Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark Danish International Development Assistance (Danida) 104.DAN.

4-52-9-2

Climate Change Screening of Danish Development Cooperation with Bangladesh

Final Report October 2007

Bangladesh Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Mission

Final 27. September 2007

Contracted by Danida and produced by Kirsten Halsns, UNEP Risoe Centre Moinul Sharif, UNEP Risoe Centre Mette Annelie Rasmussen, UNEP Risoe Centre Knud Falk, Danish Red Cross via Nordic Consulting Group Nethe Veje Laursen, UNEP Risoe Centre.

Executive summary Bangladesh has been one of the pilot countries in the Danish Climate and Development Action Programme, and a mission was undertaken to Dhaka in June 2007 with the aim to Identify information relevant for integrating climate change and disaster risk reduction concerns in national sector policies, including an initial screening of poverty reduction strategies and other development plans in order to identify government priorities; Identify sector relevant information in the national communications to the United Nations Framework Convention in Climate Change (UNFCCC) and National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs); Identify approaches and concrete measures to be taken with regard to climate and disaster risk proofing in critical vulnerable sectors; Identify potential activity areas for operationalising climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction through ongoing development cooperation and in collaboration with relevant organisations. The Danish assistance strategy for Bangladesh focuses first and foremost on establishing a framework for poverty reduction. Danida supports activities within the areas of Water and Sanitation, Crops Production, Fisheries and Livestock, Rural Roads, Human Rights and Good Governance, Culture and Development and the Business2Business Programme. Considering the potential scope for climate change adaptation/ disaster risk reduction initiatives (CCA/DRR initiatives), the mission focussed particularly on the scope for interventions within the context of the Agriculture Sector Programme Support Phase II (ASPS II) and Water Supply and Sanitation Programme Support II (WSSPS II) and within the area of flood forecasting. The potential effects from climate change in Bangladesh are significant, indicating the importance of integrating CCA and DRR in development planning. Bangladesh is also already today suffering from large and very frequent climate disasters, and substantial knowledge has already been gained on disaster risk management. Bangladesh fortunately has already included most elements of climate change mainstreaming adaptation in the recent Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, but as yet there has been little progress in implementing the stated goals and targets with the completion of the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA). This plan includes several specific proposals that have been reviewed as part of the mission. The Bangladesh institution responsible for climate change is the Ministry of Environmental Affairs, which is supported by the Department of Environment and a recently established Climate Cell. Climate change is now sought to be coordinated with a wider group of ministries through appointed dedicated focal points.

In addition to Danida, only a few development partners currently have initiated climate change and disaster risk reduction interventions that can further link the issues to the national development agenda. The main players are DFID, UNDP and World Bank, but also Sida and the Dutch NCAP have conducted a number of studies. The conclusion of the Bangladesh pilot study is that there is potential for initiating several national activities both as integrals of the sector programme support and as separate activities. The majority of the activities can supplement the suggestions put forward in the NAPA and can thereby supporting the implementation of the NAPA. More specifically, it is proposed to initiate a number of activities related to climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction including institutional capacity building as well as a number of activities that directly address specific components of Danish agriculture and water/sanitation programmes. The activities are covering the following areas: 1. CCA/DRR in ASPS II and WSSPS II 2. Strengthening of CCA/DRR data and forecasting 3. Incorporation of CCA/DRR in development planning and implementation activities. 4. General public awareness.

Table of contents
1 Introduction...............................................................................................................................................8 2 Mission Approach.....................................................................................................................................9 3 Climate change and Disaster Risks in Bangladesh....................................................................................9 4 Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction in Bangladesh ..............................................11 4.1 Institutional framework for CCA and DRR......................................................................................11 4.2 Activities by other Donors ..............................................................................................................14 5 Recommendations for Danish support to CCA and DRR.........................................................................17 5.1 General recommendations outline of a support strategy ...............................................................17 5.2 Specific Activity Proposals .............................................................................................................20 5.2.1 CCA/DRR in ASPS II and WSSPS II .....................................................................................20 5.2.2 Other project ideas...................................................................................................................28 Annex I.......................................................................................................................................................31 Annex II .....................................................................................................................................................33 Annex III ....................................................................................................................................................43

List of abbreviations
ADB AEZ ASPS BCAS BMD BRCS BRAC BRRI BUET BUP CCA CCC CDMP CEARS CEGIS COP CRU DAE DFID DOE DPHE DPP DRR ED FFS GCM GFDRR ICDDR, B ITN IPCC LDC LGED MDGs MoE MoEF MoPME NAPA Norad PDD PRSP RCM RRMAC Asian Development Bank Agriculture Economic Zones Agricultural Sector Programme Support Bangladesh Center for Advanced Studies Bangladesh Meteorological Department Bangladesh Red Crescent Society Bangladesh Rural Academy Centre Bangladesh Rice Research Institute Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology Bangladesh Unnyon Parishad Climate Change Adaptation Climate Change Cell Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme Center for Environmental Applications of Remote Sensing Climate and Environment Geographical Information Services Conference of the Parties to the Convention Climate Research Unit Department of Agricultural Extension Department for International Development Department of Environment Department of Public Health and Engineering Development Project Proposal Disaster Risk Reduction Embassy of Denmark, Dhaka Farmer Field Schools Global Circulation models Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh International Training Network (ITN) of BUET Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change Least Developed Countries Local Government Engineering Department Millennium Development Goals Ministry of Education Ministry of Environment and Forestry Ministry of Primary and Mass Education National Adaptation Programme of Action The Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation Project Design Document Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Regional Circulations Models Rural Roads and Market Access Component 6

SIDA SABSTA UNDP UNEP UNFCCC UNICEF UZ USAID WB WMO WSSPS

Swedish International Development Agency Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice United Nations Development Programme United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change United Nation International Education Fund Upazila or Sub District United States Agency for International Development World Bank World Meteorological Organization Water and Sanitation Sector Programme Support

1 Introduction
The Danish Climate and Development Action Programme that was launched by Danida in 2005 and has included a series of pilot climate screening studies in Danish partner countries. During the initial phase, studies were carried out in Vietnam, Tanzania and Mozambique, and they were in a second phase expanded to include Bangladesh, Bolivia, Nicaragua and Uganda. The screening process includes a mission to the selected countries in order to evaluate climate change vulnerabilities, national studies and experiences, and the relationship to ongoing Danish activities in the country. The missions also made a first attempt to screen Danidas national sectoral programmes, in order to scope subsequent more in dept assessments. The Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, furthermore committed itself to Disaster Risk Reduction in 2005 along the principles laid out in the Hyogo Framework for Action. Since the climate change adaptation and the disaster risk reduction agendas have much in common in aiming at reducing vulnerability, Danida has decided that the implementation of the two agendas should go hand in hand. The screening missions have therefore included both elements from 2007. The climate screening of development assistance in Bangladesh is the second mission in phase two, and the visit to Bangladesh took place in June 2007. The team included Dr. Kirsten Halsns (team leader), Dr. Moinul Sharif and Mette Annelie Rasmussen from the UNEP Ris Centre in Denmark; and Dr. Knud Falk from Danish Red Cross, via Nordic Consulting Group. The team found that the technical expertise and knowledge of climate change adaptation (CCA)/ disaster risk reduction (DDR) within the research institutions and academia is on a relatively advanced level. The professionals at the institutions were highly skilled and committed. One challenge for the institutions, however, remains: namely coordination and enhanced knowledge sharing platforms between the government departments, academic institutions, NGOs and the private sector. This shortcoming is recognised by the government officials, donors and NGOs. Climate change and its negative impacts on developing countries in particular is a growing concern within the donor community in Bangladesh. However, it seems to be the case that only a few multi- and bilateral donors have decided to initiate country specific studies. Presently, only DFID and Danida are in a process of screenings of their Bangladesh sector programmes. Based on these very positive experiences, there seems to be a very strong background for initiating several activities both as integrals of the sector programme support and as more separate activities. The majority of the activities can be linked to the suggestions put forward in the NAPA and thereby support the implementation of the NAPA. Links to the 8

NAPA are subsequently highlighted in relation to the specific activity proposals presented in the last part of this report. The report is introduced by providing a short overview of climate change impacts and disasters in Bangladesh followed by an overview of major institutions dealing with the issues of climate change and disaster risk reduction, and a number of recommendations for activities.

2 Mission Approach
The aim of the mission was to identify key areas and actors related to climate change vulnerability and adaptation and their linkages to key development objectives, as well as identifying gaps and potential areas for tangible activities to be supported by Danida in the future. The approach to the integrated CCA and DRR assessment was to take the starting point in key national development objectives and ongoing activities and assess how these relate to climate variability and other risks. The screening was done through literature review, meetings with key national stakeholders and experts, and donor consultations. This lead to identification of potential areas where CCA/DRR activities could be integrated in ongoing development cooperation and planning. Considering the potential scope for CCA/DRR initiatives, the mission focussed particularly on the scope for interventions within the context of the Agriculture Sector Programme Support Phase II (ASPS II) and Water Supply and Sanitation Programme Support II (WSSPS II) and within the area of flood forecasting. The mission to Bangladesh was conducted in a strong partnership between the Embassy of Denmark (EoD) and the consultants. The mission was initiated by a joint planning exercise in order to identify relevant background documents and organise meetings with a wide range of government agencies, NGOs, donors, and local experts. Annex 2 displays a list of persons met during the mission.

3 Climate change and Disaster Risks in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is one of the poorest countries in the world, and ranks low on almost all measures of economic development, thus leaving the population extremely vulnerable to natural disasters and climate events. 20% of GDP come from agriculture but more than 60% of the population relies on agriculture as their main source of income making the entire economy vulnerable to climate change and natural disasters. High population density exacerbates the exposure to and effect of climate events, and increases the levels of vulnerability, as does the poor institutional development of the country. The most vulnerable sectors to climate change impacts in Bangladesh are agriculture, coastal zones, water resources, forestry, fishery, health, biomass, and energy.

Bangladesh is a deltaic plain at the Bay of Bengal. Here, the three rivers Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna form one of the largest river systems of the world. The country itself is part of the Indo Gangetic plain and is largely flat except from the hilly regions in the eastern parts of the country bordering Myanmar. The flat topography and the long coastlines make the country vulnerable to natural disasters and potential effects from climate change such as sea level rise. Large parts of the country are flooded each year. About 2.8 million hectares of coastal soil has already become saline due to heavy withdrawal of surface and groundwater for irrigation and intrusion of seawater. In addition, drought has adversely affected rice production thus affecting food supply. High temperatures, heavy rainfall, high humidity and fairly marked seasonal variations characterize the climate in Bangladesh: Mild winter, hot humid summer and humid, warm rainy monsoon. Much of the country is flooded during the summer monsoon. However, over the last twenty five years the frequency of big floods inundating more than 60-70% of the country has increased from approximately one in every 20 years to one in every 5 to 10 years. This has been attributed to climate variability due to global warming. In many years the monsoons in Bangladesh used to be spread over three months but the recent phenomenon observed is that the same amount of rainfall is coming down over a shorter period thereby increasing the possibilities of severe floods. This also results in hotter monsoon months causing drought in some areas especially in the northern part of Bangladesh. Climate change will have an impact on the entire country but coastal zones will be affected especially hard. In the last two decades, Bangladesh has experienced several devastating floods, which gives an early indication of increasing vulnerability. Bangladesh may face many impacts of climate change in the form of severe floods, cyclones, droughts, sea level rise and salinity particularly in north-western and western parts of the country, affecting the population through their livelihoods, natural systems, agriculture, water supply and health. The NAPA (2005) and the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (2007) mention increasing temperatures in the monsoon season, and decrease of average winter temperatures as observed climate impacts, as well as an increasing problem of drought and flooding. Detailed climate modelling has not yet been carried out for Bangladesh, but some initial experiments with General Circulation Models (GCM) suggest that the country with future climate change will be highly susceptible to (i) increased flooding, both in terms of extent and frequency, (ii) increased moisture stress during dry periods leading to increased drought both in terms of intensity and frequency, and (iii) increased salinity intrusion during low flow conditions. The western part of the country will be particularly vulnerable due to increased moisture stress, and an additional quarter of a million hectares that today are vulnerable to salinity intrusion will be affected in the future. The sea level projections foresee a rise of 45 cm around 2050, and this will lead to a potential loss of 15,668 km2 land, which is expected to expose 11% of the population or 5.5 million people. If the sea level rise goes up to 1 meter the implications will be 20.7% of the land lost, exposing 14.8 million people. The direct and indirect consequences of sea level rise include saltwater intrusion into surface and groundwater systems, drainage

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congestion, decreased water logging potential, and devastating effects on mangroves e.g. in the Sundarbans.

4 Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction in Bangladesh

4.1 Institutional framework for CCA and DRR Bangladesh signed the Convention on June 9 1992, ratified it on 15 April 1994 and ratified the Kyoto Protocol on 22 October 2001. The Department of Environment (DOE) under the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) is the focal point for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and coordinates climate related activities in the country. Recently, a Climate Change Cell (CCC) has been established to address several issues including adaptation to climate change. The climate change focus started with The National Environmental Management Action Plan (NEMAP) which was prepared in 1995 in order to initiate the process to address environmental and climate change issues as long-term environmental problems for Bangladesh. The process was initiated by the creation of a separate ministry: Ministry of Environment and Forestry, which is now responsible for dealing with environment and climate change issues. Bangladesh has developed a Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRSP). In the PRSP document Unlocking the Potential there is a brief mention of climate change and adaptation to climate change where the strategic goal has been set to integrate climate change issues with other policies, programmes and projects. The PRSP has the following key climate change policy targets, some of which have already been reached: Study sector specific vulnerability to climate change Preparation of a National Adaptation Plan of Action (NAPA) Integration of climate change adaptation in all policies, programmes and projects as appropriate Finalise NAPA and identify programmes Mobilise resources for appropriate interventions Coordinate NAPA with all private, public community stakeholders Provide legal framework for integration of climate change adaptation activities in all relevant public and private investments Integrate NAPA in the planning process Build awareness on climate change adaptation Screen programmes for critical interventions by various stakeholders Despite the fact that most of the elements of mainstreaming adaptation to climate change are mentioned in the PRSP, there has been little progress in implementing the stated goals and targets with the completion of the NAPA as an exception. There is no mention of DRR in the PRSP.

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Bangladesh was one of the first countries to finalise a NAPA, which addresses climate change issues. The NAPA was completed in 2005, and is the first official initiative for mainstreaming adaptation to national policies and actions to cope with climate change and vulnerability. The NAPA suggests a number of adaptation strategies, for example: Providing drinking water to coastal communities to fight the enhanced salinity caused by sea level rise, Integrating climate change in planning and design of infrastructure, Including climate change issues in education, Supporting adaptation of agricultural systems to new weather extremes, Mainstreaming CCA into policies and programmes in different sectors, e.g. disaster management, water and health, Dissemination of CCA information and awareness raising on enhanced climate disasters, especially in vulnerable communities.

The Government institution that exclusively deals with CCA is MoEF. The DOE provides technical support to the ministry on CCA issues. The DOE has over the years played an active role in international negotiations as the Chair of the LDCs at the Conference of Parties (COPs) and in relation to other related climate change conventions. MoEF is a relatively weak ministry compared with other ministries, especially in terms of manpower. The perennial problem of frequent staff movements is a major barrier towards the formation of an effective knowledge base in the MoEF. The CCC is supporting the MoEF, but has been established under the Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP) project - funded by the UNDP and DFID - and is working under the guidance of the DOE. The cell has developed a CCA check matrix for development projects and has also initiated a process of establishing climate focal points in important ministries like Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Water Resources, Ministry of Food and Disaster Management etc. This process is in its very initial stages, but it is expected that the focal point establishment will be finalised within a short time. The DOE, who was responsible for producing the NAPA, has gained substantial experience in CCA due to the relatively good stability in terms of staff. It is therefore the impression of the team that there are significant opportunities for strengthening the DOE as well as the CCC by increasing their technical manpower and capacity and to give the CCC a more permanent status. The existing manpower in the DOE has been adequate in the preparation of the NAPA and in the representation the country in climate negotiations, but mainstreaming of CCA and DRR into nationwide development planning, will require support from more staff. A stronger DOE and CCC in terms of trained manpower will eventually make the MoEF more powerful and effective and potentially able to lead the mainstreaming process efficiently. Several institutions are involved in technical analysis of climate change including the Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD), the Flood Forecasting and Warning Center (FFWC), the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B, previously known as the cholera hospital), ITN (International Training 12

Network Centre) dealing with water management issues, CEGIS (Climate and Environment Geographical Information Services), and the BCAS (Bangladesh Centre of Advanced Studies). Institutions dealing with disaster risks There are two distinct approaches in the disaster risk reduction area, namely preparedness for response so agencies and the public are ready to warn, evacuate and/or provide relief to those affected by a disaster, and reducing the vulnerability to hazards through longterm development processes. Both disaster risk approaches must incorporate climate change forecasts and uncertainties when planning for future hazard scenarios. The key agencies for response preparedness in Bangladesh include: The Flood Forecasting and Warning Centre (Bangladesh Water Development Board), which conducts flood forecasting for the three large rivers namely Brahmaputra, Padma and Meghna. Partly based on long-term support and technical assistance from Danida (recently phased out), the FFWC has developed a strong capacity in technical data collection and forecasting of river flood risks. FFWC issues daily flood warnings in seasons, where river floods are likely, and passes the information to electronic and printed media that immediately communicate the warning through newspapers, TV and radio. Other agencies (incl. CEGIS) are also working on the further development of early warning systems (incl. sms-services through the mobile network), and through a pilot project funded by various other donors, to test warning dissemination at community level via NGOs. Improving awareness raising to individuals through schools, via NGO networks etc is an ongoing activity of CEGIS and other agencies. BMD undertakes general weather forecasting, including cyclone warnings. While international systems provide general cyclone tracks, BMD is responsible for fine-scale tracking and forecasting within the Bangladesh territory. The Disaster Management Bureau is the government body responsible for awareness raising and for coordinating evacuation and response through a hierarchy of Relief and Rehabilitation Officers at district and Upazila levels in collaboration with NGO volunteers at lower levels. The Bureau has a large formal responsibility, but appears to have very little knowledge on CCA and DRR issues. Their focus mainly has been to react to the post disaster phase i.e. in relief and rehabilitation. The Bureau is indirectly supported via the CDMP, which provides technical assistance for example in drafting the National Plan for Disaster Management 2007-2015 although, in reality, the daily contact and exchange of experience needs to be improved. The Bangladesh Red Crescent Society (BRCS) is a nationwide volunteer-based organization involved in response preparedness with a particular formal role in the Cyclone Preparedness Programme. Risk reduction initiatives are to a wide extent implemented in the field by a multitude of NGOs local as well as international through community-based activities. Developing and testing different approaches to DRR and the linkages to CCA in collaboration with field-based NGOs are mainly done by the CDMP, with funding from UNDP and DFID.

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The CDMP has staff overlap with the CCC, and together they have the potential to acquire more capacity, which can enable them to assist and guide incorporation of DRR/CCA into the relevant development sectors.

4.2 Activities by other Donors In the Bangladesh context only a few development partners has put CCA onto the development agenda. Currently, the main players in the field are DFID, UNDP and World Bank. DFID Present Activities: Responding to the white paper of the British Government, a pilot screening approach to consider climate change risks was initiated in 2006. A number of cost-benefit analysis and risk assessment studies have been undertaken to address current and future impacts of climate change in Bangladesh. In this context it was recommended that the DFID Programme could: I. Support dialogs on disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in key sectors. II. Integrate priorities defined in the NAPA in the programmatic planning of development interventions of the DFID. III. Increase the emphasis on urban area migration that due to climate change impacts are likely to increase. IV. Stimulate a multi-donor approach within the areas of mass migration and trans-boundary water issues. V. Financial support to CDMP VI. Financial support to the Climate Change Cell - the cooperation between DFID, the CCC and CDMP was at the time of the Mission under review. UNDP The Government and UNDP have acknowledged climate change as key area and is currently implementing mitigation as well as adaptation related projects. Present activities: Funding of the CDMP, as one leg of UNDPs climate change focus falling under disaster management/adoption, the other leg being mitigation, energy cluster, CDM etc. Contribution of fund towards larger national campaign to promote awareness of global warming and climate change. Execution will take place in collaboration with

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the CCC and was initiated in 2003 with a kick-off event at the World Environment Day 5 June 2007 under the global heading Melting Ice Hot Topic The aim of this campaign is to communicate key messages to different groups of people in the society to help them recognize the state of our climate challenges. The range of knowledge materials includes fact sheets, booklets, comic book, board game, poster, leaflet, etc. A number of audio-visual materials are also being produced for broadcast media to sensitize public. Facilitation of the funding to the Second National Communication to the UNFCCC Capacity building and advocacy: Education of journalists on disaster preparedness and climate change. In June 2007, one group had undergone a training course and the plan is to continue this in close collaboration with the CCC building on the feedback and identified needs of the journalist. Funding of a small Thematic Trust Fund (TTF) grant since 2003. The fund provides technical assistance for capacity development of Bangladesh to develop an institutional framework for the approval of CDM projects.

During the missions meeting with UNDP, the Deputy Head of Mission and staff stressed the need for information/advocacy, as well as for a strategy to built capacity in the media. It was also the assessment of the UNDP that there is a need for a solid and well anchored institutional framework to address climate change and to move beyond the stand alone initiatives. World Bank The World Bank has launched the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) programme which supports the implementation of the Hyogo Framework of Action (HFA). The GFDRR plans to commence activities in Bangladesh from 2009. GFDRR has three operational tracks, of which track two provides a mechanism for integration of disaster risk reduction into sustainable development policies and planning and aims to develop institutions, mechanisms, and capacities to build resilience to hazards. Track two is the vehicle to ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and local priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation. Track two also aims at improving the national disaster response capacity. In addition, the track will support climate change adaptation (the third pillar of the Clean Energy Framework) in countries working with the GFDRR. Track two will operate as a multi-donor trust fund and appears to be a well-constructed modality to strengthen the implementation of the HFA at country level. Sida A Policy Brief called Climate Change and implication for Bangladesh was written in March 2006 by the Department of Economics, at Goteborg University requested by Sidas Asia Department.

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The paper is divided in two parts; one dealing with mitigation and another with adaptation and climate change implications for the sectors Sida is engaged in Bangladesh, namely health, infrastructure and education. The Policy brief suggests the following discussion points to be further considered by Sida: Identification of national priorities related to CCA in the PRSD and translation of these into medium term expenditure frameworks and budgets. Development of better performance indicators that could help improving the implementation of participatory community based afforestation programmes. Swedish support to Bangladesh in advocating for global CO2 emission reductions.

The policy brief advocates for mainstreaming of climate change, but recognizes that implementation of this requires further development of the national decision making process. NCAP The Dutch government has included Bangladesh in an initial assessment of how climate change potentially can impact poverty alleviation activities (NCAP, 2007). The major focus of the assessment was to screen Dutch development activities and through dialogues with the embassy to identify key climate change risk areas. The following high risk areas for Dutch development assistance in Bangladesh were identified:

Several projects in the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Programme were assessed to be risky. The specific projects of concern aim at providing sustainable and integrated water, sanitation, and hygiene services in rural areas. The projects face climate risks in terms of increasing river floods, more frequent extreme floods, increased drainage congestion, reduced winter river flows and increased intrusion of saline water. It was recommended that the projects are supplemented with an additional component that assesses climate trends and future change in order to make the projects more sustainable. Coastal infrastructure development projects with a long lifetime such as sea defences could also face climate risks and should factor these into the planning.

It was generally concluded that there was a need for more strategic planning of how climate change could be tackled in a long term manner, and this would both involve specific project related activities, and socio-economic activities aiming at reduced vulnerability to climate change for example through crop diversification, insurance policies, and improved income generation in agriculture. Danida Specific efforts in order to mainstream climate and DRR in the two sector programmes are yet to be initiated. Though, operating in a

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disaster prone country, EoD has implemented and supported various DRR activities through times e.g.: A number of projects have been supported through the Red Cross/Crescent society to provide rehabilitation services to the victims of flood and cold wave. Through the local grant authority support has been given to Rehabilitation of Households affected by River erosion in Ramgati Upazila, Laxmipur District, With the DHI (Danish Hydraulic Institute) the Flood Forecasting and Warning Centre, which provides hydrological monitoring covering all Bangladesh has been implemented. A few examples from the transport sector: On rural roads environmental concerns prevail: local floods due to unplanned construction of rural roads without proper drainage facilities, lack of adequate opening of the road system hampers fish culture.

5 Recommendations for Danish support to CCA and DRR

5.1 General recommendations outline of a support strategy It is the conclusion of the Bangladesh pilot study that there is potential for initiating several activities both as integrals of the sector programme support and as separate interventions. The majority of the activities will be complementary to the suggestions put forward in the NAPA and thereby support the implementation of the NAPA: CCA/DRR in ASPS II and WSSPS II ASPS II: The Ministry of Agriculture is involved in various activities related to improved seeds and crop management practices as e.g. related to draught areas, but a comprehensive strategy for crop substitution and improved management in order to reduce climate and disaster vulnerability has not yet been developed, and it is suggested to initiate such a development process. Additionally, it would be relevant to initiate cross cutting activities in the coastal areas that in an integrated manner consider flooding, salinity intrusion and environmental degradation and various coping measures like salinity resistant rice varieties, new fishery and livestock options, alternative livelihoods, emergency and cyclone preparedness plans, and early warning communication systems. WSSPS II: Water supply and sanitation is a key sector related to disaster management and planning of future risk reduction. However, as there is no specific climate change vulnerability assessment and reduction plan in place, this sector in the future can face many planning inadequacies in relation to CCA/DRR. Integration of CCA/DRR in future sectoral activities will be a good starting point for improved and more comprehensive responses in

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the sector, and it is in this context suggested to support the following new initiatives in the sector:

Short and long term education activities, both targeting water/sanitation professions affiliated with Danida-supported programme activities and more general professional education at university level. Improved health impacts monitoring of water supply and sanitation systems involving daily monitoring of major water borne diseases. Further assessment of technical options that reduce the vulnerability to draught periods as well as to flooding. This will include rainwater harvesting systems and technical and behavioural issues related to water use.

CCA/DRR data and forecasting skills and establishment of data in new areas There is also a need for improved data and information systems to maintain and further develop flood warning systems. Forecasting of floods has played a key role in reducing the damages that have arrived from floods since the major catastrophe in 1988. The capacity can be further enhanced in terms of longer warning periods and more accurate predictions1. During the mission the issue of the common river water sharing between India and Bangladesh was raised by several agencies including the Government, NGOs, academia and the civil society. The stress was on the need for equitable distribution of the Ganges water between India and Bangladesh. The water sharing issue is complex and can only be solved at the highest policy making levels of the Governments of the two countries. The Joint River Commission (JRC) between India and Bangladesh was established several decades ago and it has primarily focused on water sharing quantity between the two countries. The issue of climate change and adaptation and the importance of having a regional coping strategy, however, it has never been at the agenda. There seems to be a dearth of research material available on regional issues and CCA/DRR, so there is a need to generate relevant information and facts for the policymakers in order to facilitate that the governments can initiate a regional coping strategy dialogue. Such a task may be undertaken by a consortium of donors active in the field of climate change and adaptation and can involve Danida support. One of the activities that may be undertaken can be to provide technical advice to the joint river commissions expert committees from India and Bangladesh on future joint coping strategies to combat effects of climate change through research and analysis. This will require that the relevant institutions dealing with CAA and DRR in both countries carry out the research jointly. Improving flood forecasting through the regional cooperation between India and Bangladesh is necessary and can be facilitated through the recently established SARC Metrological Centre in Bangladesh, see also the section on agricultural sector activities.
1

The Flood Forecasting Center has submitted a number of specific project proposals to the Embassy that can enhance the forecasting capability.

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Better climate data can also be provided through stronger cooperation between the BMD, the Water Board, and FFWC. This will involve upgrading weather and flood monitoring stations and improved networking capabilities between the concerned agencies responsible for forecasting. There is also a need for enhanced international cooperation with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and other relevant agencies like the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) for enabling the BMD to do longer and seasonal forecasting, which can facilitate more effective responses. Finally, there are a number of research activities related to health and flood forecasting that would be relevant for example in terms of assessing how warning systems can be more effective in health response planning. Incorporating CCA/DRR in development planning and implementation activities Implementation of the mainstreaming approach, where climate change is integrated in development and development planning, will aim at facilitating that the CCA/DRR issues move into the domain of the more important and key decision making ministries like Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Planning, and that several line ministries including Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ministry of Food and Disaster Management, Ministry of Water Resources and Ministry of Health follow the guidelines that may be prepared in the future by the MoEF, on CCA and DRR, in their development strategic planning and project implementation. The CCC is in a process of institutional capacity building, which involves several activities including establishment of climate focal points in various ministries and generation of climate data and modelling tools. Various activities can support this capacity building, some of which will be presented in the following. The general idea of these is that a strong network creation will require that the line ministries which are directly involved in climate sensitive sector planning have adequate capacity to be able to initiate and participate in CCA/DRR related activities. This will need support from MoEF, which then again need strengthening. One practical way to increase the awareness of various ministries about CCA/DRR could be to start a process that can support integration of the CCA and DRR issues, as outlined in the PRSP, into development project implementation by the planning commission in cases, where the projects are climate sensitive. The procedure for approving specific development project activities including donor aided projects is that the Planning Commission formally approves the projects, which are to be submitted in a so called Development Project Proposal (DPP) or Technical Project Proposal (TPP) format. It is suggested to review current practices in the preparation of the proposals from the CAA/DRR point of view, and to start a process where a specific quantitative and qualitative data format for the evaluation of CCA/DRR aspects are developed and tested as part of the proposal format. This work can built on ongoing work in the CCC. The practical implementation of such an extended DPP and TPP approach will involve more coordination between various agencies such as the Water Board and the Department

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of Roads and Highways and the LGED in order to take CCA/DRR aspects into consideration in road projects, embankments, irrigation facilities etc. The nature of the coordination primarily will be to share each others development plans and projects and to assess the projects from the CCA and DRR perspectives. If the Water Board, for example is planning to build an embankment for flood protection in an area, it may be the concern of the Roads and Highways and LGED, if this embankment will inundate another area and affect its roads. General public awareness It seems to be the case, that there are many ongoing activities in Bangladesh related to CCA/DRR but these are not comprehensively discussed and there is a need for wider dissemination of information and discussions across sectors in relation to the short and long term character of climate change and disasters. There are many reasons for the current more fragmented approach to the issues, but part of the reason is that the CCA and DRR have been covered very scarcely in the media. The media is aware of disasters when they are actually happening, focusing on damage and the extent of the disaster, but information on cause and effect of climate change, adaptation to climate change and disaster risk reduction, which could contribute to the comprehensive approach, are barely covered by the media. Media coverage will enhance information sharing and general knowledge. An increased public awareness seems to be an important factor in ensuring more effective and well-coordinated CCA/DRR response, and it is therefore suggested to initiate a number of activities that both include education of journalists and other media people from the TV and the radio. Promotion of theatre groups in the rural areas to produce plays on these issues can be an effective communication and awareness raising tool. 5.2 Specific Activity Proposals The following section introduces a number of specific activity proposals that could inspire further project development and implementation. 5.2.1 CCA/DRR in ASPS II and WSSPS II Activity 1: Integration of disaster risks and climate change in the design and implementation of rural road construction efforts. The Rural Roads and Market Access Component (RRMAC) of APSP II supports rural road construction, improved maintenance and training of local engineers with the aim to facilitate access to markets and to support a sustainable improvement of living standards. These roads to a large extent are constructed in flooding prone areas in the south and central part of Bangladesh. The design of the roads being built now does not take into account aspects of CCA/DRR. They have some arbitrary design criteria on road length, which do not take into account other activities taking place in the same areas, like building of embankments. Since roads

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typically have a very long lifetime of more than 50 years, it is very important to take future climate risks into consideration in the design. A CCA/DRR initiative in this area could be directly integrated RRMAC and could include the following elements: 1. Development of an approach for integrating disaster risk and future climate projections in the planning of rural road projects. This includes assessment of data needs involved in projections of risks related to cyclones and floods in the short term (5 years), medium term (up to 20 years), and in the longer term (50 years and ahead) as well as formalized risk assessment procedures to be applied to the projects. 2. Development and test of road construction designs that take disaster risks and climate change onto consideration. 3. Development of a plan for maintenance of already established roads as well as for new roads that take disasters and climate change into consideration. 4. Comprehensive assessment of the costs and benefits of disaster and climate adapted road projects including considerations of their capacity to support improved living conditions and social development in the local areas. This will include the establishment of a link to local goals related to PRSP such as employment and income generation, a clean environment, food and water access and affordability, and improved health and education. A qualitative assessment should be made on the impact of the road in terms improved accessibility during a disaster especially floods in terms of evacuation and easy access of relief goods. 5. Development and application of extended standards for a disaster risk and climate annex to DPP/TPP documents for road projects. The standards should include a data format for risk assessment reporting, potential risk reduction achieved by improved design, monitoring guidelines, and general conclusions about costs. 6. Inclusion in the existing format of the Environmental Impact Assessment guidelines of how the disaster and climate adapted road projects and their maintenance will influence the local environment: Land use, water flows, waste, pollution etc. 7. Training of the LGED and local construction contractors and government construction supervisors to take disaster and climate risks into consideration in project implementation. 8. Dissemination of the experiences to the engineering department in the different ministries, and to local private sector engineering companies involved in consulting work on road design. 9. Sharing of experiences with other donors in order to integrate experiences in other donor funded projects. This activity proposal is related to adaptation strategy component 3 under the Bangladesh NAPA: Capacity building for integrating climate change in planning, designing of infrastructure, conflict management and land-water zoning for water management.

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Activity 2 Salinity intrusion coping measures The salt-affected zone of Bangladesh is essentially the coastal zone. The total area in the coastal zone regions of Bangladesh affected by varying degrees of salinity was about 0.83 million ha in 1966-1975. Over the last two decades, the area affected by salinity has expanded markedly from 0.83 million ha to 3.1 million ha. Presently slight to strong soil salinity problems exist in 20 districts of Bangladesh. The distribution of saline areas is situated in four of the thirty Agriculture Economic Zones (AEZ) of the country and they are the Ganges Tidal Floodplains (AEZ-13), the New Meghna Estuarine Floodplains (AEZ18), the Chittagong Coastal Plains (AEZ-23) and St Martins Coral Island (AEZ-24). The causes of soil salinity are partly natural, such as sea level rise, tidal flooding (the freshly deposited alluvium from upstream becomes saline as it comes in contact with seawater through rivers, canals and creeks), and tidal surges due to cyclones or exceptionally high tides push salinity front further inland and into groundwater. There are also several anthropogenic causes to salinity such as reduced availability of fresh water, drying up of rivers, and saline water intrusion from the sea into the Ganges basin area due to withdrawal of the Ganges River upstream outside the boundaries of Bangladesh. Another major problem is upland shrimp culture causing seepage of saline water from shrimp ponds into adjacent agricultural land and increasing salinity. It is suggested to initiate a mapping of the natural and anthropogenic causes to increased salinity in the affected geographical areas and to screen potential adaptation efforts. The focus should be on areas, where specific project or management practices could be used as coping measures. Specific options for further in depth study can include the test and application of salinity resistant cash crops for the coastal areas. The dominant crops in these areas are rice, coconut, betel nut, palm and mangroves. In relation to some crops as for example rice, it is generally believed that the research part of the programme by the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) is a good starting point, but knowledge on management of these varieties is lacking among the farmers. It is therefore suggested to carry out location specific programmes that jointly explore crop potentials and the management capacity building needs of local farmers. ASPS II has been working in the southern districts of Noakhali and Patuakhali for many years. A substantial part of these districts is prone to salinity intrusion and the scope for CCA/DRR interventions in these areas. This activity proposal is related to adaptation strategy component 10 under the Bangladesh Napa: Promotion of research on drought, flood and salinity tolerant varieties of crops to facilitate adaptation in the future.

Activity 3: Improved health impact monitoring for water and sanitation projects

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The WSSPS II is supporting the provision of clean and safe water supply to households to reduce diseases due to low water quality and low coverage of sanitary systems in rural and urban areas. One important indicator of the effectiveness of the programme is the actual outcome in terms of health status of the people living in the affected areas, including child mortality, one of the MDGs. Feedback from a strengthened impact monitoring activity can help to develop important indicators for water supply and sanitation policy implementation. The activity will include a systematic monitoring of health status related to water quality and water borne diseases for local water systems and the variations related to flooding levels and over time. The activity will be conducted by the laboratory of the ICDDR,B, and will have sub-elements including: 1. Provision of daily monitoring data for levels of major water borne diseases (Cholera, Typhus etc.). 2. Assess response of Upazila health centres to early disaster warning to cope with possible outbreak of diseases and suggest adequate response mechanism in terms of preparedness and mobilisation during disasters. 3. Assessment of lessons learned in terms of barriers in implementing water and sanitation activities. Development of proposals for improved programme design. 4. Training of water and sanitation planners and engineers in DPHE in taking the health issues directly into consideration in project design. 5. Analysis of the relationship between flooding, temperature and other relevant climate parameters and disease incidences, which can be used to plan emergency relief and risk reduction. 6. Analysis of long time series with cross linkages of socio-economic data and health data in order to examine social vulnerability of diseases, and social implications of disasters and recovery periods. The analysis should be done in collaboration with the Bureau of Statistics. 7. Assess how climate variability, extremes and change can influence the incidences and identification of adaptation measures.

Activity 4: Rainwater harvesting Climate change will imply that some areas will experience increased precipitation in the wet seasons, but decreased rainfall in dry seasons, giving scope for rainwater harvesting. There are some experiences with rainwater harvesting systems in Bangladesh, and these have demonstrated that the established systems to some extent have suffered from limitations due to lack of technical capacity to operate and maintain the rainwater harvesting system using pumps and pipes. Rainwater has only to a very limited extent been used for drinking water or cooking. In most cases, people do not trust that rainwater is safe for drinking and can be conserved. Studies have also revealed that even though people are informed that tube well water is contaminated with arsenic, they still prefer this to rainwater. Increased use of rainwater

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harvesting therefore can only be successful if strong social awareness raising is part of the activity. The potential for rainwater harvesting is much larger than currently exploited. More than half of Bangladesh receives above the minimum required precipitation for harvesting rainwater effectively. It also implies that a large part of the Danida supported activities in the agriculture and water/sanitation sectors takes place in areas, where rainwater effectively could be harvested to provide clean drinking water for people and livestock. It must be noted that rainwater harvesting is not a panacea but it can be valuable for safe drinking water and for water for cooking during natural disasters like floods, tidal waves and in times of drought, when the harvested rainwater can serve emergency purposes. More specifically, it is suggested that the WSSPS II activities in the coastal belt of Noakhali, where possibilities of intrusion of saline water may be high during cyclones and tidal surges, are supplemented with a rainwater harvesting pilot project. A first scoping activity in the area can include:

Forecast of rainwater availability and storage needs and facilities including rooftops and underground storage. Design of harvesting strategy for wet and dry years. Information of users about the quality of the stored water on a continuous basis especially before use in the dry season. Capacity building for engineers and local communities to establish and maintain the systems. Mapping of cultural issues and local needs related to households access and use of stored rainwater. Special social capacity building on health aspects of tube well water versus rainwater. Assessment of costs and eventual needs for financial support in order to implement the systems.

Activity 5: Improved tube wells that are adapted to climate change and disaster risks Danida, as part of WSSPS II, is supporting the construction of 40,000 tube wells over the next three years. These wells will be vulnerable to climate change and disasters, both in terms of decreasing groundwater levels during dry seasons and contamination due to salinity intrusion and flooding. Such incidences have been reported and care should be taken to avoid these in planning for the future. There are primarily two types of tube wells in Bangladesh. The deep tube wells have a borehole of about 100-500 m. and the shallow type usually have a borehole of between 1050 m. The deep wells are bigger in their capacity and sinking and have high costs - and are thus built strongly and made flood proof in most cases. But the shallow wells are significantly cheaper and are not necessarily taking flood or other natural calamities into

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consideration, when built. The shallow tube well is most widespread and is a major source of fresh water suitable for drinking, cooking and bathing for a large part of the rural population. During the last three major floods in 1988, 1998 and 2004 many of the shallow tube wells became inoperative and inaccessible due to inundation of the pumps and contamination of the ground water. Several adaptive design and building measures to cope with disasters exist, but there is a need to review these systematically and to put designs, which e.g. can adjust the pump height by adding on extra pipes to keep it above the flood water level. These adaptive installation techniques may be applied in collaboration with Department of Public Health and Engineering (DPHE). Other adaptive technical innovations would take place as an ongoing process, depending on the area and its propensity and extent of flooding. Furthermore, there is a need to train the local pump sinking contractors in the use of these simple measures and to train the communities on how to add on pipes to raise the pump above the flood water level. Local knowledge on area wise inundation can also be useful in awareness building exercises. This activity proposal is related to adaptation strategy component 2 under the Bangladesh NAPA: Providing drinking water to coastal communities to combat enhanced salinity due to sea level rise. Activity 6: Finalisation of the CCA/DRR check of the ongoing sector programme activities In the current Danish programme portfolio of support to Bangladesh, the Agricultural Sector Programme Support (ASPS) Phase II 2006-11, and the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Programme Support(WSSPS) Phase II 2006-10 are obvious platforms for incorporating risk reduction or adaptation to climate change in development activities. Neither of the programme documents explicitly includes these issues, although some of the Bangladesh partners have begun to consider the potential consequences of climate change on their field. Therefore, discussions with agencies and stakeholders were held during the DRR/CCA mission to Bangladesh to identify the most obvious entry points for integrating DRR/CCA into the sector programmes. Each programme (document) would have to be scrutinized in more detail to identify more specific opportunities by national and international experts. To support and monitor incorporation of DRR/CCA, the technical staff involved (local and expatriate) might benefit from a basic training in the practical aspects of DRR and CCA in development programmes. While awaiting those possible generic modules can be offered via Danida's Centre for Competence Development (DCCD), local courses could be developed by local training consultancies.

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An overview is here given on the links between CCA/DRR and the ASPS II and the WSSPS II. Agricultural Sector Programme Support (ASPS), Phase II 1. Under the first component of the ASPS Agricultural Extension implemented by the Department of Agriculture Extension (DAE): Integrate disaster risk reduction and climate change in curriculum of Farmer Field Schools (FFS). This will involve a revision of the training curriculum by relevant experts. Since the FFS covers a relatively small population, the programme should encourage the partner, DAE, to aim at wider outreach through a more general revision of extension information and training modules, and help define modules targeted to geographic areas with different agricultural traditions and future challenges caused by climate change. The Danida programme may need to support DAE with additional special technical expertise on specifics on climate change effects on agriculture. 2. Directly linked to the above issue, farmers ability to make informed decisions about appropriate adjustments in crop varieties in relation to annual/seasonal variations in weather/rainfall patterns could potentially be improved by establishing reliable seasonal forecasting capacity, and make information available at national and local level (including coping mechanisms and training). Awareness about a proper menu of response options for farmers will have to be incorporated into the DAE training curricula. 3. Under the second component Regional Fisheries and Livestock Development longterm sustainability of the immediate objective of Improved and sustainable productivity of, and returns from, fisheries and livestock systems of resource poor households will be improved if flooding, salinity intrusion and environmental degradation issues in coastal areas can be adequately incorporated in the programme design. This might include general assistance to develop salinity resistant rice varieties, ensure protective fish pond dykes, and livestock safeguard measures for floods (killahs). 4. Under the third component of the ASPS Rural Roads and Market Access Integration of disaster risks and climate change in the design and implementation of rural road construction efforts are needed. The Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) reported on modern road designs (standardized 10 m flow openings per km road) to allow better water flow across/under roads to minimize maintenance costs as well as reducing the risk of roads increasing local flood risks. However, there appeared to still be a need for less standardized designs taking into account local conditions and planning for future changes in rainfall and flood patterns. Especially, on rural roads LGED only has an advisory role, while decisions on design and budget allocation lies with local governments, so there may be a need for identifying awareness raising and training options to ensure wider acceptance of improved designs for the future. 5. As an appendix to the programme Immediate Objectives, special support could be channelled towards studies of crop diversification and substitution options and improved management that can reduce disaster and climate vulnerability.

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Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Programme Support (WSSPS), Phase II There are opportunities for integrating DRR/CCA in all the three main components of the WSSPS: 1. The Sector Policy Support Component aiming to assist the GoB in providing a basis for developing and implementing a Sector Wide Approach for the Water Supply and Sanitation sector will, among other outputs, help establish a capacity of the sector to ensure safe water for all enhanced by formulation and implementation of a Water Safety Framework by 2010. Such a framework of long-term importance would have to explicitly consider the immediate threats to safe water (risk reduction) as well as incorporate the additional long-term challenges induced by climate change effects on water supply, arsenic and saltwater contamination, flood patterns etc. 2. In the Water Supply and Sanitation Component the direct service delivery of wells and other sorts of safe water supply should be disaster and climate proofed an issue requiring immediate attention before further physical constructions take place. The capacity building of Local Government Institutions (LGI) to plan and implement the safe water programmes could contribute much to sustainability of the interventions if proper attention is paid to plan for disaster impact and climate change. In addition, in the subcomponent on HYSAWA Fund project and Local Government Support unit the output on Union Parishad capacities developed to support community to formulate [safe water and sanitation, ed.] schemes, appraise them, incorporate them in UP-level plans and fund applications, and manage their implementation is a logical entry point for promoting that long-lasting infrastructure such as water schemes has to plan for likely climate change scenarios. The same applies to the sub-component on WSS Coastal Belt Project where urban authorities are expected to take over operation and maintenance of the infrastructure delivered during the programme. 3. Under the Capacity Building Component the NGO and Civil Society Networking Project has considerable scope for a wide outreach through NGOs to promote the adaptation to climate change in the Wat/San sector. In particular since one of the objectives is to help capacity of NGO forum enhanced to operate as a center of excellence in the Wat/San sector the messages conveyed through the Forum should preferably also pay due attention to the DRR/CCA concerns. A local consultant may be needed to identify feasible ways to support the NGO Forum in this aspect. Excellent know-how and capacity in water and sanitation training lies with the International Training Network (ITN) Centre of the Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), which is pivotal in providing technical support to the Danida Wat/San programme in the sub-component on Knowledge Development and Training Network Project. With its support to and collaboration with ITN, Danida should encourage that ITNs analyses of potential climate change impacts on the Wat/San sector are transformed into practical guidelines and revised training curricula, and thereby facilitating that those concerns become part of the standard capacity building of Wat/San personnel to Danida-supported programmes in particular, but also in the standard curriculum ITN applies throughout its 10 national training centres.

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5.2.2 Other project ideas Activity 7 Capacity Building for Climate Data Use and Provision It is proposed that a specific capacity building effort is initiated in order to support the development of improved information about climate change impacts in Bangladesh. This includes information on climate variability, extreme events, uncertainties, and changes in the local climate regime. Furthermore, the aim of the capacity building is to provide an overview of existing climate data in Bangladesh including weather station data, satellite data, flood forecasting, and water level monitoring. The primary target group for the activity is the BMD and the Flood Forecasting and Warning Centre, but activities will also include a broader group of experts and government authorities generating and using weather and climate data, e.g. technical experts, government officials and planners, and project implementers such as LGED and Roads Highways and the Water Board. The project will include: An initial assessment of the state of weather and water level data in Bangladesh. An initial assessment of the state of information about climate change impacts in Bangladesh and information available from national and international studies. 3. Planning of capacity building efforts. 4. Training programmes. 5. Joint work between national and international experts that can improve national information and the sharing and coordination among various national and regional partners by possibly creatin g a small secretariat which can be engaged in networking and coordination among various relevant national and international institutions for sharing and coordinating knowledge and activities.
1. 2.

The project will bring together national providers and users of climate information in order to improve the common understanding of needs as well as the capability for understanding uncertainties and links to policy responses. International experts will be invited to participate in the training sessions and in the assessment of information needs in particular to cover the following issues:

Regional climate modelling for the South Asian region. Analysis of climate variability and extreme events in a 10 to 30 years timeframe. Issues related to uncertainty and probability density functions for climate forecasts. Relationships between Global Circulation models (GCM) and Regional Circulations models (RCM). Projection of cyclones, floods and draughts.

Activity 9: Integration of disaster risk and climate change in the design and monitoring of development projects

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Current disasters and climate change will influence the performance of various Bangladesh development projects across multiple sectors such as agriculture, fishery, forestry, water, sanitation, infrastructure, health, energy, and industry. It is therefore a critical factor in the performance of these projects that an assessment of the risks arriving from disaster and climate variability and change are considered as an integral part of DPPs, as well as in project implementation and regular maintenance of roads, culverts, bridges embankments etc as stipulated in the DPP on aspects CCA and DRR. This activity will require that standards for addressing climate and disaster risks are developed, tested and applied, and that training and awareness raising are conducted at central and local level in relation to specific projects. The activity can include: 1. Development of a standard format including qualitative and quantitative table format for addressing disaster and climate risks that can be part of the TPP/DPP. The format should be an extension of the existing environment section of the PDD format. 2. Test of how the format could have been applied in relation to some ongoing projects in order to check the data needs and the skills required for providing the information. 5 to 10 projects will be assessed with a predominance of projects that are in the domain of ASPS II and WSSPS II. 3. Application of the improved TPP/DPP format to Danida projects that are on the way into the planning process. 4. Training courses at central and regional/district level including government officials (planners), experts and field staff about the TPP/DPP standard and subsequent monitoring efforts. 5. Coordination of the TPP/DPP development and application efforts with a wide range of donors. This activity proposal is related to adaptation strategy component 6 under the Bangladesh NAPA: Mainstreaming adaptation to climate change into policies and programmes in different sectors. Activity 10: General Public Awareness There seems to be a low awareness of the consequences of climate change and CCA in Bangladesh in the general public and the media. As of now, reports and articles in the media relates to climate change as a global issue focusing almost exclusively on the mitigation aspects of climate change. Hardly any reports or articles focus on adaptation to current and future climate related calamities. The overall picture also clearly indicates that where climate change is dealt with, it remains an environmental issue and is covered by environmental journalists. To enhance the knowledge of the wider population, it is suggested that a two-tier process is being initiated; the first focuses on capacity building of journalists. As UNDP has already undertaken one training session of journalists, it is suggested that CCA/DRR training of journalists be jointly prepared and facilitated with UNDP and the CCC within the DOE. The second tier would focus on a wide dissemination of messages relating to CCA and could involve the NGOs, which are already actively

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promoting development in order to strengthen the awareness of the devastating impact climate change can have on the development of Bangladesh. The General Public Awareness Component could include: 1. Development and application of a training course curriculum on mainstreaming CCA/DRR for Development for Journalists. The objective of the course would be to raise capacity to report on CC and link the issue with the development agenda. The training module would build on experiences from the first CCC training course for Government officials held in 2006. 2. Development and execution of a wider public campaign. This would entail the production of campaign print materials, booklets, billboards, public service announcements etc. for the print and electronic media. The overall responsibility of the public campaign could be put in the hands of an NGO. 3. Establish and run a small Climate Awareness Fund. The purpose of the Fund is to generate awareness of CCA and DRR by supporting smaller projects, which seeks to promote awareness of CCA/DRR.

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Annex I
Overview of past and present climate change-related studies The following section gives a brief description of studies, which have been conducted on the issue of climate change in Bangladesh. a) An Environmental and perceptional Study, 1991. This study is a glimpse of the impact of a cyclone, which hit the coastal belt in April 1991. The documentation in the report of the perception of survivors and participants in the relief and rehabilitation phases provides insight into the role of future disaster preparedness and management. b) Assessment of the Vulnerability of Coastal Areas to Climate Change and Sea Level Rise A Pilot Study of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, Dhaka, 1994. The study investigates the impact of climate change in Bangladesh, including available options for adaptation and mitigation measures and response strategies, which may be pursued at regional and national level. c) Bangladesh Unnayan Parishad (BUP), Dhaka, jointly carried out this study in collaboration with CEARS, New Zealand, and the Climate Research Unit (CRU), University of East Anglia, U.K. (BUP/CEARS/CRU 1994). The main output was a set of seven briefing documents addressing various dimensions of the climate change issue for Bangladesh. These include: The greenhouse effect and climate change. Sea level changes in the Bay of Bengal. Effects of climate and sea level changes on natural resources of Bangladesh. Socio-economic implications of climate change for Bangladesh. Legal implications of global climate change for Bangladesh. Climate change and sea level rise in the case of the coast. The implications of climate change for Bangladesh, a synthesis.

d) Effect of Climate Change and Sea Level Rise on Bangladesh, (For Expert Group on Climate Change and Sea Level Rise). This study was carried out under U. S. Climate Change Study Programme by Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies (BCAS) /BIDS/BUP in 1996 with support from US Government. The study had four components: - Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory. - Vulnerability and Adaptation. - Mitigation Options. - Dissemination. e) Climate Change and Adaptation Study for Achieving Sustainable Development in Bangladesh. Resource Analysis, the Netherlands; BUP and BCAS jointly undertook this study, commissioned by the World Bank. The report highlights key risks to

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climate change and possible adaptation options both in terms of physical and institutional issues. f) Asia Least-Cost Greenhouse Gas Abatement Strategy (ALGAS): Bangladesh. BCAS, BIDS, BUP, and BUET on behalf of the Government of Bangladesh have undertaken this study jointly in 1998. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) commissioned the study with a grant from the Global Environment Facility (GEF). The objectives of the study include the following: - complete a bottom-up national emissions inventory for 1990 - project baseline GHG emissions up to 2020 - identify and assess GHG mitigation options in the context of national priorities - compare baseline and GHG abatement scenarios - identify national GHG abatement goals - formulate a national GHG mitigation action plan g) The Vulnerability Assessment of the SAARC Coastal Region due to Sea Level Rise: Bangladesh Case undertaken by the SAARC Meteorological Research Centre (SMRC). The Theoretical Division of SMRC has analysed the existing Tidal Data of Bangladesh coast and the findings have been presented in this report, published in 2000. Results of the report provide a scientific basis for the sea level associated scenario for Bangladesh. h) Considering Adaptation to Climate Change in the Sustainable Development of Bangladesh. This study identifies links between sustainable development and climate change and suggests a number of potential adaptation options for Bangladesh. The study has been undertaken by a group of researchers from Bangladesh and the Netherlands with assistance from the World Bank. The outcome of the study was published in 2000.

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Annex II
List of Persons Visited During the Visit to Dhaka Organization/inst address Name ActionAid Tauhid Ibne Farid House 8, Road 136, Gulsan-I, Dhaka-1212 Title Action Theme Leader natural resources & services, livelihood security & risk reduction E-mail and phone E-mail: tauhid.farid@actionaid.or g

Tel: (880-2) 8837796, 9894331, 9894216, 8835632 E-mail: ekram010354@yahoo.co m

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Parishankhyan Bhaban E-27/A, Agargaon, Dhaka BCAS Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies House 10, Road 16A, Gulshan 1 Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh

Aym Akramul Haque

Joint Secreatry, Govt. of the Peoples Prebublic of Bangladesh

Tel: 9112589 S.M. Alauddin Research Fellow E-mail: sm.alauddin@bcas.net smallauddin@yahoo.com

Tel: 8852904,8852217,885123 7 Khandaker Mainuddin Fellow (economist/ statistician) Mob: 0191-321946 E-mail: Khandaker.mainuddin@b cas.net

BCAS Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies House 10, Road 16A, Gulshan 1 Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh

Tel: 8851237, 8851986, 8852217 33

BCAS Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies House 10, Road 16A, Gulshan 1 Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh

MD. Golam Rabbani

Senior Research Officer

E-mail: Golam.rabbani@bcas.net

Tel: 8852904, 8851986, 8851237 Mob: 019 3458781

Mr. Amirul Hossain Abhawa Bhaban, Agargaon Dhaka-1207 Bangladesh Tel : 9118384 Fax : (88-02)-8118230

Bangladesh Meteorological Department

Bangladesh University of Engineering &Technology BUET, Dhaka-1000

(Prof. Dr. Md.) Mujibur Rahman

Director, Prof. of civil engineering

E-mail: diritn@itn.buet.ac.bd

Tel: 880-2-9663693 Bangladesh Water Development Board, Flood Forecasting and Warning Center 8th Floor, WAPDA Bldg., Motijheel, Dhaka1000 Bangladesh Water Development Board Ispahani Bhaban (4th floor) 14-15 Motijheel Dhaka-1000 Care Bangladesh Pragati RPR Center (level-13) 20-21, Kawran Bazar Dhaka-1215 Tel: 9112315, 8114207, ext 156 Seema Gaikwad Advocacy Unit Manager SHORHARD O Program Jalaluddin Md. Abdul Hye Chief Engineer, Hydrology Saiful Hossain Executive Engineer E-mail: saiful_ffwc@yahoo.com xenffwc@gmail.com

Tel: 880-2 9553118, 9550755 E-mail: cehydrologybwdb@gmail. com Tel: 880-2 9550815 Mob: 01819-225596 E-mail: seema@carebangladesh.or g

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CEGIS House #6, Road 23/C, Gulshan-1, Dhaka-1212

Iffat Huque

Division Head, Remote Sensing Division

E-mail: ihuque@cegisbd.com Tel: 8821570-1, 881764852 ext 401 E-mail: ahassan@cegisbd.com Tel: 8821570-1, 881764852 mob: 01713034019 E-mail: gchdhury@cegisbd.com Tel: 8821570-2, 881764852 Aslam.alam@cdmp.org.b d Tel. +880 2 9890 937 Mob: +88 01713 06 33 98 Mahmudul.Islam@cdmp. org.bd

CEGIS House #6, Road 23/C, Gulshan-1, Dhaka-1212

Ahmadul Hassan

Senior Water Resources Planner, Division Head R&D and Training Executive Director

CEGIS House #6, Road 23/C, Gulshan-1, Dhaka-1212 Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP) Disaster Management & Relief Bhaban 92-93 Mohakhali C/A (6th Floor), Dhaka-1212 Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP) Disaster Management & Relief Bhaban 92-93 Mohakhali C/A (6th Floor), Dhaka-1212 CDMP Climate change cell, department of Environment, Paribesh Bhaban (3rd floor), room#403, E-16 Agargaon, Dhaka-1207

Giasuddin Ahmed Choudhury Aslam Alam

National Programme Management Expert and Deputy Team Leader National Expert Training & Preparedness

Mahmudul Islam

Tel. +880 2 9890 937 Nasimul Haque Information and Communicati on Expert Comprehensiv e Disaster Management Programme (CDMP) Mob: +88 01710 998 626 E-mail: nasimul.haque@cdmp.org .bd Tel: 880-2 9111379 ext 147

35

CDMP Climate change cell, department of Environment, Paribesh Bhaban (3rd floor), room#403, E-16 Agargaon, Dhaka-1207 Concern House 58, 1st Lane, Kalabagan Dhaka-1205

Abu M. Kamal Uddin

Climate Risk Assessment & Adaptation Expert CDMP

Email: kamal.uddin@cdmp.org.b d Tel: 880-2 9111379 ext 147 E-mail: musha.akm@concern.net Tel: 8112795, 8115972, 8121800

A.K.M. Musha

Assistant Country Director

Concern House 58, 1st Lane, Kalabagan Dhaka-1205

M.A. Wahed

Senior Advisor, Disaster & Environment Management Unit

Mob: 0171-561912 E-mail: wahed.abdul@concern.net

Tel: 8112795-6, 8115972, 8121800 Mob: 01711-432146 abusadeque@bdonline.co m Tel: 8859636

Disaster Management Bureau 92-93 Mohakhali C/A, Dhaka-1212 Embassy of Denmark Road 51, House1, Gulshan, Dhaka-1212 Embassy of Denmark Road 51, House1, Gulshan,

Mohammad Abu Sadeque Peng

Director

Martin Bo Brander

Counsellor (Water and Sanitation)

Mob: 01819220223 E-mail: mabbra@um.dk

Tel: 882 2499 Nathalia Feinberg Deputy Head of Mission E-mail: natfei@um.dk

Tel 882 2499 ext 202 Dhaka-1212 FAO Project office: Sanjib Kumar Saha National Lead Consultant Disaster Risk Management E-mail: Sanjib_saha61@yahoo.co m

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3 floor, front bldg. DAE, Khamarbari, Farmgate, Dhaka-1215 General Economics Division, Planning Commission, Govn. of Bangladesh Muhammad G. Sarwar

rd

in Agriculture Project Tel: 880-2-8121276 Mob: 01711-152344 Joint Chief E-mail: sarwar_mg@yahoo.com

Tel: 880-2 9117115 Grameen Shakti, Grameen Bank Bhaban (19th Floor) Mirpur-2, Dhaka-1216 Tel: 880-2 9004314, 9004081 ext 111 Grameen Shakti, Grameen Bank Bhaban (19th Floor) Mirpur-2, Dhaka-1216 (Dr.) M.S. Islam Consultant, Biogas&Orga nic Manure Mob: 01711 567042 E-mail: dmsislam@agni.com Abser Kamal General Manager Mob: 01817-009204 E-mail: g_shakti@grameen.net

Tel: 9004314, 9004081 ext 123 High Commission of Canada House 16/A. Road 48, Gulshan-2, Dhaka Joseph Sebhatu First Secretary (Development ) Mob: 01713002180 E-mail: joseph.sebhatu@internatio nal.gc.ca Tel: (880-2) 988-7091-7 ext. 3455 (Dr. Md.) Sirajul Islam G.P.O Box # 128 Dhaka1000 Mob: 0171 3013 188 Environmental E-mail: microbiologist sislam@icddrb.org and Head LSD

ICDDR Bangladesh, LSD

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Or: 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali Dhaka-1212 ICDDR Bangladesh G.P.O Box # 128 Dhaka1000 Or: 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali Dhaka-1212 ICDDR Bangladesh G.P.O Box # 128 Dhaka1000 Or: 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali Dhaka-1212 ICDDR Bangladesh G.P.O Box # 128 Dhaka1000

Tel: 880-2 8811751-60 ext 2407 Steve Luby Head E-mail: sluby@icddrb.org Programme on Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Tel: 880-2 9881761 Science

Armana Ahmed

Fund & Institutional Development Officer

E-mail: aahmed@icddrb.org

Tel: 880-2 8860523-32 ext 3303 Peter Kim Streatfield Head, Population Program and Health & Demographic Surveillance Unit David A. Sack Executive Director 880-2 8826163 E-mail: kims@icddrb.org Tel: 880-2 8810024, 8810719 Mob: 0189219185 E-mail: dsack@icddrb.org

ICDDR Bangladesh G.P.O Box # 128 Dhaka1000

Tel: 880-2 8823031 Or: 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali Dhaka-1212 ICDDR Bangladesh G.P.O Box # 128 Dhaka1000 Or: 68 Shaheed Tajuddin

Mohammed A. Salam

Director, Clinical Sciences Division

E-mail: masalam@icddrb.org Tel: 880-2 9882399

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Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali Dhaka-1212 IFRC Bangladesh Red Crescent Society 684-686 Bara Moghbazar Dhaka-1217 ITN International Training Network Centre Civil Engineering Bldg. 3rd floor, BUET Dhaka1000, Bangladesh IUCN House 11, Road 138, Gulshan-I, Dhaka-1212

Shail Shrestha

Programme Coordinator

E-mail: shailraj.shrestha@ifrc.org

Tel: 880-2 831 5401-2 Mob: +88 0189 227262 Sk. Abu Jafar Shamsuddin Centre Manager E-mail: itnjafar@agni.com

Tel: 88-02-9663693 9665650-80 extn.7689 Monowar Islam Project Manager, National Capacity Self Assessment Project Arsenic Mitigation Advisor E-mail: monowar@iucnbd.org

JICA Local Government Division/ Ministry of LGRD DPHE Bhaban (5th floor)

Ryuji Ogata

Tel: 880-2 9890395, 9890423, 8852743 ext 121 E-mail: aanogata@hotmail.com

Tel: 9891897, 9891899 14, Shahid Captain Mansur Ali Sharani Kakrail, Dhaka-1000 Local Government Engineering Department LGED, LGED Bhaban, level 6, Agargaon, Sher-EBangla Nagar, DhakaWahidur Rahman Additional Chief Engineer E-mail: wahid113@yahoo.com Mob: 0173 036706

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1207 Tel: 880-2 8115605 Local Government Engineering Department LGED, LGED Bhaban, level 6, Agargaon, Sher-EBangla Nagar, Dhaka1207 Ministry of Environment & Forest, Dept. of Environment, Govn. of Bangladesh MD. Shahidul Hassan Chief Engineer E-mail: celged@bangla.net

Tel: 8114804, 8116817 Khandaker Rashedul Haque Additional Secretary to the Government & Director General Director (Technical) E-mail: krh@doe-bd.org

Tel: 880-2 8112461, 8362788 E-mail: reaz@doe-bd.org

Ministry of Environment & Forest, Dept. of Environment, Govn. Of Bangladesh Paribesh Bhaban E-16, Agargaon Dhaka1207 Ministry of Environment & Forest. Dept. of Environment, Govn. Of Bangladesh Paribesh Bhaban E-16, Agargaon Dhaka1207 NGO Forum for Drinking Water Supply & Sanitation

Mohammad Reazuddin

Tel: 880-2 9115120, 8124267

MD.Abdus Samad

Director (Admin & Dev) (Deputy Secretary)

E-mail: samad4030@yahoo.com samad@doe-bd.org

Tel: 880-2 9112489,9111379 ext 102, 8117114 S.M.A Rashid Executive Director Mob: 01712251837 E-mail: ngof@bangla.net Tel: 8154273-4, 8128258-

40

4/6, Block E, Lalmatia, Dhaka-1207 Proshika I/1-Ga, Sec-2, Mirpur Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh UNDP www.un-bd-org/undp IDB Bhaban, Sher-eBangladesh, Nagar G.P.O.Box 224, Dhaka1000, Bangladesh Office: Room#737+739, 6th floor, Rear Bldg, Khamarbari, Farmgate, Dhaka-1215 Mailing: Embassy of Denmark PO Box 2056, House 1, Road 51, Gulshan-2, Dhaka Office: Room#737+739, 6th floor, Rear Bldg, Khamarbari, Farmgate, Dhaka-1215 Larry Maramis Deputy Country Director Qazi Khaze Alam Director (Natural resources)

9 E-mail: alam@proshika.bdonline.c om Tel: 8023823 Mob: 0171 1548170 E-mail: Larry.maramis@undp.org

Tel: +880-2 811-8600

Flemming Eriksen

Senior Advisor Agricultural Extension Component (AEC)-ASPSII, Dep. Of Agricultural Extension, Field Service Wing

Email: flemming@accesstel.net

Tel: 880-2 8115697-8 ext 101

Mob: 01715106511

Hein Bijlmakers

Training and Extension Advisor, Agricultural Extension Component (AEC)-ASPSII

Email: hbiklmakers@gmail.com

Tel: 880-2 8115697-8 ext 103 Mob: 01726128742

Mailing:

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Embassy of Denmark PO Box 2056, House 1, Road 51, Gulshan-2, Dhaka Poul-Erik Frederiksen DPHE Bhaban (5th floor) 14 Shaheed Capt. Monsur Ali Sharani Kakrail, Dhaka-1000 Senior Sector Advisor, Policy Support Unit, Local Govn. Division E-mail: instdev@agni.com

Tel: 880-2 8316794, 8311466 Mob: 880-1199 805795

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Annex III Literature

Agrawala, S., Ota, T., Ahmed, A.U.: Development and Climate Change in Bangladesh: Focus on Coastal Flooding and the Sundarbans. OECD 2003. Alam, M: Bangladesh Country Case Study For National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) Workshop 9-11 sep 03. Ali, A. (): Vulnerability of Bangladesh Coastal Region to Climate change with Adaptation Options. SPARRSO, Dhaka, Bangladesh Ali, Anwar. 1999. "Climate change impacts and adaptation assessment in Bangladesh," Climate Research, Vol. 12, pp. 109-116. Anon. 2007: National Plan for Disaster Management 2007-2015. Draft National plan no. 6, Ministry of Food and Disaster Management. Anon. 1999: Standing Orders on Disaster. Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief, Disaster Management Bureau. Anon 2007: Baseline study on Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change Impacts Knowledge and Understanding among Disaster Management Committee (DMC) Members. CDMP, January 2007 Beintema, N.M. and Kabir, W.: Bangladesh. ASTI Country Brief No. 34, July 2006. Burton I. and Aalst M.v. (1999): Come Hell or High Water, Environment Department Papers, No. 72, World Bank 1999 Department for International Development (DFID): Chars Livelihoods Programme. 2002 Department for International Development, DFID (2006) Bangladesh Factsheet, April 2006. Department of Economics, Environmental Economics Unit, School of Economics and Commercial Law, Goteborg University, Policy Brief: Climate Change and implications for Bangladesh Input to discussion on Swedish cooperation strategy with Bangladesh, March 2006 Howell P.: Disaster Preparedness on the coastal chars of Bangladesh, Humanitarian Exchange Magazine 16, Humanitarian Practice Network, March 2001. http://www.odihpn.org/report.asp?ID=2279

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Huq, S (1999). : Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate change for Bangladesh IN Liu, B & A.O. Esogbue : Decision Criteria and Optimal Inventory Processes, Kluwers International Series, 1999 Huq, S. et al: Vulnerability, and Adaptation to Climate change in Bangladesh. (book) Huq, S. & M. Khan: Mainstreaming National Adaptation Plans, Timepo 49, 2003. http://www.tiempocyberclimate.org/portal/archive/issue49/t49a3.htm Hutton, D. and Emdad Haque, C.: Human Vulnerability, Dislocation and resettlement: adaptation processes of River-bank Erosion-induced Displacees in Bangladesh. Disasters, 2004, 28(1): 41-62. IMF: Bangladesh: Interim PRSP A National Strategy for Economic Growth, Poverty Reduction and Social Development, IMF Country Report No. 03/177, june 2003. Karmakar, S: Recent climate change in Bangladesh (2000) SMRC. Mirza, M. Monirul Qader. 2002. "Global warming and changes in the probability of occurrence of floods in Bangladesh and implications," Global Environmental Change, Vol. 12, No. 2, July, pp. 127-138 Mirza, M. Monirul Qader, R. A. Warrick, and N. J. Ericksen. 2003. "The Implications of Climate Change on Floods of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna Rivers in Bangladesh," Climatic Change, Vol. 57, No. 3, April, pp. 287-318. NCAP, 2007. Poverty Reduction at Risk. Managing the Impacts of Climate Change on Poverty Alleviation Activities. Based on country assessments in Bangladesh, Bolivia, and Ethiopia. NCAP The Netherlands Climate Assistance Assessment Rahman, A. and Alam, M.: Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate change in Least Developed Countries (LDCs). Working Paper 2: Bangladesh Country Case Study. IIED, BCAS, ENDA, Shell Foundation Sustainable Energy Programme, April 2003. Selvaraju, R. et al: CDMP: Developing Institutions and Options for Livelihood Adaptation to Climate Variability and Change in Drought-prone Areas of Bangladesh. Titled: Improved Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change for Sustainable Livelihoods in the Agriculture Sector May 2006, FAO, ADPC et al Sen, B., Mujeri, M., Shahabuddin, Q.: Operationalising Pro-poor Growth. A country case study on Bangladesh. A joint initiative of AFD, BMZ (GTZ, KfW Development Bank), DFID, and the World Bank. October 2004. Shamsuddoha, Md: Climate Change, Disaster and Coastal Vulnerabilities in Bangladesh. (www.coastbd.org)

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Thomalla, F., Cannon T., Huq S Klein RJT and C. Schaerer: Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change in Coastal Bangladesh by building Civil Society Alliances World Bank (2000): Bangladesh: Climate Change & Sustainable Development. Report No. 21104 BD. 2000. (http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/lo+web+sites/bangladesh+Web.nsf/All/6DE0A774ACF03 65185256A7E006AE31A?OpenDocument) World Bank: Report on the Status of Projects in Execution - FY06 SOPE Region: South Asia Country: Bangladesh (IBRD/IDA projects). Operations Policy and Country Services, 2006 UNDP, Ministry of Environment and Forest Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh: National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA). Final Report November 2005. UNEP (2001): State of Environment, Bangladesh 2001. http://www.rrcap.unep.org/reports/soe/bangladeshsoe.cfm Younus, M.A., Bedford, R.D., Morad, M.: Climate induced Flooding, Autonomous Adjustments and Human Security in Bangladesh A geographical Assessment. For Human Security and Climate Change Workshop, Asker, Norway 22-23 June 2005.

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