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Figure 148 Frame action and twisting of edge member. 142 Elastic Frame Analysis of Slab Systems for Vertical Loads
705
The constant C in Eq. 146 is calculated by subdividing the cross section into rectangles and carrying out the following summation:
C=
1 0.63
x y
x 3y
3
where x is the shorter side of a rectangle and y is the longer side. The subdivision of the cross section of the torsional members is illustrated in Fig. 1411. Several possible combinations of rectangles may have to be tried to get the maximum value of C . To do this, the wide rectangles should be made as large as possible in their smaller dimension. Thus the rectangles chosen in Fig. 1411b will give larger values of C than those shown in Fig. 1411a. When using a moment distribution analysis, the frame analysis is carried out for a frame with slabs having stiffnesses, Ks , equivalent columns having stiffnesses, Kec , and possibly beams parallel to the slabs with stiffnesses, Kb . EXAMPLE 143 Calculation of Kt ,
The 200 mm thick at plate shown in Fig. 144 is attached to 300 mm 600 mm columns oriented with the 300 mm dimension perpendicular to the edge, as shown in Fig. 144. The storeyto-storey height is 2700 mm. The slab and columns are 30 MPa concrete. Compute Kt , Kc , and Kec for the connections between the slab strip along line 2 and columns A2 and B 2. 1. Compute the values for the exterior column, A2 . (a) Dene the cross section of the torsional members. According to A23.3 Cl. 13.9.2.7, the attached torsional member at the exterior column corresponds to condition (a) in Fig. 1410 as shown in Fig. 1412a. Here x = 200 mm and y = 300 mm. (b) Compute C .
C= =
1 0.63
x y
x3y
3
1 0.63
6
200 mm 300 mm
= 464 10 mm
(c) Compute Kt .
Kt =
9Ecs C
t (1
c2 / t )3
142
709
y = 300 mm
y = 600 mm
x = 200 mm
Figure 1412 Attached torsional members Example 143. where the summation refers to the beams on either side of line 2 and beams on each side of line 2. Since both beams are similar:
t
Kt =
9Ecs N/mm2 464 106 mm4 5500 mm(1 600 mm/5500 mm)3
Note that Kt is in Nmm for Ecs in MPa because the value 2.15 106 has the units of C/ mm3 . (d) Compute Kc for the edge columns. The height centre-to-centre of the oor slabs is 2700 mm. The distribution of stiffnesses along the column is similar to Fig. 147a. The edge columns are bent about an axis parallel to the edge of the slab.
= 1.35 109 mm4 12 For this column the overall height = 2700 mm, the unsupported clear height, u = 2500 mm and / u = 1.080. The distance from the centre-line of the slab to the top of the column at the top surface of the slab, ta , is 100 mm as is the corresponding distance, tb , at the bottom of the column. Interpolating in Table A22 for / u = 1.080 and ta /tb = 1.0 gives Kc =
4.86Ecc Ic
c
Ic =
600 3003
and the carryover factor is 0.56. Because there are two columns, one above and one below the oor, with the same stiffness
Kc = 2
(e) Compute the equivalent column stiffness Kec for the edge column connection. 1
Kec
Kc
Kt
The slab and the columns have the same concrete strength, so Ecs = Ecc = Ec . Therefore, Kec = 1.49 106 Ec Nmm. Note that Kec is only 31% of Kc . This illustrates the large reduction in effective stiffness due to the lack of a torsionally stiff member at the edge of the slab along line 1. 2. Compute the values at the interior column B2 . The torsional member at column B 2 also has a section corresponding to condition (a) in Fig. 1410 with x = 200 mm and y = 600 mm as shown in Fig. 1412b. Thus C = 1.26 109 mm4 and Kt = 4.89 106 Ecs Nmm. In the slab strip along line 2, the columns are bent about their strong axes and have Ic = 5.40 109 mm4 . Again 4.86Ecc Ic = 19.4 106 Ecc Nmm Kc = 2
c
Kc .
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Chapter 14
450 mm
(b) Compute C . To compute C , divide the torsional member into rectangles to maximize C as shown in Fig. 1414a:
(c) Compute Kt .
For span A1 B 1,
@ ; @ ;
450 mm 270 mm 180 mm 270 mm 450 mm 270 mm
180 mm
270 mm
C = 1 0.63
450
4503 450 3
450
+ 1 0.63
180 270
1803 270 3
= 5.36 10 mm
9
Kt =
9Ecs C
t (1
c2 / t )3
t
Kt =
7000(1 450/7000)3
Is =
6388 1803 12
Therefore, Isb /Is = 3.03 and Kt = 3.03 19.1 106 Ecs = 57.9 106 Ecs Nmm.
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Chapter 14
the centroid of the shear perimeter in Fig. 1415c gives the moment to be transferred as
(148)
Figure 144 shows a plan of a at-plate oor without spandrel beams. Design this oor using the Elastic Frame Method. Use 30 MPa concrete for the columns and slab and Grade 400 reinforcement. The storey-to-storey height is 2.7 m. The oor supports its own dead load plus 1.0 kPa for partitions and nishes and a live load of 2.1 kPa. This is the same slab that was designed in Example 137. Only those parts of the design that differ from Example 137 are discussed here. The step numbers in the design process are the same as in Example 137. 1. Select the design method. Although the slab satises the requirements for the use of the Direct Design Method, it has been decided to base the design on moments calculated using the Elastic Frame Method. 2. Select the thickness. The selection of thickness is based on Table 131 in Sec. 136 and also on providing adequate shear strength. Based on the calculations in Example 137, a 200 mm slab will be used. 3. Compute the moments in the equivalent frame along column line 2. (Examples 137 and 145 differ in this step.) The strip of slab along column line 2 acts as a rigid frame spanning between columns A2, B 2, C 2, and D 2. For the purposes of analysis, the columns above and below the slabs will be assumed xed at their far ends. (a) Determine moment distribution coefcients for slab beams. From Example 141:
Span A2 B 2 :
KA2B 2 =
where
1
4.11EI1
1
COFA2B 2 = 0.509
Similarly, KB 2A2 = 2.74 106 Ec Nmm and COFB 2A2 = 0.509. Fixed end moments = 0.085wf
2 2a 1
Span B 2 C 2 :
KB 2C 2 = =
4.10Ec I1
1
COFB 2C 2 = 0.507
xed end moments = 0.084wf
2 2a 1
Span C 2 D 2 : Same as A2 B 2 .
142 Elastic Frame Analysis of Slab Systems for Vertical Loads
717
(b) Determine the moment distribution coefcients for the equivalent columns. From Example 143: Column A2: Kec = 1.49 106 Ec Nmm, COF = 0.56 Column B 2: Kec = 3.91 106 Ec Nmm, COF = 0.56 (c) Compute the distribution factors. The distribution factors are computed in the usual manner, thus:
DFA2B 2 = =
= 0.648
= 5500 mm.
2 2a 1
Span A2 B 2 :
M = 0.085wf
Span B 2 C 2 :
1.49
0.56
3.91
0.56
3.91
0.56
1.49
718
Chapter 14
0.56
Carryover factor
720
B2 C2 D2
TABLE 141
COF = 0.509
Slab 0.648 0 0 0.299 0.427 0.274 0.274 0.427 Slab Col. Slab Slab Col.
A2
COF = 0.507
COF = 0.509
Slab 0.299 Slab 0.648 Col. 0.352 0 Cant. 0.0
Cant.
Col.
DF
0.0
0.352
49.3
+7.1
+1.4
2.3
0.2 186.7
+147.1 90.7 3.9 +2.5 +6.5 4.2 +0.7 0.5 +176.6 176.6
7.1
50.4
+50.4
0
+7.1
14.1 12.6 kN m
23.7 25.2
25.2 kN m
14.1
Figure 1420 Moments in column A2 Example 145. (b) Compute the shear on the section and the moment about the centroid of the section. A free-body diagram of the joint is shown in Fig. 1421b. The shear forces and bending moments computed using the Elastic Frame Analysis act at the centre-line of the column, as shown in Fig. 1421b. It is necessary to compute statically equivalent forces acting at the centroid of the critical shear perimeter, axis X X in Fig. 1421b. From vertical force equilibrium, the shear force acting through axis X X is 38.5 + 133.8 = 172.3 kN. When the shear forces act through the centroid of the shear perimeter the corresponding moment is (Eq. 148)
143
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Chapter 14
3. For combined gravity and lateral loads: Superimpose the results from steps 1 and 2. This is a complex series of steps. It is hoped that by the next code revision, the Elastic Frame Method will be restated in a clearer and a more computer-compatible form.
145
CHAPTER SUMMARY
A23.3 presents two parallel methods for calculating moments in a two-way slab: the Direct Design Method, presented in Chap. 13, and the Elastic Frame Method, presented in Chap. 14, which corresponds to the Equivalent Frame Method in the ACI code. In the Elastic Frame Method, the two-way slab system is idealized as two plane frame structures consisting of columns and slabs, one in each orthogonal direction. Section 142 reviews the modelling of the beams and columns in the idealized elastic frame and the derivation of the stiffnesses of the frame members. Calculation of distribution factors, carryover factors and xed-end moments that allow nonprismatic members to be analysed using the moment distribution method are presented. The column stiffnesses require modication because, at a joint, the average rotation of the beam and slab is greater than the rotation of the end of the column. The column stiffness is therefore computed for an equivalent column consisting of the actual column and an attached torsional member on one or both sides of the joint. Other aspects concerning the use of the Elastic Frame Method to analyze slab systems for vertical loads are presented in Sec. 142, including the live load patterns to be considered in the structural analysis, the computation of moments at the faces of supports, and the calculation of the moment at the centroid of the shear perimeter of a column. To illustrate the difference between the Direct Design Method, presented in Chap. 13, and the Elastic Frame Method, the long example from Sec. 1310 is recomputed at the end of Sec. 142. The Elastic Frame Method was derived assuming that the moment distribution method would be used to compute the moments in frames. Section 143 presents some of the considerations necessary for modelling a frame for analysis by a standard computer program to obtain results that are consistent with those obtained using the Elastic Frame Method. In practice, computer analysis programs that are specically written for the analysis of reinforced concrete slab systems are often used. Section 144 presents the use of the Elastic Frame Method to analyse slabs in sway frames subjected to lateral loads. A procedure is described where the stiffnesses used in the analysis for gravity loads are modied to obtain values appropriate for the analysis for lateral loads.
PROBLEMS
141 Design the north-south strips in the slab shown in Fig. P136 using the Elastic Frame Method. Loadings, dimensions, and material strengths are as given in Problem 136. 142 Repeat Problem 141 for the east-west strips in Fig. P136. 143 Compute the moments in the east-west strips along lines A and B in the slab shown in Fig. 145. The oor supports its own weight, superimposed dead loads of 0.2 kPa for ceiling and mechanical xtures and 1.2 kPa for future partitions, plus a live load of 4.8 kPa. The exterior wall weighs 5 kN/m and is supported by the edge beam. The storeys above and below the oor in question are 3.6 m and 4.2 m high, respectively. Lateral loads are resisted by an elevator shaft. Use 25 MPa concrete and Grade 400 reinforcement.
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Chapter 14