Marine & Coastal Engineering

COWI Group A/S

COWI A/S is a leading international con- Transportation Anton Petersen

sultancy firm, founded in 1930. COWI is a COWI has more than 75 years experience in Vice President,
Bridge, Tunnel and Marine
privately owned professional firm entirely transportation consultancy covering all phases
Structures
independent of any manufacturer, supplier or of infrastructure projects from initial planning +45 4597 2888
contractor. and feasibility studies over design, construction ape@cowi.com
The COWI Foundation is the majority and commissioning to maintenance manage-
shareholder. The foundation supports research ment and rehabilitation.
and development in various fields of consul- Ole Juul Jensen
tancy activities. Marine and Coastal Engineering Director,
Marine & Coastal
COWI has headquarters in Kongens Lyngby, The COWI Group provides consultancy and
Engineering
a suburb about 12 km north of Copenhagen, design services within the field of marine, geo- +45 4597 2906
the capital of Denmark. technical and coastal engineering from three ojj@cowi.com
COWI is a highly versatile and multidiscipli- centres of excellence: at COWI’s headquarters
nary firm providing services of the highest in Copenhagen, Denmark, at Ben C. Gerwick
quality in the fields of engineering, environ- Inc. San Francisco, USA, and in Doha, Qatar.
mental science and social economics. The total staff in this field of engineering is Robert B. Bittner
President
COWI employs around 3300 staff, of which presently about 110 and increasing. The total
Ben C. Gerwick Inc.
1600 are based outside Denmark in subsidiar- annual turnover on international projects is ap- +1 415 288 2731
ies, branch offices or projects offices. A high proximately 15 mill. USD which makes COWI rbb@gerwick.com
percentage of the employees are professionals one of the leading international companies in
holding Ph.D., M.Sc. or B.Sc. degrees in civil, this specialised field.
structural, geotechnical, mechanical or electri- Michael Bindseil
cal engineering and other academic areas such Ben C. Gerwick, Inc. Head of Department,
Marine & Foundation
as geology, hydrology, chemistry, biology, Ben C. Gerwick is an internationally known
Engineering
agronomy, sociology, economics and planning. civil / structural consulting firm based in San +45 4597 2947
The annual turnover is at present (2005) 350 Francisco, specializing in the design and con- mhb@cowi.com
mill. Euro (400 mill. USD). More than 60 struction of major marine structures for more
percent of the turnover of the company is than 75 years, first as a heavy construction
generated outside Denmark in more than 100 company, and as consulting engineers since
countries around the world. 1971. In 1988, Ben C. Gerwick joined the
Thomas Gierlevsen
COWI Group.
Head of Department, Qatar
+974 44 23 845
thgi@cowi.com
 Photo: Morten Larsen
Marine & Coastal Consultancy 3

Marine and coastal engineering engineering. This experience is documented

The COWI Group has over the past years by the many successful completed projects in
Fields of Consulting Services by COWI
developed its capabilities in marine and five continents of the world, from California
Nature coastal engineering. This development is in the west to Korea in the east and from
• Natural resources management based on rapid organic growth and by ac- Tierra del Fuego, Argentina in the south to
• Environmental policy and regulation
quisition of Ben C. Gerwick Inc. in 1988 and Greenland in the north.
• Environmental protection
• Coastal Engineering in 1993 of COMAR a specialised marine Focus has been on developing the relation-
design company, the successor of the design ship with our clients with aim of providing
Society
• Welfare economics and services department of world renowned Christiani added value to our clients’ projects.
• Public administration and Nielsen. In 2002 Kampsax was also The very diverse, multidisciplinary and
• Social development and HRD
merged with COWI. multicultural background and experience
• Urban and regional development
• Development assistance The organic growth has taken place by have been brought to bear for the benefit of
• Cadastre and land administration hiring of staff with previous international our clients and the projects we work on.
• Geographical information systems and IT experience and new graduates. The staff in
Mapping
the three centres of excellence is truly Quality Management
Transport international with multicultural background. COWI’s marine and coastal work is ISO
• Transport planning and management
• Roads 9001 certified. All design activities are car-
• Airports Experience ried out in accordance with the individual
• Railways and metros Quality Management
As presented throughout this brochure the project quality plan tailored to meet the System Certificate and
• Tunnels
• Bridges
COWI Group possesses extensive interna- specific requirements of each project. Certification Conditions.
• Ports and marine structures tional experience in port, marine and coastal
Buildings
• Residential buildings
• Educational buildings
• Hospitals and health buildings
• Cultural and sports buildings
• Commercial buildings
Industry
• Industrial buildings
• Production and processing plants
• Oil and gas
• Health, safety and environment Jørgen S. Steenfelt Jes Bojsen Abild Thomas Dahlgren Mogens A. Hviid Jotham Vizard Jørgen Juhl Henrik Dahl
• Environmental and social due diligence Research and Chief Project Manager Chief Project Manager Chief Project Manager Chief Project Manager Chief Project Manager Vice President
Utilities Development Manager, +45 4597 2059 +45 4597 2669 +974 442 3845 +45 4597 1323 +45 4597 1178 Ben C. Gerwick Inc.
• Municipal and hazardous waste Geotechnical Engineering jba@cowi.com thda@cowi.com mah@cowi.com jov@cowi.com jju@cowi.com +1 415 288 2749
• Water and wastewater +45 4597 1388 hd@gerwick.com
• Energy planning and systems jos@cowi.com
• Telecommunication
4 Marine & Coastal Consultancy
Consultancy services and expertises
covering all project phases:
Feasibility phase
• Generation and development of ideas
• Feasibility studies
• Studies of infrastructure needs
• Layout studies
• Assessment of design data
• Cost estimation
• Construction and procurement scheduling
• Environmental impact assessment
Design phase
• Establishment of design basis
• Study of oceanographical conditions
• Design data studies
• Geotechnical assessments
• Durability design
• Civil and structural design
• Mechanical & Electrical installations
• Operational risk assessment
Tender phase
• Development of tender design
• Management of tender procedures
• Value engineering
• Preparation of contract for construction
Construction phase
• Construction management
• Quality, environmental and safety management
• Construction risk management
• Interface coordination
• Programme and budget control
• Site supervision
• Contract and claims management
Operation and maintenance (O&M)
• O&M management system
• Inspection of structures and installations
• Ranking of maintenance and reinvestment needs
• Repair and strengthening design
Services and Expertises Clients
COWI’s services cover the whole life cycle of COWI works for public and private infra-
a project from the early ideas over studies and structure owners as well as for contractors. We
design to the operation phase and rehabilita- advocate for a close dialogue with the contrac-
tion or decommissioning. tor (BOT and design-build projects) in order to
Our services range from professional advice take all data into account and to optimize the
on a specific problem to comprehensive design and construction.
planning and total engineering design and Understanding our client’s needs and
implementation of large scale projects. combining this with our knowledge and experi-
Our involvement in complex and demanding ence to successful project completion is our
marine projects over the years has led to the goal.
development of particular in-house knowledge.
Marine terminals, ports, land development and
man-made islands and breakwaters can be
mentioned, as special fields of experience.
Main Types of Marine and Coastal Structures
Ports Marine Terminals Special Marine Structures
• Container ports and terminals • Oil and gas (LNG) terminals • Water intake and outfall
• General cargo and bulk • Bulk terminals structures
• Ferry and Roll-on-Roll-of • Foundations for offshore
Coastal Projects
berths wind turbines
• Land reclamation
• Access channels and • Miscellaneous Structures in
• Coastal protection
waterways the sea
• Man-made Islands
• Navy
• Breakwaters
Harbours and small craft • Beaches
• Small craft harbours
• Fishing harbours
• Supply bases
• Marinas and pleasure craft
harbours
Oil & Gas Marine Terminals 5

COWI offers complete integrated services

relating to Oil & Gas Marine Terminals. This
includes layout planning, operational and
maintenance philosophy, marine construction, Contractor's Designer, Shoaiba
New Tanker Terminal.
electrical systems and mechanical installations.
We plan and manage site investigations,
undertake the assessment of geophysical data
and define design parameters. We analyse
meteorological and oceanographical data and
use numerical wave and hydrodynamic
modelling software to define design water Egyptian LNG project, IDKU.
levels and wave conditions and to calculate
wave disturbance at the terminal. COWI
performs by selected sub-consultants vessel
manoeuvring studies to define dimensions of
approach channels and turning basins.
Planning of the berthing head arrangement is
based on the project specific vessel range
together with loading / unloading require-
ments. We perform in-house dynamic mooring
analyses, including vessel downtime assess-
ment.
Facilities design includes berth and loading
facilities, breakwaters, access trestle and pipe
racks / conveyors. Physical model tests are
made by subconsultants.
In addition, facilities design encompasses tug
berths, construction docks, buildings, electrical
and mechanical installations, including security
features and emergency shutdowns.
6 Bulk Terminals

Like other ports and port terminals the study

and design of bulk terminals rely on general
marine engineering and special expertise on the
systems for handling of bulk. The latter is nor-
mally tailored to the actual type of bulk mate-
rial to be loaded or unloaded at the terminal.
Otherwise bulk handling terminals can be
made at long quays like general cargo or
container berths or at jetty structures quite
similar to the ones used for oil and gas termi-
nals.
The design thus requires knowledge of the
requirements associated with the specific type
of bulk material and the various types of
handling systems, ranging from traditional
grab handling to various types of conveyor
belts to systems using pipes for pumping of the
material in question.
The designer works with suppliers of such
special systems to develop optimum solution.
COWI undertakes all types of services for
bulk terminals ranging from planning, layout
Olivin Terminal, Greenland.
studies, hydraulic studies, surveys, environmen-
tal assessments, feasibility studies, conceptual
and detailed design, tender documents,
contracting and contract supervision and
management.

Bulk Terminal, Australia.

Container Terminals 7

Container terminals are normally made in con-

nection with a long straight quay as the terminal
requires quite a width perpendicular to the quay
to make room for container cranes at the quay
Stigsnæs Container Terminal,
front and for transport laterally along the quay Denmark.
and finally for storing/stacking of containers in the
container yard.
Container vessels become larger and larger and
the latest development in vessel size is vessels up to
400 m length and a draft fully loaded in the order
of 16 m, thus requiring depth at the quay front of
about 17 m. The quay structures for a container
terminal are thus quite similar to the ones used for
other types of port terminals with the exception Port of Long Beach, Los Angeles, USA.
that most often the crane rails requires piles as
foundation. These piles can be an integrated part of
the quay structure. Otherwise the designer of a
container terminal works closely with the operator
to develop a tailored most optimum system for the
specific terminal including the requirements to
container cranes and the special type of equipment
required for moving and stacking of containers
such as for example straddle carriers. A container
yard has very heavy traffic and the design of the
heavy duty pavement requires special attention.
COWI undertakes all types of services for
container terminals ranging from planning, layout
studies, hydraulic studies, surveys, environmental
assessments, feasibility studies, conceptual and
detailed design including heavy duty pavements,
building design incl. building services, electrical and
mechanical design as well as water and sewage
design, tender documents, contracting and contract
supervision and management.

8 Coastal Engineering and Protection
Palace Seawall, Muscat, Oman.
Coastal engineering is a special field within
civil engineering. It includes the physical proc-
esses of the sea and coastal regions and the
movements of sediments due to the water in
motion. It further includes the interaction be-
tween man made interventions and structures
and the physical environment.
It is this complexity that makes coastal
engineering such a special field compared to
many other civil engineering disciplines and
what fascinates coastal engineers. The engineer
or designer often has to be imaginative and
exercise personal judgement in calculations in
order to arrive at correct and yet still accept-
able structural solutions.
The structures are founded on the sea bed or
on the shoreline and exposed to water level
changes, currents and wave impacts. Further,
the site and the area around the structures are
in many cases subject to morphological
Liseleje Coastal
Protection, Denmark.
changes which have to be analysed and
understood prior to the construction of the
said structures. It is our strong aim “to work
with nature rather than against it”. This may
be taken as our mission statement within
coastal engineering.
It is therefore natural to us to try to minimise
the use of man-made structures on a shore-
line and attempt to use beach nourishment
wherever possible. In line with this mission
we will when working on marine projects
seek solutions attempting to minimize hu-
man intervention, i.e. placing a port or similar
installation where it requires the least move-
ment of materials, by for example selecting
the site and distance from the shoreline such
that the quantities in breakwaters and other
structures as well as dredging and filling vol-
umes are minimised. Further it is our aim to
seek solutions that involve the least changes in
the natural physical as well as flora and fauna
environment.
Numerical models are more and more used
as a tool and COWI has strong in-house
capabilities in this field as described elsewhere.
Beach Nourishment,
Funen, Denmark.
Coastal Protection,
Bray Head, Ireland.
Man-Made Islands 9

The study and design of large-scale dredging Master Plan,

Danaat Howas,
and reclamation works for man-made islands is Bahrain.
integrated with our in-house hydraulic and envi-
ronmental numerical modelling facilities. COWI
utilises the state-of-the-art MIKE 21 suite of
numerical modelling software.
We specialise in developing projects from
master planning, surveys, environmental impact
assessment, design of edge structures, reclama-
tion and preparation of tender documents,
supervision and construction management.
Aerial photograph of The Pearl -
Qatar, January 2006. The island is
approx. 2 x 5 km.
10 Breakwater Projects

COWI is an international name in the design

of breakwaters. Our experience reaches from
fundamental scientific research to design and
supervision of construction.
COWI’s staff has more than 30 years
experience from over 150 international
breakwater projects in 5 continents. The
experience includes all types of breakwaters
from rubble mound to caisson. In addition the
experience includes an extensive variety of
armour units such as quarry rock, cubes,
grooved cubes, dolos, tetrapods, accropodes,
and CORE-LOC.
COWI uses its in-house capabilities in
numerical modelling of wave propagation as
basis for definition of design waves and then
for the configuration of breakwaters, and to
perform conceptual analysis and design. We
specify and supervise 2D flume tests and 3D
physical model tests. Egyptian LNG project Main breakwater
armoured with CORE-LOC.
In the event of poor ground conditions, state-
of-the-art soil structure interaction analysis
software is used to analyse the breakwater
Placing of CORE-LOC.
foundation and define soil improvement works
as necessary.

Rock breakwaters for coastal protection.

Seawater Intake and Outfalls 11

The design of large civil works in the marine Shoaiba Power and
environment draws on all of COWI’s experience in Desalination Plant,
Saudi Arabia.
hydraulics, geotechnics and structures. Outfall channel.
COWI has the specialist resources required for all
aspects of the civil design of seawater intake and
outfall systems, including:
• Design of intake channels, pipes and bell mouths
• Assessment of impact on long shore sediment
transport and coastal morphology
• Assessment of impact on hydrodynamic conduc-
tions around intake/outfall
• Assessment of maintenance dredging require-
ments
• Hydraulic and structural design of pump stations
• Hydraulic and structural design of culverts
• Design of outlet weirs
• Recirculation studies to verify location of outfalls
• Environmental impact assessment

Shoaiba Power and

Desalination Plant,
Saudi Arabia.
Outflow basin and
weir.
12 Design Tools

COWI uses state-of-the-art numerical models SESAM IBDAS

and tools in all phases of projects. COWI staff Aanalysis of jacket struc- IBDAS is COWI’s own in-
is experienced in their use. The most prominent tures. tegrated design and analy-
ones are shown below. sis software tool. It allows
for geometrical modelling,
structural analysis and
HOLEBASE verification of engineering
HOLEBASE is a database structures and generation
system for geotechnical PLAXIS of construction drawings.
data. It allows for proper PLAXIS is a finite ele-
storing and analysis of data ment program specifically
and presentation in Auto- developed for numerical LITPACK
CAD analysis of geotechnical LITPACK is a state-of-
and underground struc- the-art numerical model
tures and soil-structure for the simulation of
interaction. shoreline development
including erosion and
accretion.

ABAQUS
ABAQUS is one of the leading
MIKE21 ROBOT multi-purpose finite element
MIKE 21 is a state- ROBOT is a finite ele- programs for a wide spectrum
of-the-art package of ment program for analy- of numerical analysis in en-
numerical programs to sis and design of beam, gineering and natural science
simulate waves, currents truss, slab, shell and 3D with special focus on FEM
and sediment transport structures. and soil-structure interaction.
in the marine environ-
ment.

OPTIMOOR
Programme for dynamic
mooring analysis.
Numerical Modelling using MIKE 21 13

MIKE 21 is a state-of-the-art system of numeri-

cal models used for the simulation of hydrody-
namics of the oceans, coastal regions and rivers
etc.
The model is used for tidal motion and flow,
for storm surge set-up due to wind and
barometric pressure.
It is further used for calculation of wave
conditions in deep and shallow water based on
wind data and for simulation of wave distur-
bance in harbours and enclosed waters.
Detailed flow and tidal model COWI's Gulf Model
of the waters and lagoons in showing instantaneous
Abu Dhabi. tide levels.

Boussinesq simulation of wave disturbance, NSW (Nearshore Wave Model) of the sea between
Halul Harbour, Qatar. Bahrain and Qatar.
14 Management of Project Risk Service Life Design of Marine Works

COWI offers all types of risk assessments for
projects. Risk is inherent in any activity. All
decisions or actions may result in unwanted
consequences. Thus the proper thing to do is
always to consider risk and to make use of the
information gained in the decision process.
Project risks include development risks,
construction risks, operational risks, financial
risks and revenue risks.
General
Internationally COWI provide the only avail-
able reliability based service life design meth-
odology against chloride and carbonation
induced reinforcement corrosion.
Marine structures are usually now to be
designed for 100, 120 or even 200 years service
life. This surpasses by far the assumed design
life following most codes and standards.
COWI has been spearheading the international
research and technical development of the ra-
tional service life design of concrete structures,
i.e. in European research projects: DuraCrete,
DuraNet and DARTS, and chairing all durabil-
ity related activities within the international or-
ganisations of CEB (Comité Euro-international
du Béton) and now fib (Fédération Internation-
ale du Béton).

Risk Management Internationally recognised expertise and

Risk management is basically a managerial tool
to support the decision maker.
It is the experience, that implementation of
risk management will result in profitable
decisions and improved allocation of resources.
Risk management can lead to decisions close
to the decision maker’s goals.
Risk management ensures consistence and
transparency in the decision process and it
provides a basis for risk communication.
experience
COWI’s recognised leading position within du-
rability design and concrete technology is based
on more than 40 years worldwide experience
within the design, operation and maintenance of
exposed reinforced concrete structures.

Damaged railway coastal defence structures, Ireland. Cracking of concrete blocks.

Irish Rail Sea Defence Works
A significant length of the Irish rail network
lies close to shoreline and is subject to ongoing
coastal erosion, instability of coastal defence
structures and wave overtopping, especially
along the East coast between Dublin and
Wicklow.
Iarnród Éireann (The National Irish Rail
Company) is currently implementing a long-
term plan for protection of the coastal rail-
ways, as part of the Cuttings and
Embankments program.
Since 2000, COWI A/S in association with
Fehily Timoney Gifford and Thomas Garland
and Partners, has carried out a feasibility study
for coastal defence works as part of this
Cuttings and Embankments Programme. The
study produced a 10-year strategy, in which
geotechnical and coastal defence works were
planned and prioritized. The project pro-
gramme included the following coastal
projects:
• Malahide Causeway
• Sorrento Point
• Bray Head
• Ballygannon (south of Greystones)
• Kilcoole
• The Breaches
• Six Mile Point (Newcastle)
• Five Mile Point
• Rogerstown Causeway
• Merrion Gates to Blackrock
• Rosslare Strand
15
Following Iarnród Éireann approval COWI A/S,
in association with Fehily Timoney Gifford,
Thomas Garland and Partners and Bruce Shaw
Partnership, has carried out detailed design,
procurement and supervision of the coastal
defence works. Implementation of the works is
currently well underway.
A variety of geotechnical and coastal defence
works are adopted at the various locations in
order to suit the local site conditions.
Heavy rock berm structures have been
applied to the coastal defences in areas of steep
rocky headland where the railway line runs in
a series of embankments and rock cuttings
supported at their base by masonry retaining
structures.
At several locations, the railway runs on top
of what is thought to be ancient littoral berm
formations. These are fronted by sandy beach
and with low hinterland. At these locations,
the coastline is subject to rapid coastal erosion.
Therefore, new revetments have been estab-
lished. In order to preserve the amenity of the
beaches, the new revetments have been Services by COWI Project Period
partially burried into the beach and the • Feasibility study incl. 2000 - 2005
reconstructed dunes have been planted with prioritisation
marram grass. For other locations, rock and • Design of protection works Client
concrete block revetments behind the beach • Tendering and contracting Iarnród Éireann
protect the track. of work
• Construction supervision
16 Port of Copenhagen
The Port of Copenhagen A/S undertook a large
Services port development project that includes a new
• Project management ferry terminal in Søndre Frihavn (Southern
• Conceptual design Free Port) and planned for construction of
• Prequalification of commercial and residential buildings on the
contractors former DANLINK sites. The development in-
• Tender documents cludes relocation of ferries operated by DFDS
• Contracting and Seaways away from the congested Copenhagen
supervision City.
• Review of contractors The new ferry terminal has three berths with
design 9 m water depth. Two berths accommodate
• Traffic analysis existing ferries of 170 m length and a future
• EIA super ferry exceeding 200 m in length and
• Cost estimate planned for sailing between Denmark and
• Digital document Poland. The third berth is smaller. The devel-
management opment also includes establishment of a custom
control station and a terminal building serving
Project Period
the two larger berths.
2000 - 2003
The port development is being procured as a
Client design and build contract. COWI has per-
Port of Copenhagen A/S
formed the role of Client’s consultant and has
carried out the planning and conceptual design
of the entire project. The location of the new
berths in the old port required design solutions
that combined rehabilitation and strengthening
of existing structures with new structures.
As Client’s Representative COWI provided
multidisciplinary services and project manage-
ment, which included the following compo-
nents:
• Planning and design of quay structures and
piers on 9 m water depths
• Dredging plans
• Traffic analysis on the terminal area.
• Testing of the proposed layout using 3D real
time ship simulation at the Danish Maritime
Institute
• EIA (environmental impact assessment) and
environmental screening
• Estimate of construction costs including
maintenance using successive calculation.
• Soil logistics (recycling of polluted soil as
landfill within the project area)
The development has been procured in accord-
ance with EU regulations for a “design and
construct contract”. COWI have prepared ten-
der documents, supervised the tender process
and advised the Client during tender negotiations.
COWI, together with the Client, have
implemented a commercial document control
program. Through the internet, this gives all
project participants full accessibility and
control of digital documents and drawings
from the planning phase to the final phase.
17
18 Egyptian LNG Project, Idku, Egypt
Services
• Assesment of geotechnical
investigations
• Hydrographical analyses
• Breakwater design
• Dynamic mooring analyses
• Design of access channel and
navigational lights
• Vessel downtime assessment
• Design of jetty structure
Idku is located on the Mediterranean coast 50
• Seismic analyses km east of Alexandria. An export terminal for
• Building design LNG was needed due to the finding of sizeable
• Electrical and Mechanical design gas fields.
The terminal caters for 140,000 m³ LNG
Project period
vessels. It consists of a construction harbour on
2002 - 2004
the side of which a 2.4 km long access trestle
extends out to the berth for the gas tankers.
Client
Archirodon Construction/ The mooring and turning area is protected by a
Bechtel International 850 m long island breakwater. The mooring
and turning area is dredged and so is a long
approach channel.
The trestle is supported on steel piles and the
composite superstructure modules are 40 m
long. The loading, mooring and berthing plat-
forms are all steel supported structures.
The site is very exposed with offshore design
waves of Hs = 11 m reduced to approx. 6.8 m
at the breakwater by wave breaking as the
water depth is 12 to 13 m.
The breakwater is located in an area with up
to 15 m of soft clay. The combination of the
large breakwater in a zone subject to seismic
activity and the severe wave climate resulted in
a need for replacement of the soft clay with
sand.
COWI’s design services for this project
included all studies and design tasks including
mooring analysis, numerical and physical
model studies (in subconsultant´s hydraulic
laboratory). Focus in all the studies and design
services was placed upon optimising the design
with respect to minimising quantities and at
the same time making construction as easy as
possible for the contractor.
Egyptian LNG-project, Idku.
Nysted Offshore Wind Farm at Rødsand, Denmark 19
Services Project Period
• Structural Design 2001 - 2002
Denmark has formulated an energy policy giv- • Geotechnical
Design Client
ing high priority to sustainable energy, where
• Design of Scour Aarsleff -
windmills are a very important element. Several Ballast Nedam
Protection
offshore windfarms are planned and COWI International Joint
Top: Completed foundation elements under transport to site. • Project Follow-up Venture
served as consultant for the one at Rødsand.
Left: Production yard in Poland.
COWI has carried out detailed design for a Right: With turbines installed.
Danish construction company for 72 windmill
gravity foundations located 9 to 10 km from the
coast in the southern part of Denmark. The
offshore wind farm has a total capacity of
approx. 480,000 MWh, equivalent to the yearly
consumption of 120,000 households. The
windmills are 68.5 m (225 ft) high and the width
of a gravity foundation is about 17 m (56 ft).
The windmills are founded at 7.5 to 12.75 m
depth on a rather stiff clay till. The gravity
foundations are open concrete structures filled
with ballast and covered with armour stones.
The foundation is made of reinforced concrete
and consists of three parts: the open caisson,
the shaft and the ice cone. The design is based
on an optimal utilization of the subjacent soil
conditions versus load conditions, when
defining the foundation level of each position.
The foundations are designed to sustain cyclic
loads from wind, wave and ice forces during
their 25 year lifetime.
The detailed design included geotechnical,
structural and scour protection design, the
latter validated by hydraulic model tests. The
geotechnical and structural designs were carried
out using state of the art numerical tools, e.g.
PLAXIS and IBDAS.
20 Ras Laffan Marine Terminals, Qatar

Ras Laffan Port, Qatar was constructed in The liquid product berths are designed to
the early 1990’s and is now one of the world’s enable simultaneous berthing, mooring and Services by COWI • Design of pipe racks and bridges
largest LNG exporting ports. The port was loading of two vessels from 20,000 to 300,000 • Offshore Geotechnical • Design of buildings, road/drainage
designed as an export facility for Liquefied DWT. The berths have a common approach investigations and associated infrastructure

Natural Gas (LNG), Condensate and Sulphur
derived from the processing of gas landed from
the North Field Gas Reservoir situated 67
km NNE of the Port. Ras Laffan is currently
expanding the original port facilities and has
identified the need for both new LNG berths
as well as new multi-user liquid product berths
from which Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) products
can be exported from amongst many products.
COWI has so far been involved in the
jetty with approach road and have pipe racks
on either side leading from the Lee Breakwater
to the loading platform area. The loading plat-
form is accommodating 11 loading arms for
each berth. The berths are constructed using
mass concrete blocks and consist of breasting
and mooring dolphins, quick release hooks,
catwalks for access to the mooring dolphins,
navigation lights, fenders, fire fighting facilities,
ship-to-shore gangway and lighting amongst
• Bathymetric and Topographic
Project Period
investigations
• Mooring and berthing analysis 2003 - ongoing
and layout
Client
• Dredging plans
Techinp, Chiyoda, Snamprogetti,
• Materials specifications Archirodon Construction, Qatar
• Design of block wall structures Petroleum
• Design of pile supported structures
• Design of up to 11 arm loading
structure and associated structures

planning, design and construction of the
following marine terminals:
• Liquid Product Berths 1A and 1B
• LNG Berth 3
• Liquid Product Berths 3A and 3B
• LNG Berth 4
• LNG Berth 5
• LNG Berth 6 (site investigations)
other topside facilities. The buildings consist
of a common control building, an electrical
substation and firewater pump house as well as
pipe racks and other piping structures.
The LNG berths are designed to enable
berthing of up to 267,000 m3 LNG carriers.
LNG Berth 3 and 4 are constructed using mass
concrete blocks some of which are weighing up
to 700 tons. The berths consist of loading
platform with topside structures and equip-
ment, mooring and breasting dolphins,
catwalks, berth furniture as well as an access
causeway. LNG Berth 5 is to be constructed
outside the existing main breakwater before
the new main breakwater is in place. Due to
the rough seas during construction pile
supported structures are being considered for
this berth.
Qatar - Bahrain Causeway 21

The approximately 40 km long link will con-
nect the West Coast of Qatar near the Zubarah
fortress with the East Coast of Bahrain south
of its capital Manamah. It will be the longest
sea link in the world.
COWI was appointed to undertake the
Preliminary Engineering and Environmental
Investigations and Studies for the Qatar -
Bahrain Causeway and completed the studies
in only 10 months.
The water exchange between the Gulf and Bay
of Salwah was studied. It was a requirement
that it should remain unchanged.
The wave climate along the alignment
corridor was modelled including wave propa-
gation over the very complicated bathymetry
around the large shallow Fasht Azm Reef.
The final layout included bridges and a total
of 17 km of embankment. By compensation Simulated wave heights for a 10,000
dredging the final solution had zero impact on years wave event from North.

The Phase 1 activities comprised: the water exchange.

• carrying out studies, surveys and site inves-
tigations in a 15 x 40 km offshore study
corridor and adjacent land areas
Services Conceptual Design
• comparing alternative alignments and select-
Studies • Alignment
ing three for analyses
• presenting a sketch design for the causeway • Planning • Roads & plazas

and its elements • Traffic • Embankments & fill

depots
• recommending in favour of one alignment • Topography &
• Bridges
based upon cost and impact assessments. bathymetry
• Tolling & border
• Geology & geophysics facilities
The Phase 2 activities included:
• Geotechnique • Mechanical &
• carrying out detailed studies, surveys and site electrical installations
• Hydrography
investigations for the selected alignment
• presenting a conceptual design • Meteorology
• Marine modelling Project Period
The marine modelling studies for the Qatar- • Environment & 2001 - 2002
Bahrain Causeway project included modelling ecology
of current, sediment dispersion from dredging Client
• Risk assessment
activities and waves using MIKE 21. Ministry of Municipal
• Design basis Affairs and Agriculture,
Results of extreme current simulations were Qatar
used in the engineering design of the Causeway
including scour protection.
22 The Pearl - Qatar
The Pearl – Qatar project involved detailed
design of the reclamation works for the 400
hectares new island requiring approximately
13.5 mill m3 of fill and the associated sea
defence structures for the 40 km of new shore-
line.
Numerical hydrodynamic model studies were
completed to determine the hydrodynamic
design basis.
The development includes private beaches
along most of the perimeter which adds to the
aesthetics and exclusiveness of the develop-
ment. Different concepts have been developed
to create a variety of beach environments that
are optimised to suit the local conditions and
requirements.
Along the shores facing north and east
relative long pocket beaches have been intro-
duced. The sand is retained between groyne
Plan of marine works The Pearl - Qatar.
������
structures. Private open beaches have been
separated by beach breakwaters at one of the Services
shorelines facing southwest. Generally terraced • Bathymetric survey
beaches have been used where the wave impact • Geotechnical site investigations
is oblique and an open beach would be • Environmental management plan
eroding. The terraced type consists of a low
• Design assistance during construction
crested revetment behind which a sand beach is
• Design of marinas
constructed.
• Design of culverts
Concrete block gravity quay walls are used
in the western cove and along the channels in • Design basis
the Venice type development at the north-west • Conceptual design
shore to facilitate mooring of boats and to • Detailed design
create the confined channel system. • Tender and contract documents
Each Pearl Quay Island features private
beach, harbour and terraced beach fringed by a Project Period
low crested revetment. 2003 - ongoing
COWI has subsequently to the island design
Client
made design of the marinas (see page 23).
United Development Company (UDC)
Architects' view of Porto Arabia.
Construction of marina quay walls in the construction pit
The Pearl - Qatar.
23
24 Lusail Development, Qatar

COWI has completed planning, geotechnical

investigations and numerical modelling and all
design activities of the Lusail Development. This
new large land development is located along the
shoreline north of Doha and will cover an area
of about 20 km2. The project will transform the
present shoreline through dredging and reclama-
tion, creating new islands, access channels and
beaches. The fully developed new township is
planned for 150,000 inhabitants. The develop-
ment includes business, corporate and mixed use
areas, quality beaches with top class hotels, two
golf courses, and an entertainment district.
Architects' impression of project view.
Master Planning
Numerical modelling of flow and wave condi- Services
tions as well as beach stability and sediment
• Bathymetric and Topographic Surveys
spill from dredging operations made using the
• Geotechnical Investigations
modelling systems MIKE 21 and LITPACK and
formed an integrated part of the planning and • Master Planning

design activities. A special point of interest was • Environmental Impact Assessment

the flushing of the canals to ensure proper water • Conceptual and Detailed Design
quality and the design of 19 beaches surrounded • Preparation of Tender Documents
by exclusive residential villas and international • Tender Evaluation
high class hotels.
Project period
2004 - 2006

Client
Bechtel Overseas Corporation

Numerical
modelling. Plan view.
Olmsted Locks and Dam, USA
The Sverdrup/Gerwick Joint Venture com-
pleted the P&S design contract for the Olmsted
Dam, working for the U.S. Army Corps of En-
gineers, Louisville District. The Olmsted Dam
is part of the Army Corps premier civil works
project, the Olmsted Locks and Dam Project.
Ben C. Gerwick, Inc. has taken the lead in
the areas of innovative marine construction
methods, marine foundation design and
construction, tremie concrete construction
techniques, and seismic design.
Gerwick performed extensive seismic
analyses as a result of the nearby New Madrid
fault. The seismic analyses includes: Response
spectra analyses of tainter gate segment of the
dam, lateral pushover analyses of pile founda-
tions, hydrodynamic added masses, pile group
effects and the development of kinematic
motions as a result of the soil-pile-structure
interaction. Gerwick also performed finite
element modeling and analysis of the proposed
lift-in precast segments. Loading cases include
hydrostatic combined with tremie concrete
placement.
As part of the initial work, Gerwick provided
several construction alternatives to the Army
Corps for consideration. Gerwick developed
proposals for “In-the-Dry,” “In-the-Wet,” and
a combination of both. The “In-the- Dry”
25
method requires constructing the dam using
two or three stages of traditional, fixed
cellular-sheetpile cofferdam techniques. The
“In-the-Wet” method will utilize a crane barge Services • Liquefaction
to place large precast shell elements onto pile • Casting Yards/Launch System • Mooring and Berthing
foundations. Tremie concrete would be placed • Diving Activities • Seismic Analysis
in the large void area between the shell
• Dredging • Seismic Non-Linear Soil Pile
elements and pile foundation. Heavy lift-in Interaction
• Heavy Lift Systems
methods, with precast elements weighing over • Constructability Studies
• Offsite Prefabrication
4,000 tons, and a light lift-in method, with • Cost Estimating
elements weighing approximately 600 tons, • Positioning Control Systems
• Scheduling Preparation/Review
were considered. The “In-the-Wet” method • Screeding/Subgrade Preparation
• Specification Preparation/Review
offers significant advantages over the tradi- • Concrete Durability
tional fixed cofferdam method, including • Value Engineering
• Headed Reinforcement
substantial cost savings, shorter construction • Pre-cast Concrete Year of Completion
duration, reduced environmental impact, and
• Precast Shells (Hulls) 2008
greater construction safety.
• Tremie Concrete
Major engineering challenges associated with Client
• Non-Linear Soil Pile Interaction
the project include: S. Army Corps of Engineers
• Designing for over an 8.0 maximum credible • Ice Loading/Abrasion Resistance Louisville District
earthquake in an area of potentially liquefi-
able alluvium.
• Maintaining vessel traffic along the river.
• Accommodating fluctuating river elevations
between 30 to 40 feet annually.
• Designing for the scour and uplift forces of
artesian ground water.
• Preserving a wild-life sanctuary on the South-
ern shore at the dam site.
Typical catamaran barge for
pre-cast shell deployment.
26 Braddock Dam Lock #2, Monongahela River, USA

Ben C. Gerwick, Inc. working with the Pitts-

burgh District, USACE designed and assisted
with construction supervision of the New
Braddock Dam. Gerwick took the lead in de-
signing the float-in precast dam segments and
developing “In-the-Wet” construction methods
and procedures including:
• Conceptual design of the cast and launch
system for the precast dam segments.
• Transport, positioning and immersion of the
segments on to pre-installed foundations.
• Developing a cast and launch facility for two
11,000 ton dam segments
• Designing a 333 ft long precast shell with
sufficient strength for launch, transport and
immersion while maintaining a ten ft maxi-
mum draft.
• Developing a transport, positioning, im-
Precast concrete dam segment mersion and dam completion plan that can
floats to the project site on the
Monongahela River. safely accommodate a 500- year flood on 48
Services Performed Year of Completion
hour notice.
• Services Performed: 2003
• Developing a positioning system with +/- 1⁄4
• Detailed Design Dam segment float-in and set-down
Client inch vertical and +/- two inch horizontal sequence.
• River Navigation tolerances.
Structures U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers • Drilled pier foundation layout and prelimi-
• Precast Concrete Pittsburgh District nary design.
Construction • Underbase grouting and tremie in-fill con-
• Construction crete plans.
Sequencing and
• Risk analysis of the segment, launch, trans-
Scheduling
port outfitting and installation.
• Construction Means
and Methods
• Tremie Concrete Mix
Design
• Construction
Engineering
Float-in of dam segment.
Selected References
Mina Raysut Port Development Plan
Port Salalah, Oman
Description: Mina Raysut is being
developed into one of the largest
transhipment hubs. This called for major
port expansion
Client: Government of Oman, Ministry of
Communications
Completion: 1995
Services by COWI: Feasibility study of port
development plans incl. field surveys, port
organisation, shipping, development plan
and conceptual design of new terminal
and structures, cost estimate and economic
analysis incl. rates of return of investment.
The Baltic Gate, New Port at
Stigsnaes, Denmark
Description: The Baltic gate is planned
as a new container hub for transhipment
of containers from the Baltic onto large
intercontinental container ships
Client: Stigsnaes Innovators
Completion 1998
Services by COWI: Market study, port
facilities and layout, hydraulic studies,
environmental screening, cost estimates and
feasibility evaluation.
Öresund Bridge Scour Protection
of Bridge Piers, The Öresund Link,
Denmark-Sweden
Description: This major bridge requires
scour protection around the bridge piers to
protect from erosion of combined waves and
strong current. The solution adopted was a
quarry rock/rubble mound solution
Client: Sundlink Contractors HB
Completion: 1998
Services by COWI: Studies of design waves
and current by numerical MIKE 21 models,
preliminary design, hydraulic model tests for
design verification and detailed design.
27
Coastal Protection for Irish Rail
Network, Ireland
Description: Iarnród Éireann´s (Irish Rail)
rail network is in many places close to the
sea and have been subject to coastal erosion
over the last 150 year since its construction.
The project involved nation wide upgrading
of the protection works
Client: Iarnród Éireann (Irish Rail)
Completion: 2005
Services by COWI: The project involved
feasibility study of the whole country
network and design, tendering and
supervision of strengthening works of
existing sea defences and new defences
where appropriate.
Shoaiba New Tanker Terminal, Saudi
Arabia
Description: New marine terminal for
unloading of 100,000 DWT tankers. The
terminal consists of 500 m access causeway,
180 m access trestle and piled jetty
structures, steel piles and concrete deck
Client: Archirodon (Overseas) CO.
Completion: 2002
Services by COWI: Assessment and design of
the terminal structures.
Qasr Al Alam New Seawall, Oman
Description: New blockwork seawall for
protection of the Royal Palace in Muscat
plus small craft landing platform
Client: Tarmac Alawi L.L.C.
Completion: 2002
Services by COWI: assessment of
geotechnical condition as well as seismic
design, design of layout and cross sections
of wall, design of wall sections and outfall
structures for storm water run off, drawings
and material specifications.
28 Selected References
Caleta La Mision Port, Tierra del
Fuego, Argentina
Description: Review and redesign of the
project and all structures for this port
consisting of a 1.6 km trestle on piles a berth
for 25,000 DWT vessels and a main island
breakwater for protection of the berth
Client: UTE ( JV) Andrade Guiteierrez-Ormas
Completion: 2002
Services by COWI: Studies of waves and
tides in num. model, design basis, master
plan, navigation study, quarry assessment,
detailed design of CORE-LOC breakwater,
2D and 3D model tests by DHI, design of
quay and deck structures, specifications and
cost estimates.
Port of Copenhagen Ferry Terminal
Description: New terminal for the DFDS
Seaways ferries to Oslo, Norway and Poland
and a smaller berth
Client: Port of Copenhagen AS
Completion: 2003
Services by COWI: Clients representative for
multidisciplinary planning and engineering
services.
Sutong Bridge, Scour Protection,
P.R. China
Description: The Sutong Bridge over the
Yangtze River is the worlds longest cable
stay bridge with a span of 1088 m between
the main pylons. These are founded in the
river bed in a water depth reaching about 30 m
Client: Jiangsu Province SuTong Bridge
Construction Commanding Department
Completion: 2005
Services by COWI: Expert engineering
services and construction management for
the bridge and its scour protection. For the
scour COWI prepared assessments of the
hydraulic design data, desk study of scour
and conceptual and recommendations on
detailed design of the scour protection
consisting of temporary protection of sand
bags and permanent protection using quarry
stones with falling apron at the edges to
cope with potential large scour depths.
Museum of Islamic Art, Doha
Coastal engineering study
Description: The Museum is located in the
water off the shoreline in the Doha Bay.
The museum and the surroundings requires
costal protection works
Client: Ministry of Municipal Affairs and
Agriculture, Qatar
Completion: 2002
Services by COWI: surveys, num. modelling
of waves and current and water quality,
design basis, detailed design of edge
treatment slopes, structures sea walls,
construction supervision.
Qatar Bahrain Causeway (QBC)
Description: The QBC includes the more
than 40 km long link between Qatar and
Bahrain with about 17 km on embankment
and the rest on low and high bridges
Client: Joint Technical Committee, Qatar-
Bahrain Causeway
Completion: 2002
Services by COWI: Besides engineering
studies of all the bridges COWI services
included all geotechnical and hydraulic
surveys and numerical modelling studies
followed by design of all revetment
structures as well as scour protection on
the bridges. The objective was to define
optimum technical solution that ensures the
water exchange to the waters south of the
causeway.
Nysted Offshore Wind Farm,
Rødsand, Denmark
Description: The project includes 72 offshore
wind turbines. The foundations are gravity
structures with a width of about 17 m
Client: Aarsleff-Ballast Nedam Intern. JV.
Completion: 2002
Services by COWI: Geotechnical study
interpretation, structural and soil-structure
interaction modelling by Plaxis and
IBDAS and detailed design of the gravity
foundations.
Selected References
Dubai Maritime City Development,
Dubai
Description: The project includes new large
reclaimed area in front of Port Rashid
adjacent to Dubai Dry Dock (DDD). The
new area requires the relocation of the main
breakwater protecting the DDD as well as
additional perimeter protection and marine
structures
Client: Archirodon Construction
Completion: ongoing ( 2006)
Services by COWI: Design basis, change of
basic layout, num. wave disturbance study,
design of all breakwaters and revetments,
vessel manoeuvring study and technical
services for construction support.
Danaat Howar Islands Development,
Bahrain
Description: Large scale island development
project
Client: Southern Area Development
Company, Bahrain
Completion: 2001
Services by COWI: Master plan revision,
numerical wave, current, water quality and
sedimentation modelling, engineering design
of marine structures, specifications and
contract documents.
The Pearl - Qatar, Marine Works,
Qatar
The Project includes the construction of
an about 5 km long and 2 km wide man-
made island and adjacent cluster of islands.
The island’s area is approx 400 hectares
and requires about 13.5 mill. m3 of fill.
Its perimeter is in the order of 50 km long
and is protected by rock structures and
revetments and man-made beaches
Client: United Development Company
(UDC)
Completion: ongoing (2006)
Services by COWI: Site investigations incl.
geotechnical borings, numerical modelling
of all hydraulic and environmental aspects,
environmental management plan, design
basis, conceptual design, detailed design,
tender and contract documents.
29
Conoco Phillips, Rodeo Terminal
Upgrade, Richmond, CA
Description: Develop options for upgrading
the Rodeo Terminal Facility to accommodate
200,000 DWT tankers. The main purpose
of the study was to investigate the possibility
of berthing a 200,000 DWT Polar tanker
at the Conoco Phillips Rodeo facility, and
secondly, determine what structural upgrades
would be required according to MOTEMS
(Marine Oil Terminal Engineering and
Maintenance Standards).
Client: Conoco Phillips
Completion: 2003
Services by COWI: Mooring Analyses,
Structural Analyses, Cost Estimates,
Quantities and MOTEMS Compliance.
Mesaieed Small Craft Berth, Qatar
Description: The small craft harbour is for
mooring of tugs and pilot boats. It consist
primarily of gravity block structures.
Client: Grandi Lavouri Fincosit ( Middle
East W.L.L)
Completion: 2002
Services by COWI: Definition of design
basis, specification and interpretation of
marine investigations, specifications of
ground improvement, detailed structural
design of berth, detailed design of slipway
and coastal protection, construction report
and drawings, construction support.
Liquid Product Berths 1A and 1B,
Ras Laffan, Qatar
Description: Product berths for 20,000 and
30,000 DWT product vessels. The berths
are located in protected area in existing
port basin. The structures consist of gravity
structures/block works.
Client: Archirodon Construction on behalf
of Qatar Pretroleum.
Completion: 2004.
Services by COWI: Assessment of geo-
technical conditions, mooring and berthing
analysis and layout, dredging plan, materials
specifications, design of berth structures
( block works), design of 11 nos. loading
structures, pipe racks, buildings & roads &
drainage, design report and all drawings.
30 Selected References
Shoaiba Steam Power Plant,
Saudi Arabia
Description: The plant located on the Red
Sea Coast south of Jeddah is a major power
and desalination plant with water intake and
outfall structures at the shoreline
Client: Saudi Archirodon Limited
Completed: 2001
Services by COWI: Design of large intake
structures consisting of GRP-pipes and
Accropode breakwater intake basin and
outfall weir, canal and guiding structures.
Tuborg Syd, Marine Works, Denmark
Description: Tuborg Syd (South) is a
development of the former Tuborg Brewery
Port. The port basin is transformed into
housing and recreational areas including
210,000 m2 of buildings. The development
is given a maritime environment with marina
and canals in between the buildings.
Client: Carlsberg Properties
Completions: ongoing (2006) since 2001.
Services by COWI: Master Planning of
Marina in collaboration with the architect,
assessment of geotechnical conditions,
numerical modelling and hydraulic studies,
coastal stability analysis, design of new
protecting rubble mound breakwater,
design of all works/structures, tendering,
contracting and supervision of marine works
construction.
Jiujiang and Jiangyin Ports,
Yangze River, China
Feasibility studies
Description: Upgrading of two river ports
Client: Ministry of Communications, China
Completed: 1996
Services by COWI: Feasibility studies
including traffic, port operations, berth
occupancy, development plan, EIA, technical
solutions and economical feasibility.
Halul Harbour Upgrade, Qatar
Description: Halul harbour is a supply base
located on Halul Island 80 km off the coast
of Qatar.
The harbour is on the south side of the
island and is protected by two CORE-LOC
breakwaters.
Client: Consolidated Engineering
Construction Ltd.
Completion: 2004
Services by COWI: Port Planning, definition
of site investigations, detailed design of
breakwater & concrete quay & sheet pile
quay & access road, design report and
construction drawings.
Beirut Central District,
Marine Works, Lebanon
Description: Marina and seafront structures.
Marina protected by major Accropode
breakwater. Seafront, 1.3 km long,
consisting of large concrete caissons with
wave absorbing chamber (Jarlan-principle)
and wide man-made reef in front
Client: SOLIDERE
Completed: 2000
Services by COWI: Construction
Management and special marine,
geotechnical, coastal and materials
engineering expert services.
Design of Yachting Harbour,
Kuressaare, Estonia
Description: Yachting harbour with normal
services and facilities located in sheltered
bay. On the seaward side the harbour is
protected by a breakwater
Client: Kuressaare Municipality, Estonia
Completed: 2000
Services by COWI: All phases of the
development of the new yachting harbour
including feasibility study, preliminary and
detailed design. Further tender and contract
services as well as overall construction
supervision.
Selected References of Ben C. Gerwick
Shoreline Storm Damage Reduction,
Chicago, IL, USA
Description: Shore protection for 530 m
of shoreline avenues along Lake Michigan,
between Diversey and Fullerton, consisting
of revetment, concrete promenade and
stepped slabs, steel sheet pile, and rock fill.
Client: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Chicago District
Completed: 2004
Services: Detailed Design.
Cooper River Bridge Pier Protection
Islands, Charleston, SC, USA
Description: Artificial islands for protection
of main span bridge piers against ship
collision. The islands are 20 m high, built
from 346,000 m3 of rock comprising an
outer layer of primary and secondary rock
armor placed on a filter and quarry run core.
Construction included 340,000 m3 dredging
for foundation of the islands.
Client: South Carolina Department of
Transportation
Completed: 2005
Services: Detailed Design and Ship Collision
Risk Analysis.
Casting Basing Costa Azul,
Baja California, Mexico
Description: Detailed design of a 105
m wide by 155 m long and 8 m deep
casting basin facility. The basin serves for
manufacturing of concrete caissons that is
floated out and sunk to form a breakwater
that protects an LNG terminal approx. 20
km north of the basin.
Client: Costain - China Harbour JV
Completed: 2005
Services: Feasibility Studies, Oceanographic
Studies, Detailed Design, Structural Design,
Geotechnical Analyses & Design, Hydraulic
& Dewatering Design, Coastal Engineering,
Downtime Assessment.
31
Inner Harbor Turning Basin,
Port of Oakland, CA, USA
Description: Design of a 12 m tall bulkhead
required for “Widening of Inner Harbor
Turning Basin (ITHB) - Phase 1B Bulkhead,
Dredging, and Demolition of Piers 2 & 5”.
Client: DUTRA Construction
Completed: 2006
Services: Geotechnical analysis and
design, numerical modeling, structural
design, Seismic design, value engineering,
construction staging, construction support
and supervision, pile load test evaluation.
Wharf Embankment Strengthening,
Port of Oakland, CA, USA
Description: Wharf improvements,
including concrete deck and piling for the
crane girder, new sheet-pile wall, fenders,
bollards, and utility trenches. The work
included development of design criteria for
crane loads, vessel moorings, seismic and
geotechnical analyses.
Client: Port of Oakland.
Completed: 2004
Services: Detailed Design and Seismic
Analyses.
Loading Facility, ARCO Cherry Point
Refinery, Bellingham, WA, USA
Description: New terminal and loading
platform for tankers. Construction utilized
2-m diameter steel caissons to support
the loading platform, mooring dolphins,
and breasting dolphins with the focus of
minimizing seismic loads and vessel impact
loads to the loading platform.
Client: ARCO.
Completed: 1999
Services: Detailed Design.
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Frontpage picture: Egyptian LNG Project, Idku, Egypt

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