Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Report of Sub-group D
J. Dalsgaard Srensen
H.F. Burcharth
2001
11. References : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 51
2
1. Terms of reference for sub-group D
Implementation of safety in the design, see item g in draft TOR.
2. Members of sub-group D
Prof. dr.techn. H.F. Burcharth, Aalborg University, Denmark (chairman)
Mr. J. Juhl, Danish Hydraulic Institute, Dennmark
Dr. J.W. van der Meer, Delft Hydraulics, The Netherlands
Prof. Dr. L. Franco, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Prof. N.W.H. Allsop, HR Wallingford Limited, UK
Prof. Dr. H. Oumeraci, Technische Universitat Braunschweig, Germany
Mr. V. Morin, Canada
Invited specialist:
Dr. J. Dalsgaard Srensen, Aalborg University, Denmark
3
3. Introduction
In this report safety aspects in relation to vertical wall breakwaters are discussed.
Breakwater structures such as vertical wall breakwaters are used under quite dif-
ferent conditions. The expected lifetime can be from 5 years (interim structure)
to 100 years (permanent structure) and the accepted level of probability of failure
in the expected lifetime can vary from a very small number, e.g. 10;4 if failure of
the breakwater results in signicant damage to large probabilities, e.g. 0.5 if the
consequences are insignicant. This has to be taken into account when discussing
safety aspects and possible level I and II code formats. In the following rst the
most important failure modes are described, see section 4.
In section 5 uncertainties related to the parameters used in the limit state functions
and to the mathematical models are discussed and statistical models are suggested.
Further wave load models are also described in section 4.
In order to evaluate the safety of a given structure and to design new structures
two levels of reliability methods are considered, namely level II methods where the
reliability is evaluated using First Order Reliability Methods (FORM, see Madsen
et al. 1]) and level I methods where reliability is introduced through partial safety
factors in a code of practice. First Order Reliability Methods are described in
section 6 and in section 7 it is shown how partial safety factors can be introduced.
The format of a level I code for design and analysis of vertical wall breakwaters
is discussed in section 8. For each failure mode the limit state function and the
corresponding design equation are described in section 9 which also contains the
statistical parameters used to calibrate the partial safety factors. In section 10 the
calibrated partial safety factors are presented.
4. Failure Modes
The various failure modes and the related equations are presented in the Sub-
group A report. The failure modes considered in relation to the development of
partial safety factors are the following:
4.1 Sliding failure
4.2 Overturning failure
4.3 Foundation failure modes
The following foundation failure modes are assumed to be the most important, see
gure 1:
4.3.1 Sliding between structure and bedding layer / rubble foundation, see 1) in
gure 1.
4
4.3.2 Failure in rubble mound, see 2) in gure 1.
4.3.3 Failure in rubble and sliding between rubble and clay / sand, see 3) in gure
1.
4.3.4 Failure in rubble mound, see 4) in gure 1.
4.3.5 Failure in rubble and sand, see 5) in gure 1.
4.3.6 Failure in rubble and sand, see 6) in gure 1.
4.3.7 Failure in rubble and clay, see 7) in gure 1.
4.3.8 Failure in rubble and clay (circular), see 8) in gure 1.
4.4 Scour
4.4.1 Scour at the foot of caisson roundheads.
4.5 Armour layer failure modes
4.5.1 Hydraulic instability of the armour layer in rubble foundation
5
5. Uncertainties and Statistical Models
Uncertainties in relation to vertical wall breakwaters can be divided in uncertain-
ties related to the following three groups:
- Loads (wave modelling)
- Strengths (modelling of e.g. soil parameters, density and weight)
- Models (wave load models, models for bearing capacity of the foundation,
hydraulic response, scour and armour layer failures)
N HS hs
0
in meters.
The wave data from Bilbao, Sines and Tripoli correspond to deep water waves
while the wave data from Follonica correspond to shallow water waves.
The maximum signicant wave height in T years is denoted HST and can be mo-
delled by the extreme Weibull distribution function:
h iT
FHST (hS ) = 1 ; exp ; hS ; HS
0
(5:1)
" #2
4 h L
1 = 0:6 + 12 sinh ;4s h L (5.10)
s
2
hb ;
2 = the smallest of 3 h d H design and 2d
b d Hdesign (5.11)
" #
3 = 1 ; hwh; hc 1 ; ;
1 (5.12)
s cosh 2 hs L
20 1 1 1 1 0
1 = (5.18)
15 1 1 1 1 > 0
B m h s
1 1 = 0:93 L ; 0:12 + 0:36 h ; 0:6 ; d (5.19)
s
4:9 2 2 2 2 0
2 = (5.20)
3
22 2 2 > 0
B m h
2 2 = ;0:36 L ; 0:12 + 0:93 h ; 0:6s ; d (5.21)
s
12
where
Bm berm width of the rubble mound foundation in front of the caisson break-
water
L wave length corresponding to that of the signicant wave period Ts ' 1:1Tm ,
where Tm is the average period.
The term I reaches a maximum value of 2, when Bm =L = 0:12, d=hs = 0:4 and
Hdesign =1:8d 2. When the term d=hs > 0:7, then impulsive pressures rarely
occur and I is close to zero and smaller than 2.
g(x p) = 0 (6:1)
where x = (x1 ::: xn) are realisations of stochastic variables X = (X1 ::: Xn).
p = (p1 ::: pm ) are deterministic constants.
A transformation from X -variables to normalized and normal distributed U -variables
is dened by X = T(U). The reliability index is dened and estimated iteratively
as described in Madsen et al. 1].
The -point in the normalized and normal distributed u-space is denoted u . If
the safety margin Z dened by
Z = g(T(U) p) (6:2)
where @g
@p is evaluated in the -point.
where FXi is the distribution function for Xi . The design values for load variables
are then obtained from
xdi = xci i (7:5)
For geometrical variables usually the median (50 % fractile) is used and the design
values are
xdi = xci i (7:7)
A reliability analysis by FORM with the limit state function (7.1) gives the rel-
iability index and the -point x . Partial safety factors can then be obtained
from
c
i = xxi for strength variables
i
i = xxic for load variables
i
For breakwaters the probability of failure within the design lifetime is typically
0.01-0.4, see e.g. 2].
As explained above calibration of partial safety factors is generally performed for
a given class of structures, materials or loads in such a way that the reliability
measured by the rst order reliability index estimated on the basis of structures
designed using the new calibrated partial safety factors is as close as possible to
the target reliability index or to the reliability indices estimated using existing
design methods.
On the basis of the limit state function in (7.1) the reliability index can be
determined using FORM (First Order Reliability Methods).
If the number of design variables is N = 1 then the design can be determined from
the design equation, see (7.3)
G(xc p z ) 0 (7:8)
If the number of design variables is N > 1 then a design optimization problem can
be formulated:
min C (z) (7.9)
s:t: ci (z) = 0 i = 1 ::: me (7.10)
ci (z) 0 i = me + 1 ::: m (7.11)
zil zi ziu i = 1 ::: N (7.12)
C is the objective function and ci i = 1 2 ::: m are the constraints. The obje-
ctive function C is often chosen as the construction cost of the structure. The
me equality constraints in (7.10) can be used to model design requirements (e.g.
constraints on the geometrical quantities) and to relate the load on the structure
to the response. The inequality constraints in (7.11) ensure that response charac-
teristics do not exceed codied critical values as expressed by the design equations
(7.8). The inequality constraints may also include general design requirements for
18
the design variables. The constraints in (7.12) are so-called simple bounds. zil and
ziu are lower and upper bounds to zi . Generally the optimization problem (7.5) -
(7.8) is non-linear and non-convex.
The application area for the code is described by the set I of L dierent vectors
pi i = 1 . . . L. The set I may e.g. contain dierent geometrical forms of the
structure, dierent parameters for the stochastic variables and dierent statistical
models for the stochastic variables.
The partial safety factors are calibrated such that the reliability indices corre-
sponding to the L p-vectors are as close as possible to a target probability of failure
Pft or equivalently a target reliability index t = ;;1 (Pft ). This is formulated
by the following optimization problem
L
X
W () =
min wj (j () ; t)2 (7:13)
j =1
P
where wj j = 1 . . . L are weighting factors ( Lj=1 wj = 1) indicating the relative
frequency of appearance of the dierent design situations. Instead of using the
reliability indices in (7.13) to measure the deviation from the target for example
the probabilities of failure can be used. Also, a nonlinear objective function giving
relatively more weight to reliability indices smaller than the target compared to
those larger than the target can be used. j () is the reliability index for com-
bination j obtained as described below. In (7.13) the deviation from the target
reliability index is measured by the squared distance.
The reliability index j () for combination j is obtained as follows. First, for
given the optimal design is determined by solving the design equation (7.3) if
N = 1 or by solving the design optimization problem (7.5)-(7.8) if N > 1. Next,
the reliability index j () is estimated by FORM on the basis of (7.1).
It should be noted that, following the procedure described above for estimating the
partial safety factors two (or more) partial safety factors are not always uniquely
determined. They can be functionally dependent, in the simplest case as a product,
which has to be equal to a constant.
In the above procedure there is no lower limit on the reliability. An improved pro-
cedure which has a constraint on the reliability and which takes the non-uniqeness
problem into account can be formulated by the optimization problem
L
X m
X
W () =
min wj (j () ; t )2 + (i ; ji )2 (7.14)
j =1 i=1
s:t: i () min
t i = 1 . . . L (7.15)
il i iu i = 1 . . . m (7.16)
P
where wj j = 1 . . . L are weighting factors ( Lj=1 wj = 1). is a factor speci-
fying the relative importance of the two terms. j () is the reliability index for
19
combination j obtained as described above. ji is an estimate of the partial safety
factor obtained by considering combination j in isolation. The second term in the
objective function (7.14) is added due to the non-uniqueness-problem and has the
eect that the partial safety factors are forced in the direction of the "simple"
denition of partial safety factors. For load variables : = xxc . If only one combi-
nation is considered then ji = xxjicji where xji is the design point. Experience with
this formulation has shown that the factor should be chosen to be of magnitude
one and that the calibrated partial safety factors are not very sensitive to the exact
value of .
The constraints (7.15) have the eect that no combination has a reliability index
smaller than tmin and the constraints in (7.16) are simple bounds on the partial
safety factors.
This type of code calibration has been used in Burcharth 12] for code calibration
of rubble mound breakwater designs.
As discussed above a rst guess of the partial safety factors is obtained by solving
these optimization problems. Next, the nal partial safety factors are determined
taking into account current engineering judgement and tradition.
20
- a strength safety factor R to be divided to the characteristic value of the
strength parameters (one partial safety factor for each of the four ground pro-
perties: eective friction angle, cohesion, undrained shear strength and com-
pressive strength of soil/rock).
- a load partial safety factor P to be multiplied to the characteristic value of the
permanent load (a distinction can be made between favorable and unfavorable
permanent loads).
- a load partial safety factor W to be multiplied to the characteristic value of
the variable load, here the wave load.
In EUROCODES the following values are 'recommended' in relation to design and
analysis of structures where foundation failures are included:
permanent unfavorable load P = 1.00
permanent favorable load P = 1.00
variable load W = 1.30
tangent to the eective friction angle R = 1.25
cohesion R = 1.6
undrained shear strength R = 1.4
compressive strength of soil/rock R = 1.4
The characteristic value for the wave load will typically be based on the TL -year
signicant wave height corresponding to the (1 ; 1=TL ) fractile of the distribution
function for the yearly signicant wave height.
The characteristic values for other variable actions are generally selected as 98%
fractiles.
For permanent loads the mean values are used as characteristic values.
The characteristic values for strength parameters are generally chosen as the 5%
fractiles.
21
the signicant wave height.
The following tting formulae for R and HS are used, see 12] :
R = 1 ; k lnPf (8:1)
; H^ S3TL
H^ STPf ;1 k Pf )
+ p ks
(1+ ^ TL
HS = ^ TL + ZHS 0
H S (8:2)
HS Pf N
H^ ST is the central estimate of the T -year return period value for HS and N is the
number of HS data used for tting the extreme distributions.
k and k will depend on the failure mode while ks are common for all failure
modes.
The factors P , k , k and ks are calibrated for typical applications of rubble
mound breakwaters by solving the optimization problem (7.13) or (7.14) - (7.16).
HS is multiplied to HSTL and R is divided into the mean value of the product of
the strength variables.
If the application area is specied in the form of 'usual' values of the parameters
in the design equation, partial safety factors can be calibrated using the compu-
ter program BWCODE (BreakWater CODE calibration program) developed at
Aalborg University.
where
HSTL signicant wave height
ZHS model uncertainty related to HSTL
c density of the caisson
tidal elevation
ZFH model uncertainty on horisontal wave load
ZFV model uncertainty on vertical wave load
f friction coecient
Br Width of caisson
FG reduced weight of caisson under water
FU wave induced uplift force
FH horisontal wave force
24
Design equation:
G = G(H H^STL ^c Z^FH Z^FV ^ 1 f^ Br )
Z
1
= (F^G ; Z^FV F^U (H H^ STL )) f^ ; Z^FH F^H (H H^ STL )
Z
where f^ is the mean value of f .
9.2 Failure by overturning
Limit state function :
g = g(HSTL ZHS ZMH ZMV Br )
= (MG ; ZMV MU ) ; ZMH MH
where
HSTL signicant wave height
ZHS model uncertainty related to HSTL
ZMH model uncertainty on horisontal moment load
ZMV model uncertainty on vertical moment load
tidal elevation
MG moment around the heel induced by the weight of the caisson reduced
for boyancy
MU moment around the heel from wave induced uplift
MH moment around the heel from horisontal wave force
Br Width of caisson
Design equation :
G = G(H H^ ST ^c Z^MH Z^MV ^ Br )
= (M^ G ; Z^MV MU (H H^ STL )) ; ZMH MH (H H^ STL )
9.3 Foundation failure modes with rubble foundation and sand subsoil
6 failure modes related to foundation failure are taken into account:
Failure mode 1: sliding between structure and rubble foundation, see (1) in g. 1
Limit state function : based on sliding failure in the rubble, see 30]
g1 = g1(HSTL ZHS c ZFH ZFV tan 'd1 Br )
= (FG ; ZFV FU ) tan 'd1 ; ZFH FH
25
where
'0r cos r
tan 'd1 = 1 ;sinsin '0r sin r
and
HSTL signicant wave height
ZHS model uncertainty related to HSTL
c density of the caisson
tidal elevation
ZFH model uncertainty on horisontal wave load
ZFV model uncertainty on vertical wave load
r dilation angle of the rubble mound material
'0r eective friction angle of the rubble mound material
Br Width of caisson
FG reduced weight of caisson under water
FU wave induced uplift force
FH horisontal wave force
Design equation :
where
'0r cos r
tan 'd1 = 1 ;sinsin '0r sin r
and
26
HSTL signicant wave height
ZHS model uncertainty related to HSTL
c density of the caisson
ZFH model uncertainty on horisontal wave load
ZFV model uncertainty on vertical wave load
ZMH model uncertainty on horisontal moment load
ZMV model uncertainty on vertical moment load
tidal elevation
r dilation angle of the rubble mound material
'0r eective friction angle of the rubble mound material
Z model uncertainty on geotechnical failure mode
Br Width of caisson
Design equation :
Failure mode 4: rupture in rubble mound and subsoil, see (5) in gure 1
Limit state function : see 30]
g4 =g4(HSTL ZHS c ZFH ZFV ZMH ZMV
tan 'd1 tan 'd2 Z Br )
where
'0r cos r
tan 'd1 = 1 ;sinsin '0r sin r
and
HSTL signicant wave height
ZHS model uncertainty related to HSTL
28
c density of the caisson
ZFH model uncertainty on horisontal wave load
ZFV model uncertainty on vertical wave load
ZMH model uncertainty on horisontal moment load
ZMV model uncertainty on vertical moment load
tidal elevation
r dilation angle of the rubble mound material
'0r eective friction angle of the rubble material
s dilation angle of the subsoil friction material
'0s eective friction angle of the subsoil friction material
Z model uncertainty on geotechnical failure mode
Br Width of caisson
Design equation :
Failure mode 5: rupture in rubble mound and subsoil, see (6) in gure 1
Limit state function : see 30]
g5 =g5(HSTL ZHS c ZFH ZFV ZMH ZMV
tan 'd1 tan 'd2 Z Br )
where
'0r cos r
tan 'd1 = 1 ;sinsin '0r sin r
Failure mode 6: rupture in rubble and sliding between rubble and sand subsoil, see
(3) in gure 1
Limit state function : see 30]
g6 =g6(HSTL ZHS c ZFH ZFV ZMH ZMV
tan 'd1 tan 'd2 Z Br )
where
'0r cos r
tan 'd1 = 1 ;sinsin '0r sin r
The reliability index for foundation failure with sand subsoil is determined as
minimum of the reliability indices corresponding to the nine failure modes:
= min(1 2 3 4 5 6).
For calibration of the partial safety factors the parameters for the stochastic vari-
ables shown in table 5 are used.
The correlation coecient between ZFH and ZMH and between ZFV and ZMV are
estimated roughly to 0.9.
The tidal elevation is modelled as a stochastic variable with distribution function
1
F ( ) = arccos ; (9.1)
0
31
where 0 is the maximum tidal height. 0 = 0.75 m is used in this report.
distribution variation of p reference
c N(2.1, 0.1075) 33]
ZFH N(0.90, 0.25) 36]
ZFV N(0.77, 0.25) 36]
ZMH N(0.81, 0.40) 36]
ZMV N(0.72, 0.37) 36]
r LN(0.43, 0.043)
'r0 LN(0.61, 0.061)
s LN(0.35, 0.035)
's0 LN(0.52, 0.052)
Z N(1, 0.1)
f N(0.636, 0.0954) 34]
see eq. (9.1) 0=0.75 m 34]
HS ex Weibull see table 1
ZHS N(1 Z0 HS )
Table 5. Statistical parameters for calibration of partial safety factors for founda-
tion failure with sand subsoil.
The design value of the width of the caisson is selected as the maximum design
width corresponding to all failure modes:
Br = max(B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6).
This value of Br is used in the limit state functions to estimate the reliability
indices 1:::6.
The four vertical breakwaters shown in table 6 are placed on high rubble mounds.
The following data is used for the designs: average density of the caisson is taken
as c= 2.3 t/m3, wave steepnes sm = 0.035, the slope of the foreshore is taken
as zero, friction coecient equal to 0.6, angle of dilatation in the rubble mound
and subsoil are !r =0.43 and !s = 0.35, the eective friction angle in the rubble
mound and the subsoil are '0r = 0.61 and '0s=0.52 and the shear strength of the
clay subsoil is taken as cu= 150 kN/m2 .
hs hc d hw h0 h2 Brm
Bilbao 29 5 17 24 17 7 10
Sines 35 9 25 36 25 7 14
Tripoli 27 6 15 23 15 7 12
Follonica 10 4 6 12 8 2 6
Table 6. Design cases. hs: water depth, hc0: crest height, d: water depth in front
of the caisson, hw : height of the caisson, h : water level in caisson, h2: height of
rubble mound and Brm : rear berm width. All values are in meters.
32
9.4 Foundation failure modes with rubble foundation and clay subsoil
Failure mode 1,2 and 3 in section 9.3 is also used here. Further 4 failure modes
related to foundation failure in the clay are taken into account:
Failure mode 11: failure in rubble and sliding between rubble and clay subsoil, see
(3) in gure 1
Limit state function , see 30]
g11 =g11(HSTL ZHS c ZFH ZFV ZMH ZMV
tan 'd1 Ucu cu0 Z Br )
where
'0r cos r
tan 'd1 = 1 ;sinsin '0 sin
r r
and
HSTL signicant wave height
ZHS model uncertainty related to HSTL
c density of the caisson
tidal elevation
ZFH model uncertainty on horisontal wave load
ZFV model uncertainty on vertical wave load
ZMH model uncertainty on horisontal moment load
ZMV model uncertainty on vertical moment load
r dilation angle of the rubble mound material
'0r eective friction angle of the rubble mound material
Ucu undrained shear strength in clay subsoil, see section 5.2
cu0 expected value of undrained shear strength in clay subsoil, see section
5.2
Z model uncertainty on geotechnical failure mode
Br Width of caisson
Design equation :
where
'0r cos r
tan 'd1 = 1 ;sinsin '0r sin r
and
HSTL signicant wave height
ZHS model uncertainty related to HSTL
c density of the caisson
tidal elevation
ZFH model uncertainty on horisontal wave load
ZFV model uncertainty on vertical wave load
ZMH model uncertainty on horisontal moment load
ZMV model uncertainty on vertical moment load
r dilation angle of the rubble mound material
'0r eective friction angle of the rubble mound material
Ucu undrained shear strength in clay subsoil, see section 5.2
cu0 expected value of undrained shear strength in clay subsoil, see section
5.2
Z model uncertainty on geotechnical failure mode
Br Width of caisson
Design equation :
where
'0r cos r
tan 'd1 = 1 ;sinsin '0 sin
r r
and
HSTL signicant wave height
ZHS model uncertainty related to HSTL
c density of the caisson
tidal elevation
ZFH model uncertainty on horisontal wave load
ZFV model uncertainty on vertical wave load
ZMH model uncertainty on horisontal moment load
ZMV model uncertainty on vertical moment load
r dilation angle of the rubble mound material
'0r eective friction angle of the rubble mound material
Ucu undrained shear strength in clay subsoil, see section 5.2
cu0 expected value of undrained shear strength in clay subsoil, see section
5.2
Z model uncertainty on geotechnical failure mode
Br Width of caisson
Design equation :
The reliability index for foundation failure with clay subsoil is determined as mi-
nimum of the reliability indices corresponding to the nine failure modes : =
min(1 2 4 11 12 13 ).
35
For calibration of the partial safety factors the following parameters for the stochas-
tic variables are used:
If model tests have been performed to estimate the wave forces the following model
uncertainties can be used:
The design value of the width of the caisson is selected as the maximum design
width corresponding to all failure modes:
B = max(B1 B2 B4 B11 B12 B13 ). This value of Br is used in the limit state
functions to estimate the reliability indices 1 ::: 11 :::13. The design cases in
table 6 are used.
36
9.5 Scour failure for circular roundheads on sand
Limit state function, see Sumer et al. 35] (no rubble foundation):
where S is the scour depth and Br is the diameter of vertical wall roundhead.
KC and the max wave generated velocity of water particles at the undisturbed
sea bed, Um are determined from
TL
KC = UBm Tp Z
Um = T HS HS 1
sinh(2h0s=Lp)
r p
The wave peak period Tp is a stochastic variable with expected value Tp0 determined
from
s
Tp0 = ZHS HSTL 2
sp g
The wave length Lp is determined from
Tp2
Lp = g 2 tanh(2h0s=Lp)
where sp is the wave steepness and h0s is a stochastic vaiable with expected value
hs, see table 1.
Parameters for stochastic variables :
distribution variation of p
S D(0.5 m)
A N(1, 0.6)
Tp N (Tp0 0:1Tp0 )
sp N(0.025, 0.005)
h0s N(hs 0:05hs) hs : see table 1
HS ex Weibull see table 1
ZHS N(1 Z0 HS )
Design equation :
^
G = 1 S^ ; 0:5 1 ; exp(;0:175(KC
; ^ (H H^ STL ) ; 1))
ZB
37
9.6 Hydraulic instability of foundation rubble mound armour layer
Limit state function, see Madrigal et al. 32] :
0
g = A"Dn(5:8 hh ; 0:60)Nod0:19 ; (HSTL ZHS )
s
38
10. Partial Safety Factors
10.1 Calibration results
The computer programme CODEBW is used to calibrate the partial safety factors
by solving the optimization problem (7.13). The code format described in section
8.3 is used and the weight factors in (7.13) are chosen to wj = L1 . The partial safety
factors have been selected on the basis of the solution to the optimization problem
(7.13) and the minimum reliability levels obtained for the example structures.
The results shown below are based on mean values as characteristic values for the
strength variables.
In deterministic design of the breakwater the following bias values for the forces
and moments are to be used, see e.g. section 9.2 and 9.3:
value
^
ZFH 0.90
^
ZFV 0.77
^
ZMH 0.81
^
ZMV 0.72
Table 10. Values of model uncertainties to be used in deterministic design.
40
Z0 HS = 0:05 Z0 HS = 0:2
Pf (t ) H Z C H Z C
0.01 (2.33) 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4
0.05 (1.65) 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3
0.10 (1.28) 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.3
0.20 (0.84) 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.2
0.40 (0.25) 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1
Table 16. Partial safety factors for foundation failure - clay subsoil - deep water -
model tests performed.
Sliding failure:
Z0 HS = 0:05 Z0 HS = 0:2
Pf (t ) E ] min E ] min
0.01 (2.33) 2.39 2.00 2.28 1.96
0.05 (1.65) 1.74 1.52 1.80 1.62
0.10 (1.28) 1.48 1.31 1.51 1.24
0.20 (0.84) 0.86 0.64 0.86 0.69
0.40 (0.25) 0.29 0.16 0.31 0.15
Table 35. Reliability indices for calibration of sliding failure - deep water - no
model tests performed. E ]: average reliability index, min : minimum reliability
index.
46
Z0 HS = 0:05 Z0 HS = 0:2
Pf (t ) E ] min E ] min
0.01 (2.33) 2.40 2.01 2.31 2.08
0.05 (1.65) 1.91 1.81 1.97 1.82
0.10 (1.28) 1.44 1.28 1.54 1.45
0.20 (0.84) 0.91 0.66 0.85 0.70
0.40 (0.25) 0.65 0.51 0.36 0.18
Table 36. Reliability indices for calibration of sliding failure - deep water - model
tests performed. E ]: average reliability index, min: minimum reliability index.
48
Z0 HS = 0:05 Z0 HS = 0:2
Pf (t ) E ] min E ] min
0.01 (2.33) 2.41 2.38 2.35 2.33
0.05 (1.65) 1.65 1.64 1.66 1.64
0.10 (1.28) 1.17 1.16 1.23 1.22
0.20 (0.84) 0.89 0.88 1.00 1.00
0.40 (0.25) 0.25 0.24 0.46 0.46
Table 42. Partial safety factors for armour layer failure - shallow water. E ]:
average reliability index, min : minimum reliability index.
failure mode 1 2 3 4 5 6
rel. index 2.44 1.75 1.82 1.60 2.92 1.84
-vector 1 2 4 5 6 3
-0.47 -0.39 -0.35 -0.37 -0.53 -0.25
0.24 0.24 0.22 0.24 0.24 0.15
HS T L 0.49 0.42 0.38 0.40 0.53 0.27
0.15 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.14 0.06
c -0.25 -0.22 -0.14 -0.11 -0.20 -0.14
ZHS 0.22 0.24 0.22 0.24 0.21 0.06
ZFH 0.50 0.58 0.58 0.63 0.45 0.48
ZFV 0.17 0.17 0.21 0.17 0.19 0.55
ZMH 0.0 0.06 0.17 0.14 0.05 0.23
ZMV 0.0 0.05 0.14 0.12 0.04 0.14
r -0.02 -0.02 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0.00
'0r -0.27 -0.32 -0.41 -0.21 -0.18 -0.12
s 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.01 -0.00 -0.02
'0s 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.21 -0.04 -0.44
Z 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.06
Table 43. Reliability indices and alpha-vectors for failure modes with sand subsoil.
49
The correlation coecient matrix is (element ij = Ti j)
2 1 0:986 0:943 0:932 0:988 0:707 3
6 0:986 1 0:980 0:958 0:964 0:734 77
6
= 666 00::943 0:980 1 0:958 0:964
932 0:958 0:954 1 0:964
0:764 77
0:838 7
4 0:988 0:964 0:922 0:927 1 0:720 5
0:707 0:734 0:764 0:838 0:720 1
The series system reliability index is determined to
s = 1:46(Pf = 0:073)
It is seen that all reliability indices for the individual failure modes and the systems
reliability index are larger than the minimum reliability index (=1.28).
failure mode 1 2 3 11 12 13
rel. index 2.53 1.88 1.99 1.92 2.53 2.41
-vector 1 2 4 3 8 9
-0.48 -0.40 -0.36 -0.30 -0.46 -0.35
0.24 0.24 0.22 0.19 0.24 0.20
HSTL 0.50 0.43 0.39 0.33 0.48 0.37
0.15 0.17 0.16 0.12 0.14 0.16
c -0.24 -0.22 -0.14 -0.06 -0.08 -0.07
ZHS 0.22 0.24 0.22 0.20 0.22 0.20
ZFH 0.49 0.57 0.56 0.53 0.55 0.55
ZFV 0.17 0.18 0.22 0.10 0.16 0.20
ZMH 0.0 0.06 0.16 0.08 0.12 0.27
ZMV 0.0 0.05 0.15 0.07 0.11 0.19
r -0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.00 0.00
'r0 -0.27 -0.32 -0.40 -0.08 -0.05 -0.06
Ucu 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.63 -0.26 -0.41
Z 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Table 44. Reliability indices and alpha-vectors for failure modes with clay subsoil.
The correlation coecient matrix is (element ij = Ti j)
2 1 0:986 0:876 0:727 0:887 0:805 3
6
6
0 :986 1 0:917 0:742 0:880 0:833 77
= 666 00::876
727
0:917 1 0:707 0:825
0:742 0:707 1 0:893
0:827 77
0:942 75
4 0:887 0:880 0:825 0:893 1 0:954
0:805 0:833 0:827 0:942 0:954 1
50
The series system reliability index is determined to
s = 1:63(Pf = 0:052)
It is seen that all reliability indices for the individual failure modes and the systems
reliability index are larger than the minimum reliability index (=1.28).
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54