171,0.40527
4,0.500418}

Versus

Table[(0.5*.01*(t*t)), {t,1,10, 1}]



Time in seconds,
acc=0.1m/s/s
Pi-Space Distance Newton Distance
1 0.00500004 0.005
2 .0200007 0.02
3 0.0450034 0.045
4 0.0800007 0.08
5 0.0800107 0.125
6 0.180054 0.18
7 0.2451 0.245
8 0.320171 0.32
9 0.405274 0.405
1.0 0.500418 0.5


1.13 General Solution to the final velocity of a falling Object

When something is dropped under Gravity, one quickly asks the question when it hits the
ground, how fast was it traveling if it traveled distance x? Newton answered this question
with the following formula.

ax V V
o f
2
2 2
+ =

This formula can be derived in Pi-Space in the same way that Newton derived it by matching
Kinetic Energy to Potential Energy.

2
2
1
v gh =

Velocity v is the final velocity and Newton solved by breaking out its constituent parts.

2 2
0
2
f
v v gh + =

This produces the final formula where gh and are replaced by acceleration a and distance x.
Lets solve this in Pi-Space.

( ) ( )
0
2
1 V V ArcSin Cos
c
gh
f
=

( ) ( )
2
0
1
c
gh
V V ArcSin Cos
f
=

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
0
1
c
gh
ArcCos Sin V V
f


|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
0
1
c
gh
ArcCos Sin V V
f


|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = ax v v
c
ax
ArcCos Sin V V
f 0 0
2
0
, 1 o

Table[(Sqrt[2*x]),{x,0.1,1,0.1}]

{0.447214,0.632456,0.774597,0.894427,1.,1.09545,1.18322,1.26491,1.34164,1.41421}

Table[(Sin[ArcCos[1-x]]),{x,0.1,1,0.1}]

{0.43589,0.6,0.714143,0.8,0.866025,0.916515,0.953939,0.979796,0.994987,1.}

And for smaller values

Table[(Sin[ArcCos[1-x]]),{x,0.000001,.00001,0.000001}]

{0.00141421,0.002,0.00244949,0.00282842,0.00316227,0.0034641,0.00374165,0.00399999,
0.00424263,0.00447212}

Table[(Sqrt[2*x]),{x,0.000001,.00001,0.000001}]

{0.00141421,0.002,0.00244949,0.00282843,0.00316228,0.0034641,0.00374166,0.004,0.004
24264,0.00447214}

1.14 Distance Travelled at Final Velocity

2 2
0
2
f
v v gh + =

g
v v
h
f
2
2 2
0
+
=

Vo is 0

g
v
h
f
2
2
=
Solving in Pi-Space, KE = PE

( ) ( )
0
2
1 V V ArcSin Cos
c
gh
f
=
0 =
o
V
( ) ( )
f
V ArcSin Cos
c
gh
=1
2

( ) ( )
g
V ArcSin Cos
f
h

=
1





1.15 Solving for time t to travel distance x

t
at v v
c
at
ArcSin
at v v
c
at
ArcSin Cos
t v ce dis
|
|
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.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ =
0 0
0 0
0
,
, 1
tan
o
o


This does not readily solve for t, however we can use the move out time t and make the
equation more like the Newtonian equation. We average the per second diameter line change
(acceleration) instead of the final velocity.

2
0 0
0 0
0
,
, 1
tan t
at v v
c
a
ArcSin
at v v
c
a
ArcSin Cos
t v ce dis
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ =
o
o


This solves for t in a reasonable manner, similar to the Newtonian equation.

Solve[v*t + ((1-Cos[ArcSin[a]])/(ArcSin[a]))*(t*t) s,t]



v=0
a=0.01
s=0.405274

Solve[v*t+((1-Cos[ArcSin[(a)]])/(ArcSin[(a)]))*(t*t) == s,t]

{{t-9.00301},{t9.00301}} so the solution is 9 seconds

1.16 Newtons Gravity Formula

The typical formula for Gravity is for a planetary body of Mass M.

2
r
GMm
Fg =

The modified Pi-Space formula is essentially the same but it contains the constant Pi. This is
because the radius squared is the Square Rule for determining the area of the Pi-Shell in
question.

Therefore the Gravity Field is a mass induced field divided by the Pi-Shell for the planet to
get a discrete area change. Fg calculates the per atom / Pi-Shell area change as we move
within the field. As we move upwards, we gain area relative to the observer and as we move
downward we lose area relative to the observer. The Gravitational constant is a scaling factor
for the total area change and maps it to a per atom area change wrt to distance h, typically in
meters. Time is squared because its proportional to the diameter change and needs to be
squared to map it to an area change which is the overall units. Therefore Gravity which is
acceleration has units meters per second squared.

2
'
.r
Mm G
Fg
t
=

t
v ArcSin a 4 s ArcSin a 4 1 a
2
s ArcSin a v
2
ArcSin a
2
2 1 1 a
2
,
t
v ArcSin a 4 s ArcSin a 4 1 a
2
s ArcSin a v
2
ArcSin a
2
2 1 1 a
2
t *
'
G G =


G is a modified Universal Gravitational constant. The overall result of the formula is the
same but hopefully the reason for it working is more intuitive using this formulation.

This modified value is 2.0963847777404688E-10 and is the Pi-Space Universal
Gravitation Constant.

1.17 General Solution to Orbits for Pi Space using Law of the
Sines and Law of the Cosines

Typically orbits are covered using Keplers approach. In Pi-Space, the idea is to come up
with a general approach to movement, similar to Newtons Centripetal force idea. In Pi-
Space we dont talk about Ellipses or centripetal forces. We talk about adding the force
generated by the field with the energy of the moving object. The Law of the Sines and the
Law of the Cosines are used to calculate the next position. This is really just a more general
form of the Pythagorean Theorem. The idea is that this approach can be used for both
trajectories like cannon balls on Earth and the orbits of planets.

We can use the Law of the Cosines and the Law of the Sines to produce an elliptical orbit and
the other types of orbits, using these two Laws in Pi-Space. Remember that the position,
velocity and time are the Product of Pi-Shell addition. The Law of the Cosines and Law of
the Sines are General Pi-Shell addition formulas.

To calculate the orbit, all one needs to know is the distance from the center of gravity, the
velocity of the object and its angle with respect to the center of gravity. This is angle .



The high level steps are.

1. Choose x1,y1 moving with velocity v under an acceleration a and angle to that
Gravity field, center of gravity distance t, offset angle O wrt to axes
2. Calculate a from Newton a = GM/t^2 (M is mass of object)
3. Calculate the Interior Angle (180 ) of orbit triangle
4. From 0.5a*t^2, vt and Interior Angle, calculate u (Law of Cosines)
5. From u,Interior Angle, 0.5a*t^2, calculate (Law of Sines)
6. Calculate from 180 - InteriorAngle
7. Calculate S from t,u, (Law of Cosines)
8. Calculate M from s, ,u (Law of Sines)
9. Calculate New Offset Angle = 0 + M
10. Goto step 1, d(new) = s, (new) = , v(new) = u, offset angle O is O+M
11. (new)x1 = s * Cos(90-New Offset Angle), (new)y1 = s * Sin(90-New Offset Angle)

Note: See Appendix A for worked Java code implementing this idea

Calculating an Orbit in Pi-Space
Center of Gravity
(0,0)
vt
Position 1 (x1,y1) -
0.5*at
t
s
vt
0.5*at
Angle
- Position 2 at time t

Angle
- Position 3 at time 2t
u
Offset angle O
Offset angle O
Movement angle M
Angle WRT Gravity
u
Angle

1.18 Bernoulli And Pi-Space

We have Pitot and Venturi Formulas in Pi-Space

Pitot

c
c
Ps Pt
ArcSin Cos v * 1
2
|
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.
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\
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.
|

\
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.
|

\
|
=
p


Venturi


c
c
A
A
P P
ArcSin Cos A Q *
1
1 *
2
2
1
2
2 1
2
|
|
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.
|

\
|
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|
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.
|

\
|
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.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
p


We can calculate the values in the following way

Lets do a simple calculation to solve for velocity knowing pressure. In Pi-Space, Energy is
an area loss of a Pi-Shell. Velocity is a diameter line change.

Pressure is an energy calculation and is therefore an area loss.

We use an imperial system example

Where we have PSI


Lets take an example where the dynamic pressure is 1.040 lb/ft^2

Also the density of air is 0.002297 slug/ft^3

Using the classic formula, Using Mathematica

Sqrt[2(1.04)/(0.002297)] = 30.092 ft/s


Now lets use the Pi-Space formula

This formula requires that we use the speed of light in feet per second

the speed of light = 983,571,056 foot per second

Sin[ArcCos[1 - (((1.04)/(0.002297))/(983571056^2))]]*983571056 = 29.3127

Now we can see this is not the same as the Classical Result.


The Pi-Space Theory maintains that this is a more accurate result than the classical
approach.

The Classical Approach is just an approximation.

Lets make Pi-Space match the Classical approach.

For the speed of light, we set it to 9835710 foot per second (incorrect) instead of 983571056
foot per second

Sin[ArcCos[1 - (((1.04)/(0.002297))/(9835710^2))]]*9835710 = 30.092

Therefore, the more accurate the speed of light calculation, the more accurate the Pitot
Velocity result in the Pi-Space Theory.

Note: This would have to be proven/disproven by actual experimentation. I do not have the
equipment for this.

Here is a table showing the range of values which are approximate to one another.

Table[Sin[
ArcCos[1 - (((psi)/(0.002297))/(983571056^2))]]*983571056, {psi, 1,
30, 1}]

{29.3127, 41.4544, 50.7711, 58.6254, 65.5452, 71.8012, 77.5541, \
82.9088, 87.9381, 93.8464, 98.3178, 102.594, 106.7, 110.653, 114.47, \
118.163, 121.745, 125.224, 128.609, 131.907, 135.125, 138.268, \
141.341, 144.348, 147.295, 150.183, 153.017, 155.799, 159.209, \
161.885}




Table[Sqrt[2*(psi)/(0.002297)], {psi, 1, 30, 1}]

{29.5076, 41.7301, 51.1087, 59.0153, 65.9811, 72.2787, 78.0699, \
83.4602, 88.5229, 93.3114, 97.8658, 102.217, 106.391, 110.407, \
114.283, 118.031, 121.663, 125.19, 128.621, 131.962, 135.221, \
138.403, 141.514, 144.557, 147.538, 150.46, 153.326, 156.14, 158.904, \
161.62}

1.1 Simple Harmonic Motion solving for v using x and A

Energy Conservation for Harmonic Oscillator

2 2 2
2
1
2
1
2
1
mv kx kA + =

Solving for v classically

( )
2 2
x A
m
k
v =

At x=A, velocity is 0

At x=0, velocity is maximum

We can solve the equations in the traditional fashion.

Harmonic Velocity, Amplitude A, position x, Spring force k, mass m.

|
|
.
|

\
|
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|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
= c
c
x
c
A
ArcSin Cos
m
k
v *
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
2


Worked example

A=5 meters , x=2.5 meters, k=1 N/m ,m=2 N/m

Classic

Sqrt[(1.0/2.0)*((5.0*5.0) - (2.0*2.0))]
Result is 3.24037 m/s

Pi-Space


Sqrt[(1.0/2.0)]*
(
Cos[ArcSin[1 -
(
(
((5.0*5.0*0.5) - (2.0*2.0*0.5))/(299792458*299792458)
)
)
]]
*299792458
)

This produces a result of 3.15883 m/s. This is not the same as the classical result.

Pi-Space maintains that is a more accurate result.

To make the result match the Classical Result, we just need to make Speed of Light less
accurate (incorrect!) e.g. 2997924

Lets redo the calculation

Sqrt[(1.0/2.0)]*
(
Cos[ArcSin[1 -
(
(
((5.0*5.0*0.5) - (2.0*2.0*0.5))/(2997924*2997924)
)
)
]]
*2997924
)

This produces a result of 3.24038 m/s so they match.

This would need to be verified by experimentation. I do not have the equipment for this.



1.2 Average Transverse Kinetic Energy Due To Temperature,
solving for velocity


Solving for Velocity in Pi-Space, we have the form


c
c
m
kT
ArcSin Cos v *
2
3
1
2
|
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|
.
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=


Lets solve a problem

Find Transverse KE and Average Velocity

T = 27 Degrees Celsius = 300 Kelvin
Mass Helium = 6.65*10^-27 Kg

Solve for Classic

KEtr = (3/2)(1.3810^23)(300)= 6.2110
-21


Solving for Velocity

Sqrt[(2.0*(6.2*10^-21))/(6.65*10^-27)]

V = 1365.53 = 1.37*10^3 m/J

Solve for Pi-Space


V =
(Cos[ArcSin[
1 - (((6.21*10^-21)/(6.65*10^-27))/(299792458^2))]])*(299792458)
Gives us

V = 1366.63 = 1.37*10^3 m/J






1.3 Table of Formulas

Here we compare the Pi Space Theory Formulas versus the established formulas. These are
Archimedean formulas in that they are calculated from the properties of Spheres.

Pi-Space units are v/c (atom diameter line change) and g/c^2 (atom area change) relative to
Observer

Note: If you want to use these formulas with MPH or Meters, first convert the velocity value
to v/c where c = 186000 mps for miles and c = 299,792,458 meters per second. Divide by
60*60 = 3600 if you want a per second value for your velocity. If you have an acceleration
or a gravity value which are the same, divide by c^2 where c depends on the units you are
working with. When you get a result from the formula and you want to convert back to your
original units, if your units are 1/c (see formula "Units" column), then all you need to do is
multiply the result by that value. If the units are 1/c^2 all you need to do is multiply by
c^2. Energy has units 1/c^2 for example. Velocity has typically 1/c.

Newton Einstein
Pi Space Theory
(Brady)
Units
Velocity
Addition
u + v u + v / 1 + uv 1/c
Velocity
Subtraction
u - v u - v / 1 uv 1/c
Kinetic
Energy
1/2mv^2
m*(1-
Cos(ArcSin(v/c)))
*c^2
1/c^2
Relativistic
Kinetic
Energy

mc^2/Sqrt(1 -
v^2/c^2) - mc^2
mc^2 - mc^2*Sqrt(1 -
v^2/c^2)
1/c^2
Total
Energy
E=MC^2 E = M*Pi*C^2 1/c^2
Potential
Energy
mgh mgh 1/c^2
Velocity for
KE=PE
mgh =
1/2mv^2

mgh = m*(1-
Cos(ArcSin(v/c)))
1/c
Velocity for
PE
v =
Sqrt(2*gh)

v = Sin(ArcCos(1-
gh/c^2))*c
1/c
Escape
Velocity
v=
Sqrt(2GMm
/r)
Tuv = Guv
v = Sin(ArcCos(1-
(GMm/r)/c^2))*c
1/c
Lorentz-
Fitzgerald
Transformati
on
Sqrt(1-v^2/c^2) Cos(ArcSin(v/c)) 1/c^2
Time
Dilation

t = t' / Sqrt(1-
v^2/c^2)
t = t' /
Cos(ArcSin(v/c))
1/c
Distance
Shortening

x = x' * Sqrt(1-
v^2/c^2)
x = x' *
Cos(ArcSin(v/c))
1/c^2
De Broglie
Wavelength
Shortening

(h/mv)*Sqrt(1-
v^2/c^2)
(h/mv)*Cos(ArcSin(v
/c))
1/c
Radius
Excess

planet radius *
GM/3c^2
planet radius *
GM/c^2
1/c^2
Average
Velocity
avg vel =
v0 + v / 2

v = vo + v

avg vel = (1-
Cos(ArcSin(v/c)))
/ ArcSin(v/c)
1/c
Acceleration v2 - v1 / t Metric (v2 - v1 / t) * gamma
Gravity
Fg =
GMm/r^2
Fg =
GMm/Pi.r^2
Fg = GMm/r^2
(average acceleration
or atom area change -
multiply by "gamma"
to calculate non-
uniform value based
on velocity range)

Note: Full Pi-Space
formula for Gravity is
Fg =
GMm/Pi*r^2 where
Pi*r^2 represents the
area of the "Planet's
Gravity Pi
Shell". Typically
though Pi is ignored.
1/c^2
Non
Uniform
Acceleration
Calculation
"gamma"
Metric
Multiply Newtonian
acceleration "a" by
gamma value to get
adjusted value. Input
velocity range v1 to
v2 into gamma
formula

Simple version
(gamma measures
changing slope of
acceleration which is
non constant)

gamma = (v2 - v1) /
(ArcSin(v2) -
ArcSin(v1))

Newtonian
Acceleration
accel = v2 -
v1 / t

accel = (v2 - v1 /
t)*gamma
1/c^2
Distance
traveled
s = vt +
1/2at^2

a1 = a * gamma (vo,
vo + at)

s = vt + (1-
Cos(ArcSin(a1*t/c))/(
ArcSin(a1*t/c))
1/c^2
Final
velocity of
falling
object
v^2f = v^2o
+ 2ax

a1 = a * gamma (vo,
vo + ax)

vf = vo +
Sin(ArcCos(1-
(a1*x)/c^2))
1/c
Distance
travelled at
final
velocity
h = vf^2/2g
g1 = g * gamma (vo,
vf)

h = (1 -
(Cos(ArcSin(vf/c))) /
(g1/c^2)
1/c^2
Solving for
time t
See [1]
below

Use Mathematica to
solve for t, See [1]
below


1/c
Black Hole
Radius
r =
2GM/c^2
r = GM/c^2 1/c

Bernoulli Pi-Space
Pitot - Velocity from
Pressure
v=Sqrt(2*(Pt-Ps)/Rho) v=Cos(ArcSin(1
((Pt-Ps/Rho)/c^2) )*c
1/c
Venturi - Q - Flow Q=A1*Sqrt(2*(Pt-Ps)/(Rho*(1-
(A1/A2)^2))
Q=A1*
Cos(ArcSin(1
((Pt-Ps/(Rho*(1-
(A1/A2)^2)/c^2) )*c
1/c


Navier Stokes In Pi-Space

Flow e.g. xy area/energy (See Quantum Theory Doc)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) t r
c
T
k t r
c
h
r
GM
t r
c
p
t r t r
c
v
ArcSin Cos
t
u
, , , , , *
2 2
2
2
+
V
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
c
c p
u


Navier Stokes Solving For Velocity (See Quantum Theory Doc)

For xy,yz and zx axis e.g.
( )
c
c
ExtTurb
c
T
k
c
gh
c
p
ArcCos Sin ty FlowVeloci
xy
* 1
2 2 2 2
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

V

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
u u
up


Simple Harmonic Motion, Solving For Velocity knowing Amplitude, x, Spring constant
k and mass m (See Advanced Quantum Theory Doc)

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
= c
c
x
c
A
ArcSin Cos
m
k
v *
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
2



Average Transverse Kinetic Energy Due To Temperature, solving for velocity
c
c
m
kT
ArcSin Cos v *
2
3
1
2
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=



[1]





How the properties are mapped to the atom using the theory

Pi-Space units are v/c (atom diameter line change) and g/c^2 (atom area change) relative to
Observer

Atom area is proportional to the atom diameter squared

Atom time clock tick t is proportional to the atom diameter and time t squared is proportional
to the area of the atom

Atom distance s travelled is proportional to the area of the atom

Velocity which is distance over time represents area divided by diameter which produces an
atom diameter value

Speed divided by distance over time squared is an atom area calculation

Energy is an atom area calculation

Cosine models compression of an atom. Sine models non-compression. Movement
represents compression.
Core Pi Space Math Ideas

Formula Existing Pi Space
Sphere addition c^2 = a^2 + b^2 Pi*c^2 = Pi*a^2 + Pi*b^2
Atom Area Pi*d^2
Diameter size of Observer atom C 1
Atom diameter loss due to
movement
Velocity Sin(ArcSin(v/c)) = v/c
Remaining diameter due to
movement
Lorentz-Fitz Cos(ArcSin(v/c))
General movement equation, Law
of the Cosines
c^2 = a^2 + b^2 +
2abCos(Theta)
Pi.c^2 = Pi.a^2 + Pi.b^2 +
2.Pi.a.b.Cos(Theta)
General angle equation for
interacting atoms, Law of the Sines
a/Sin(a) = b/Sin(b) =
c/Sin(c)
a/Sin(a) = b/Sin(b) = c/Sin(c)
Range of velocities 0..C 0..ArcSin(v/c))