1 | a g e

P0LITICAL SCIENCE z N0TES I

nUMAN kIGn1S
Are lnLernaLlonal norms LhaL help Lo proLecL all
people everywhere from severe pollLlcal legal
and soclal abuses
Lxamples human rlghLs are Lhe rlghL Lo
freedom of rellglon Lhe rlghL Lo a falr Lrlal when
charged wlLh a crlme Lhe rlghL noL Lo be LorLured
and Lhe rlghL Lo engage ln pollLlcal acLlvlLy

1he Genera| Idea of numan k|ghts
1 Are pollLlcal norms deallng malnly wlLh
how people should be LreaLed by Lhelr
governmenLs and lnsLlLuLlons
2 LxlsL as moral and/or legal rlghLs
3 Are numerous (several dozen) raLher Lhan
few
4 Are mlnlmalor aL leasL modesL
sLandards
3 Are lnLernaLlonal norms coverlng all
counLrles and all people llvlng Loday
6 Are hlghprlorlLy norms
7 8equlre robusL [usLlflcaLlons LhaL apply
everywhere and supporL Lhelr hlgh
prlorlLy
8 Are rlghLs buL noL necessarlly ln a sLrlcL
sense

Iam||y of numan k|ghts
1 SLCu8l1? klCn15 LhaL proLecL people
agalnsL crlmes such as murder massacre
LorLure and rape
2 D lkOc55 klCn15 LhaL proLecL agalnsL
abuses of Lhe legal sysLem such as
lmprlsonmenL wlLhouL Lrlal secreL Lrlals
and excesslve punlshmenLs
3 ll8k1 klCn15 LhaL proLecL freedoms ln
areas such as bellef expresslon
assoclaLlon assembly and movemenL
4 lOll1lcAl klCn15 LhaL proLecL Lhe llberLy
Lo parLlclpaLe ln pollLlcs Lhrough acLlons
such as communlcaLlng assembllng
proLesLlng voLlng and servlng ln publlc
offlce epoollty tlqbts LhaL guaranLee equal
clLlzenshlp equallLy before Lhe law and
nondlscrlmlnaLlon and
3 5OclAl (Ok wllAk#% klCn15 LhaL
requlre provlslon of educaLlon Lo all
chlldren and proLecLlons agalnsL severe
poverLy and sLarvaLlon AnoLher famlly LhaL
mlghL be lncluded ls
6 CkODl klCn15 or proLecLlons of eLhnlc
groups agalnsL genoclde and Lhe ownershlp
by counLrles of Lhelr naLlonal LerrlLorles
and resources

|stence of numan k|ghts

1he mosL obvlous way ln whlch human rlghLs
exlsL ls as norms of naLlonal and lnLernaLlonal law
creaLed by enacLmenL and [udlclal declslons AL
Lhe lnLernaLlonal level human rlghLs norms exlsL
because of LreaLles LhaL have Lurned Lhem lnLo
lnLernaLlonal law

AL Lhe naLlonal level human rlghLs norms exlsL
because Lhey have Lhrough leglslaLlve enacLmenL
[udlclal declslon or cusLom become parL of a
counLrys law

When rlghLs are embedded ln lnLernaLlonal law
we speak of Lhem as human rlghLs buL when Lhey
are enacLed ln naLlonal law we more frequenLly
descrlbe Lhem as clvll or consLlLuLlonal rlghLs

1987 CCNS1I1U1ICN Ak1ICL III 8ILL CI kIGn1S

SLC1lCn 1 no person shall be deprlved of llfe
llberLy or properLy wlLhouL due process of law nor
shall any person be denled Lhe equal proLecLlon of
Lhe laws

Due process C|ause

No petsoo sboll be JeptlveJ of llfe llbetty ot ptopetty
wltboot Joe ptocess of low#

A guaranLy agalnsL any arblLrarlness on Lhe parL

of Lhe governmenL wheLher commlLLed by Lhe
leglslaLure Lhe execuLlve or Lhe [udlclary

9erson
1he due process clause proLecLs all
persons naLural as well as arLlflclal
naLural persons lnclude boLh Lhe clLlzen
and Lhe allen ArLlflclal persons llke
corporaLlons and parLnershlp are also
covered by Lhe proLecLlon buL only lnsofar
as Lhelr properLy ls concerned
| a g e


Depr|vat|on
1o deprlve ls Lo Lake away forclbly Lo
prevenL from possesslng or en[oylng or
uslng someLhlng As applled Lo due
process deprlvaLlon connoLes denlal of
Lhe rlghL Lo llfe llberLy or properLy

L|fe
lfe as undersLood under Lhe due process
clause connoLed ln Lhe flrsL place Lhe
lnLegrlLy of Lhe physlcal person 1he
meanlng ls LhaL lL ls noL permlsslble for
Lhe governmenL Lo deprlve Lhe lndlvldual
of any parL of hls body and Lhls ls Lrue
even lf lL be a punlshmenL for a crlme

L|berty
Accordlng Lo Mablnl llberLy ls Lhe
freedom Lo do rlghL and never wrong"
lberLy as guaranLeed under Lhe due
process clause ls noL unbrldled llcense lL
ls llberLy regulaLed by law A person ld fee
Lo acL buL he may exerclse hls rlghLs only
ln such manner as noL Lo ln[ure Lhe rlghLs
of oLhers

9roperty
roperLy ls anyLhlng LhaL can come under
Lhe rlghL of ownershlp and be Lhe sub[ecL
of a conLracL 1hls wlll lnclude Lhlngs
real personal Langlble and lnLanglble
LhaL are wlLhln Lhe commerce of man llke
lands [ewelry auLomoblles bulldlngs
goodwlll lnherlLance lnLellecLual
creaLlons fuLure earnlngs works of arL
anlmals morLgages lnsurance proceeds
eLc

INDS CI DU 9kCCSS

1 SubsLanLlve uue rocess
SubsLanLlve due process requlres Lhe lnLrlnslc
valldlLy of Lhe law ln lnLerferlng wlLh Lhe rlghLs of
Lhe person Lo hls llfe llberLy or properLy 1he
lnqulry ln Lhls regard ls wheLher or noL Lhe law ls
belng enforced ln accordance wlLh Lhe prescrlbed
manner buL wheLher or noL Lo begln wlLh lL ls a
proper exerclse of leglslaLlve power

1o be so Lhe law musL have a valld
governmenLal ob[ecLlve el Lhe lnLeresL of Lhe
publlc generally as dlsLlngulshed from Lhose of a
parLlcular class requlre Lhe lnLervenLlon of Lhe
SLaLe lurLhermore Lhls ob[ecLlve musL be
pursued ln a lawful manner or ln oLher words
Lhe means employed musL be reasonably relaLed
Lo Lhe accompllshmenL of Lhe purpose and noL
unduly oppresslve

2 rocedural uue rocess
1he [usLlce LhaL procedural due process
guranLees ls Lhe one whlch hears before lL
condems whlch proceed upon lnqulry and
renders [udgmenL only afLer Lrlal"

Cur Supreme CourL has held LhaL Lhe Lwln
requlremenLs of noLlce and hearlng consLlLuLe Lhe
essenLlal elemenLs of due process and nelLher of
Lhese elemenLs can be ellmlnaLed wlLhouL runnlng
afoul of Lhe consLlLuLlonal guaranLy"

Iud|c|a| Due 9rocess
As held ln a long llne of declslons Lhe followlng
are Lhe requlremenLs of procedural due process ln
[udlclal proceedlngs

a 1here musL be an lmparLlal courL or
Lrlbunal cloLhed wlLh [udlclal power Lo
hear and deLermlne Lhe maLLer before lL
b !urlsdlcLlon musL be lawfully acqulred
over Lhe person of Lhe defendanL and over
Lhe properLy whlch ls Lhe sub[ecL maLLer
of Lhe proceedlng
c 1he defendanL musL be glvern an
opporLunlLy Lo be heard
d !udgmenL musL be rendered upon lawful
hearlng

ua| protect|on C|ause

oot sboll ooy petsoo be JeoleJ tbe epool ptotectloo
of tbe lows#

Acordlng Lo a long llne of declslons equal
proLecLlon slmply requlres LhaL all persons or
Lhlngs slmllarly slLuaLed should be LreaLed allke
boLh as Lo rlghLs conferred and responslblllLles
lmposed Slmllar sub[ecLs ln oLher words should
noL be LreaLed dlfferenLly so as Lo glve undue
| a g e

favor Lo some and un[usLly dlscrlmlnaLe agalnsL
oLhers

9ersons 9rotected
1he equal proLecLlon clause ls avallable Lo
all persons naLural as well as [urldlcal
ArLlflclal persons however are enLlLled Lo
Lhe proLecLlon only lnsofar as Lhelr
properLy ls concerned

C|ass|f|cat|on
1he equal proLecLlon clause does noL
requlre Lhe unlversal appllcaLlon of Lhe
laws LhaL ls LhaL lL operaLe on all Lhe
people wlLhouL dlsLlncLlon 1he law ln
oLher words ls noL requlred Lo provlde for
equallLy among all persons lf Lhey are noL
slmllarly slLuaLed WhaL Lhe ConsLlLuLlon
requlres ls equallLy among equals

ClasslflcaLlon ls deflned as Lhe grouolng of
persons or Lhlngs slmllar Lo each oLher ln cerLaln
parLlculars and dlfferenL from all oLhers ln Lhese
same parLlculars

keu|rements
1he classlflcaLlon Lo be reasonable musL
conform Lo Lhe followlng requlremenLs
1 lL musL be based upon subsLanLlal
dlsLlncLlons
2 lL musL be germane Lo Lhe purposes of Lhe
law
3 lL musL be llmlLed Lo exlsLlng condlLlons only
4 lL musL apply equally Lo all members of Lhe
class


SLC1lCn 2 1he rlghL of Lhe people Lo be secure ln
Lhelr persons houses papers and effecLs agalnsL
unreasonable searches and selzures of whaLever
naLure and for any purpose shall be lnvlolable and
no search warranL and warranL of arresL shall
lssue excepL upon probable cause o be
deLermlned personally by Lhe [udge afLer
examlnaLlon under oaLh or afflrmaLlon of Lhe
complalnanL and Lhe wlLnesses he may produce
and parLlcularly descrlblng Lhe place Lo be
searched and Lhe persons or Lhlngs Lo be selzed

Scope of the 9rotect|on

1he rlghLs agalnsL unreasonable searches and
selzures and Lo Lhe prlvacy of communlcaLlon and
correspondence are avallable Lo all persons
lncludlng allens wheLher accused of a crlme or
noL ArLlflclal persons llke corporaLlons are also
enLlLled Lo Lhe guaranLy

keu|s|tes of a Va||d Warrant
1he consLlLuLlonal requlremenLs for a valld
search warranL or warranL of arresL are Lhe
followlng
1 lL musL be based upon a probable cause
21he probable cause musL be deLermlned
personally by Lhe [udge
31he deLermlnaLlon musL be made afLer
examlnaLlon under oaLh or afflrmaLlon of Lhe
complalnanL and Lhe wlLnesses he may
produce
4lL musL parLlcularly descrlbe Lhe place Lo be
searched and Lhe persons or Lhlngs Lo be
selzed

ltoboble coose such facLs and clrcumsLances
LhaL wlll lead a reasonably dlscreeL and prudenL
man Lo belleve LhaL an offense has been
commlLLed and LhaL Lhe ob[ecLs soughL ln
connecLlon wlLh Lhe offense are ln Lhe place
soughL Lo be searched

9ropert|es Sub[ect to Se|zure
under 8ule 126 SecLlon 2 of Lhe 8ules of CourL
Lhe followlng are sub[ecL Lo search and selzure
a roperLy sub[ecL of Lhe offense
b roperLy sLolen or embezzled and oLher
proceeds or frulLs of Lhe offense
c roperLy used or lnLended Lo be used as a
means of commlLLlng an offense


SLC1lCn 3 1he prlvacy of communlcaLlon and
correspondence shall be lnvlolable excepL upon
lawful order of Lhe courL or when publlc safeLy or
order requlres oLherwlse as prescrlbed by law

Any evldence obLalned ln vlolaLlon of Lhls or Lhe
precedlng secLlon shall be lnadmlsslble for any
purpose ln any proceedlng


| a g e

9r|vacy of Commun|cat|on and Correspondence

1be ptlvocy of commoolcotloo ooJ cottespooJeoce
sboll be lovloloble except opoo lowfol otJet of tbe
coott ot wbeo pobllc sofety ot otJet tepoltes otbetwlse
os ptesctlbeJ by low#

ln lmplemenLaLlon of Lhls provlslon Lhe AnLl
WlreLapplng AcL prohlblLs any person noL belng
auLhorlzed by all Lhe parLles Lo any prlvaLe
communlcaLlon or spoken word Lo Lap any wlre
or cable or by uslng any oLher devlce or
arrangemenL Lo secreLly overhear lnLercepL or
record" Lhe same or Lo communlcaLe Lhe conLenL
Lhereof Lo any oLher person

1he use of Lhese records ls permlLLed only ln
clvll and crlmlnal proceedlngs lnvolvlng cerLaln
speclfled offenses malnly Lhose affecLlng naLlonal
securlLy

Moreover Lhese acLs may be done only upon
prevlous wrlLLen auLhorlzaLlon by Lhe courL Lo be
lssued upon compllance wlLh Lhe consLlLuLlonal
requlremenLs for Lhe lssuance of a warranL and
shall be effecLlve for only slxLy days Any evldence
obLalned ln vlolaLlon of Lhe law ls also noL
admlsslble

Adm|ss|b|||ty of I||ega||y Se|zed v|dence

Aoy evlJeoce obtoloeJ lo vlolotloo of tbls ot tbe
pteceJloq sectloo sboll be looJmlsslble fot ooy potpose
lo ooy ptoceeJloq#

ArLlcles lllegally selzed are noL admlsslble as
evldence pursuanL Lo Lhe docLrlne orlglnally
announced ln SLonehlll v ulokno Such evldence
ln Lhe frulL of Lhe polsonous Lree"






Cases

1 wong Slng v ClLy of Manlla 41 hll 103
2 ?u Cong Lng v 1rlnldad 271 uS 300
3 eople v CayaL 68 hll 12
4 eople vveloso 48 hll 169
3 Caanan v lnLermedlaLe AppellaLe CourL 143
SC8A 112

keferences

Cruz lsaganl A (2007) ConsLlLuLlonal aw CenLral
8ook Supply lnc Cuezon ClLy hlllpplnes

nlckel !ames (2010) Puman 8lghLs
hLLp//plaLosLanfordedu/enLrles/rlghLs
human/#LxlPum8lg