INDEX

Acheson, Dean, 36 Adenauer, Conrad, 6 Aegean, 21 AFM, see Armed Forces Movement Africa, 7, 75, 94, 107 Agnelli, Gianni, 146, 155 Alfonso XIII, King of Spain, 24 Algeria, 105, 109 Almirante, Giorgio, 148 Alves, Victor, 81, 91 Amendola, Giorgio, 139 America, Latin, 7 Andreotti, Giulio, 145, 1746 governments handling of the Moro affair, 178 Anglo-American relationship, 2, 3, 1845 Britains economic decline, 172 centre-left in Italy, 133 divergence over the Cyprus crisis of 1974, 58 Angola, 1089 Anschuetz, Norbert, 412 reports on the KingCU conflict, 42 Antunes, Melo, 81, 845, 901, 95, 989, 101, 1078, 110 Areilza, Jose, 124 Arias, Carlos, 1267 government of, 118, 122, 124 Armed Forces Movement (AFM), 76, 77, 78, 801, 88, 90, 92, 94, 979, 101, 1034, 107, 109, 118 elections, 93 nationalization, 84 Asia Minor, 189 Asia, South-East, 78 ASPIDA, (Greek military league), 40

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Badoglio, Pietro, Field Marshal, 20 Balkans, 1, 22 denuclearization, 33 Ball, George, 37 Bank of Italy, 133, 137, 144 Barbour, Robert, 161 Basque provinces, 11, 18, 118, 126 Berlinguer, Enrico, 144, 155, 157, 168, 170 historic compromise, 143 Bevin, Ernest, 25 Booth, Luce, Claire, 131 Brandt, Willy, 3, 1045, 140, 153, 159, 167 Brazil, 134 relocation of Azores facilities, 79 Breton Woods network of institutions, 27 Britain, 13, 5, 9, 13, 1819, 20, 245, 27, 31, 43, 76, 116, 120, 127, 135, 152, 159, 163, 167, 172, 174, 1845 availability of Azores facilities, 89 economic impact of Greek EC membership, 70 Greece, Portugal and Spain, 73 historical alliance with Portugal, 82 relocation of Azores facilities, 79 Brozio, Manlio, 169 Bruce, David, 88 Breznhev, Leonid, 102

Atlantic alliance, 8 Cyprus, 30 European core of, 91 Giscard dEstaings policy towards Greece, 69 political change in Greece, 61 see also NATO Azevedo, Pineiro de Admiral, 107 government of, 10810

229

230

The Rise of the Left in Southern Europe Christian Democrats, German, 159, 160, 172 Christian Democrats, Italian (DC), 9, 12, 21, 1312, 1356, 13844, 145, 1467, 151, 154, 1556, 161, 1634, 16879, 181, 185 Christian Democrats, Spanish, 11718 Church (Catholic) Goncalves mobilization, 100 Italian politics, 149, 169, 170 Spain, 18 Churchill, Winston, 22, 24 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 41, 44, 62, 140, 1545, 168, 170, 1778 alleged implication in Ioannidis coup, 53 assessment of Greek situation, 59 Athens station proposal for intervention to Greek election, 47 evaluation of Azores facilities, 79 Lisbon stations closeness to Caetano regime, 77, 78 Romes station financing of Italian intelligence, 142 validation of its assessment of Greek politics, 63 Clerides, Glafkos, 58 Clift, Denis, 148, 165 Colby, William, 59 Colonels, group of, 47 military coup, 48 US and British intelligence on them, 47 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), 21, 73, 159 Communist Parties, 1567 headway in western Europe, 176 prospects in Italy, France and Greece, 100 prospects in Italy, France and Spain, 125 Soviet pressures, 151 Communist Party (of Czechoslovakia), 104 Communist Party of Greece, 19, 26, 63, 65 Communist Party of the Interior, 56 Pro-Moscow faction, 56, 66 Communist Party of Italy (PCI), 1, 20, 26, 132, 139, 1412, 1439, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 1605, 167, 16970, 1725, 178, 180, 186 Communist Party (of Portugal), 12, 78, 80, 84, 93, 98

Brzezinski, Zbignew, 9, 175, 177 Callaghan, James, 3, 59, 689, 76, 85, 94, 99, 105, 116, 11920, 125, 1512, 174 CAP, see Common Agricultural Policy Cape Verde, 79 Carillo, Santaigo, Secretary General of the Communist Party of Spain, 125, 1278 Carlucci, Frank, 834, 868, 901, 92, 99, 101, 106, 10810 Carter, Jimmy, 1746 Carter, Jimmy, administration, 9, 71, 157, 177, 183 ambiguity towards historical compromise, 175 opposition to the historic compromise, 176, 181 Carvalho, Otelo de, 84, 989, 103, 1067, 110 Carver, Sir Michael, Field Marshal, Chief of British Defence Staff, 945 Casaroli, Cardinal,168 Catalonia, 11, 18 Catholicism, 1011, 186 Berlinguers attitude, 149 declining influence in Italy, 169 civil war in Spain, 18 Italy, 139, 143 Portugal, 12 see also Catholic Church Catholic Church, 1011, 18 Italian Communists, 149, 169 mass rally against Portuguese Communists, 103 Portugal, 18, 104 Spain, 11 see also Catholicism CDS (Democratic and Social Centre), 78, 82, 84 CDU, see Christian Democrats, German Centre Union, see CU Chiefs of Staff, UK, 89 Chiefs of Staff, US, 25, 88 Chile, 143, 151, 156, 160 Christian Democracy, 4, 10, 20, 1312, 1369, 142, 1456, 149, 151, 154, 161, 1679, 173, 178, 1801 Christian Democrats, Chilean, 143

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Index Communist Party of Soviet Union (CPSU), 100, 102, 104, 158 Communist Party, Soviet, 157 Communist Party (of Spain), 115, 118, 1203, 125, 1279 Communists, French, 105, 151, 158 Communists, Greek, 22, 34, 39, 42, 467, 56, 59, 63, 65 Communists, Greek and Italian, 19 Communists, Italian, 9, 70, 91, 1334, 13642, 1449, 151, 1549, 161, 163, 165, 16780, 185, 186 Communists, Portuguese, 7681, 83, 85, 8890, 92, 95, 97, 99, 101, 111 aid by East Berlin, 103 elections of 1975, 95 Moscow, 91, 99, 102 Communists, Spanish, 114, 116, 118, 125, 127, 128, 129, 151 controversy of France with partenrs over agriculture, 73 cost of enlargement on its policies, 74 French bureaucratic concerns over enlargement, 72 German concerns over enlargement, 71 Portuguese situation, 86 standards of democracy, 127 Turkey, 73 see also EC, EEC Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), 85, 90, 99, 100, 104 Congress, US, 51, 55, 101 Conservatives, British, 82 Constantine I, King of Greece, 18 Constantine II, King of Greece, 46 failed attempt to overthrow the dictatorship, 49 possibility of authoritarianism, 46, 47 talks with ambassador Talbot on Greek situation, 48 Cossiga, Francesco, 178 Costa Gomes, Francisco, 757, 81, 82, 84, 867, 90, 91, 95, 99, 101, 104, 1068, 110 document of the Nine, 103 Council of Europe, 49 Coutinho, Rosa, Admiral, 91, 98

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Davos, General, 59 DC, see Christian Democrats, Italian Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA), 59, 99 De Gasperi, Alcide, 21 De Gaulle, Charles, 6, 32, 133, 138 De Lorenzo, Giovanni, 136 De Martino, Francisco, 146, 173 Democratic Junta, 118 Democratic and Social Centre (see CDS) Eanes, Antonio, General, 11011 EC (European Community), 4, 6, 1314, 125, 127, 133, 140, 15860, 162, 1645, 170, 1845 acceleration of negotiations with Greece, 74 contacts with Spain, 122 future membership of Spain, 126 Greeces entry, 66 Greece, Portugal and Spain, 67 links with Portugal, 94 Papandreous opposition of Greek entry to, 67 Portugal, 101 Portugals political institutions, 111 possibility of aid to Portugal, 106 pressure for Spains democratization, 129

CPSU see Communist Party of the Soviet Union Craxi, Bettino, 173 Crespo, Victor, 109 Crossland Antony, 164, 173 CSCE, see Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe CU (Centre Union), 3, 6, 8, 14, 33, 34, 35, 39, 448, 635, 67 King and armys intentions, 44 Kings moves to replace the CU government, 41 participation in Karamanliss government, 59 US stance towards CU government, 35, 37 Cunhal, lvaro, 99, 105 information by Yugoslav sources, 102 Cyprus, 5, 29, 31, 345, 55, 61, 114, 186 American, British, and Turkish reactions, 30 power-sharing agreement of 1959

232

The Rise of the Left in Southern Europe Galvn, Enrique, 118 Gardner, Richard, 1758 Genscher, Hans Dietrich, 69, 152, 163 George II, King of Greece, 19 Germany, 68, 127, 152, 167, 172, 174 see also West Germany, Federal Republic of Germany Germany, Federal Republic of, 3, 4, 13, 70, 167, 184 see also West Germany, Germany Germany, National Socialist, 18 Germany, West, 6, 163 see also Germany, Federal Republic of Germany Gibraltar, 24, 25, 116, Anglo-Spanish talk on, 124, 125 Giscard dEstaing, Valery, 3, 69, 71 developments in Portugal, 86 Portugals developments in CSCE context, 100 Gizikis, Phaedon, General, 59 Goncalves, Vasco, 801, 84, 91, 979, 1014, 1068 Gonzlez, Felipe, 118, 1201, 123, 127 Gramsci, Antonio, 158 Greece, 14, 68, 10, 12, 14, 1718, 223, 26, 30, 33, 68, 87, 100, 114, 124, 134, 152, 1834, 186 anti-Americanism, 5, 61 armys intervention in the 1961 election, 33 British in 19404, 22 Depression in Europe in 1931, 19 failure in Cyprus, 58 French, German and British towards its EC membership application, 69 Giscards commitment for a conclusion of negotiations with the EC, 72 Great Idea, 18 Socialists, 14 strategic importance of its entry to the EC, 74 Greek conservative government Kennedy administration, 32 Greek Cypriots, 31, 35 Grivas, Georgios, 37

reaction to execution of five ETA members, 119 suspension of trade agreement with Spain, 119 see also EEC Ecevit Bulent, 59 EDA (United Democratic Left), 32, 456, 56 Eden Anthony, 24, 30 EEC, 15, 21, 32, 135, 162, 171 see also EC Eisenhower, Dwight, administration, 4, 131 Ellsworth Robert, 98 ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna), 11819, 121 Eurocommunist ticket in Greek elections, 66 European Economic Community, see EEC European Recovery Program, 25 European Steel and Coal Community, 21 Fanfani, Amidore, 134, 136, 1456, 176 Fascist movement, 17 Foot, Michael, 127 Ford, Gerald, 109, 114, 122, 129, 152, 164, 172 meeting with Costa Gomes, 82 meeting with Melo Antunes, 108 Ford, Gerald, administration, 71, 154 Foreign Office, 31, 102, 116, 158, 1612, 1645, 169, 173 analysis of political change in Greece, 60 analysis of EC enlargement to the south, 73, 74 British policy on Gibraltar and EC Spanish relations, 125 domestic situation in Portugal, 89, 90 interpretation of coup in Portugal, 85 new assessment of Greeces application to EC, 69 Planning Staff s assessment of historic compromise, 1602 policy of contacts with Spanish opposition, 120 US policy over Portugal and Azores, 97 Fraga, Manuel, 11, 120, 124, 127 France, 3, 6, 9, 32, 68, 87, 1334, 140, 153, 158, 163, 165, 167, 174, 176, 184 Franco, Francisco, 6, 8, 11, 24, 11314, 117, 11821, 184

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Index Haig, Alexander, General, 110 Hartman, Arthur, 97, 145 Hatersley, Roy, 57, 978, 116 Heath, Edward, 3 Huntington, Samuel modernization, 7 waves of democratization, 124 IDEA (Greek military league), 30 Iliou, Ilias, 56, 64 IMF, see International Monetary Fund Ingrao, Pietro, 173 Inonu, Ismet, 36 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 144, 171 Ioannidis, Dimitrios, 53 coup against Makarios, 57 rumors of a military coup against him, 59 US assessment of his prospects in power, 54 warlike attitude towards Turkey, 58 Istanbul, 18 Italian Peoples Party, 10 Italy, 25, 7, 1112, 14, 1718, 23, 26, 34, 68, 70, 87, 1334, 1404, 1514, 159, 162, 168, 1712, 174, 177, 183, 185 Italy, Fascist, 18 Jenkins, Roy, 70 John XXIII, Pope, 10 Johnson, Lyndon B., administration, 7, 51, 1345, 138, 183 Cyprus, 36 Portugals colonial empire, 75 Joint Chiefs of Staff, (US) evaluation of Azores facilities, 79 Italys political prospects, 164 Joint Intelligence Committee (UK), assessment of situation in Portugal, 82 trends within AFM, 98 Juan, don, prince of Spain, 24 Juan Carlos, King of Spain, 114, 11718, 1202, 126, 186

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La Malfa, Ugo, 134, 176 Labouisse, Henry, 39 Labour Party, 3, 1213, 245, 27, 82, 96, 106, 116, 127, 132, 185 cooperation of Socialists with Communists, 163 dictatorship in Greece, 49 Labour government, 7, 8, 9, 27, 104, 139, 163, 172, 185, 186

Kennan, George, 25 Kennedy, Edward, 174 and aid to Portugal, 83 Kennedy, J. F. administration (or White House), 3, 57, 32, 34, 43, 75, 132, 134, 139, 183 Killick, Sir John, 97 Kissinger, Henry, 89, 51, 53, 76, 78, 83, 856, 902, 94, 95, 98, 108, 114, 116, 11920, 1256, 129, 1478, 154, 1556, 164, 1734, 184, 186 aid to Portugal and Azores, 83 Azores facilities, 109 constitutional solution for Cyprus, 58 criticism of British position on Portugal, 96 elections in Portugal, 93 Eurocommunism, 152, 153 fear of a Greek attack against Turkey in Thrace, 59 fear of the left, 61 Greeces relation with the EC, 68 Greek dictatorship, 55 Italy, 151 meeting with Costa Gomes, 82 message to Juan Carlos, 122 opposition to regime change in Greece, 58 policy of ostracism of Portugal from NATO, 87 relation of Portuguese political prospects to western Europes future, 91 reversal of policy towards Portugal, 99 statement on Soviet policy over Portugal, 102 warning the Soviet Union over Portugal, 106 Komer, Robert, 132

Kanellopoulos, Panagiotis, 40, 45 Karamanlis, Konstantinos, 304, 456, 51, 523, 59, 616, 689, 74, 87 Kaysen, Carl, 43, 134

234

The Rise of the Left in Southern Europe Mozambique, 109 Murray, Sir Ralph, 43 Mussolini, Benito, 10, 17 National Front (Greek), 66 National Liberation Front (EAM), 22 National Radical Union (Greek conservatives), 40, 45 National Security Council (NSC), 34, 148, 165 National Security Council Review Group Greece, 50 Nationalists, civil war in Spain, 18 NATO (see also Atlantic alliance), 12, 4, 89, 14, 30, 34, 81, 85, 133, 151, 153, 1556, 15864, 167, 169, 185 advocacy of Greek withdrawal by EDA, 56 availability of Azores facilities, 89, 97 Cyprus crisis, 58 Greece and Turkey, 23, 31 Greeces withdrawal from military wing, 62 Greek accession to EC, 68 Greek junta, 55 influence over Portuguese military, 105 Italy, 148 Italys accession, 21 Londons support for Greek reintegration, 67 participation of Greece, 53 Portugal, 26, 79, 82, 88, 89, 90, 106, 108 Portugals membership, 86, 87, 91, 94, 95, 97, 98 possible dispatch of allied forces to Cyprus, 36 Secretary Generals rules to withhold information from Portugal, 83 Spain, 113, 114, 116, 122, 125, 128 US and British opposition to measures against Greek military regime, 49 Navy, Greek, mutiny of, 52 Near East, 1, 21 Nenni, Pietro, 20, 132, 134, 1369, 154 New Democracy, 63, 65, 67 Nine, the (Portuguese military group), 103, 1067, 110

Anglo-American alliance, 27 bonds with Portuguese and Spanish Socialists, 74, 82 Greeces EC membership application, 68 US involvement in western Europe Leone, Giovanni, 145, 167, 1734, 176 Liberals (British), 82 Liberals (FDP), 9, 163 Liberals (Greek), 18, 32 Liberals (Italian), 142, 170 Liberals (Spanish), 117 Lourenco, Vasco, 98 Lukens, Alan, report on Portugal, 82 Makarios, Greek Orthodox Archbishop of Cyprus, President of the Republic of Cyprus, 31, 37, 58 British policy to support Makarioss return, 58 Power-sharing agreement, 35 relations with Moscow, 36 relations with the Greek junta, 57 Markezinis, Spyros, 33, 45, 52 and EDAs assessment of his government, 56 Marschall plan, 15 and Greece, 29 Mason, Roy, 165 Mattei, Enrico, 131 Mavros, Georgios, 634, 67 McGeorge Bundy, 34 Mediterranean, 12, 21, 24, 34, 51, 61, 133, 140, 142, 163 Metaxas Ioannis, General, 19 Middle East, 21, 23, 163 British position in, 30, 31 Millard, Guy, 168, 170 Ministry of Defence, UK, 164, 165 assessment of historic compromise, 160 Mitterand, Francois, 9, 96, 1056, 147, 158, 163, 1735 Moro, Aldo, 132, 134, 1367, 140, 145, 149, 154, 169, 177, 17981 strategy for cooperation with the Communists, 176 MSI (Movimiento Sociale Italiano), 145, 148, 170

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Index Nixon, Richard, 8, 140, 151 decision to resume aid to Greece, 51 meeting with Spinola, 79 meeting with Juan Carlos, 114 Nixon administration, 50, 183 North Atlantic Pact, 21 Northern Tier, 23 Opus Dei, 11 Orthodox Church, 12 Cyprus issue, 12 Greek politics, 12 Ortoli, Francois Xavier, 170 Owen, David, 72, 73 Palme, Ulof, 1046 Panhellenic Liberation Movement (PAK), 56 Panhellenic Socialist Movement, see PASOK Papadopoulos, Georgios, 52, 53 policy towards Cyprus, 57 Papagos, Alexandros, Field Marshal, 2930 Papandreou, Andreas, 14, 37, 40, 44, 479, 59, 626, 96 Communists, 44 fait accompli of Greeces entry to EC, 74 Kissingers apprehension of, 55 US disapproval of his policy on Cyprus, 40 US embassy Athens analysis of, 66 Papandreou, Georgios, 334, 367, 39, 416 collapse of compromise with the King, 47 Communists, 44 Greek foreign policy, 38 possible compromise with the King, 46 PASOK (Panhellenic Socialist Movement), 14, 635, 74, 185 British analysis of it, 67 Paul VI, Pope of Rome, 149, 169 Paul, King of Greece, 30 PCI (Partito Communista Italiano), see Communist Party of Italy Peoples Socialist Party, 116, 118 Plastiras, Nikolaos, General, 29 Policy Planning Council, State Department, 25 Policy Planning Staff, State Department, 53, 55

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Ramsbotham, Sir Peter, 164 Reagan, Ronald, 9, 152, 177 Red Brigades, 142, 181 abduction of Moro, 177, 178, 179, 180 Reinhardt, George Frederick, 134 Republican Party (US), 152, 172 Republicans (Italian), 136, 155, 170, 179 Republicans (US), 9, 131 Republicans civil war in Spain, 18 Romania, 105 Rostow, Walt, 48, 135 US attitude towards coup in Greece, 48, 49

recommendation to Kissinger for a change of policy towards Greece, 54 Primo de Rivera, General, 18 Popular Democratic Party, see PPD Popular Democrats, 93, 97, 100 see also PPD Portugal, 1, 5, 8, 1214, 1718, 26, 54, 95, 1001, 1036, 114, 124, 1523, 156, 183, 1846 African colonies, 6, 78 association with the West, 92 Azores facilities for Britain and US, 25 collapse of economic and social order, 84, 98 Costa Gomess interpretation of leftward trend, 86 CSCE, 99, 100 EC, 69, 70, 72, 74 military value of Azores, 79 political prospects, 91 possibility or reversal of alliances, 77, 78 return of settlers from Africa to, 107 Schmidts idea for a demarche to Moscow, 85 PPD (Popular Democratic Party), 78, 802, 84, 101, 103, 108 see also Popular Democrats Progressives (centre-right Greek political party), 32 PSI (Partito Socialista Italiano), 5, 1213, 20, 137, 146 PSOE (Spanish Socialist Workers Party), 11, 13, 11516, 118, 121, 122, 127, 128 Puerto Rico summit, conference, 171, 172, 173, 174

236 Rumor, Mariano, 143, 145 Rusk, Dean, 47 situation on Greece, 49

The Rise of the Left in Southern Europe elections, 93 revision of the constitution, 111 withdrawal from government, 99 Socialists, Spanish, 74, 118, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 128 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 155 Sonnenfeldt, Arthur, 85, 87, 97. 152 talks with Soviet embassy Washington on Portugal, 100 Soviet Union, 4, 18, 20, 23, 27, 35, 1056, 133, 152, 1567, 160, 175, 177 erosion of dtente, 176 non-interference in Portugal, 102 unavailability of aid to Portugal, 90 Spadolini, Giovanni, 138 Spain, 12, 58, 1114, 1718, 246, 54, 100, 113, 124, 126, 153, 184 EC, 69, 70, 72, 74 relocation of Azores facilities, 79 Spanish Socialist Workers Party, see PSOE SPD, 9, 12, 13, 82, 85, 106, 118, 122, 154, 163, 172, 185 aid to Portuguese Socialists, 104 Papandreous distrust of, 67 support for autonomist platform of Craxi, 173 Spinola, Antonio, 7583 coup, 84 Stabler, Wells, 11418, 1212 Stalin, Iosif, 22, 24 State Department, 7, 42, 456, 88, 90, 956, 101, 106, 108, 1312, 1458, 161, 164, 173, 175 aid to Portugal, 83 assessment of causes of coup in Greece, 48 assessment of Greek political situation and US policy, 49, 50 equilibrium of forces in Portugal, 78 KissingerCarlucci differences on policy, 92, 94 opening to the left in Italy, 34 policy on Spain, 125 positive assessment of Karamanlis government, 61 recommendation over Azores and Portugal, 96 Stefanopoulos, Stafanos, government of, Kings search for an alternative, 45

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Sacred Bond of Greek Officers (Geek military league), 29 see also IDEA Salazar, Antonio Oliveira de, 4, 6, 18, 25, 26 Saragat, Giuseppe, 20, 134, 13940, 154 Saunders, Harold, 34 Sauvagnargues, Jean, 152 Schlesinger, James, 58, 98 Schlesinger, Arthur, 132, 134 Schmidt, Helmut, 3, 689, 85, 114, 119, 159, 171, 1734 Scott, Stuart Nash, 78, 81 Scowcroft, Brent, 1645 Second Vatican Council, 1012, 149 Segni, Antonio, 136, 138 Segre, Sergio, 149 Senegal, relocation of Azores facilities, 79 Soares, Mario, 76, 789, 99, 1012, 1046, 111 campaign to overthrow Goncalves, 100 La Republica affair, 97 Social Democratic parties (Swedish, Austrian, German), 96 Social Democratic Party (Italian), 20 Social Democrats, German see SPD Social Democrats (Italian), 134, 136, 13940, 142, 155, 159, 170 Social Democrats (Spanish), 116 Social Democrats, Swedish, 104, 106, 118 Socialist International, 8, 1213, 96, 104, 118, 127, 185 pressure for Spains democratization, 129 Socialist Party of Italy, see PSI and Socialists, Italian Socialist parties, 12, 96 Socialist Party, French, 105, 163 Socialist Party, Portuguese, 13, 78, 84, 91 Socialists, French, 106, 118, 158, 163 Socialists, Greek, 96 Socialists, Italian, 6, 1112, 1312, 1345, 13741, 1447, 155, 159, 1678, 173, 17980 Socialists, Portuguese, 74, 76, 801, 84, 88, 92, 97, 1035, 154, 185

Index Student uprising in Greece, 52 Surez, Adolpho, 11, 1278 Suez crisis, 3, 27, 31 Sulzberger, Cyrus, 1556 Talbot, Philips, 34 Tanzania, 109 Tasca Henry, 52, 53 Third World, 7, 9, 90, 1089 Andreas Papandreou, 56 Carvalhos inclination to, 106, 107 dtente and Soviet influence, 75 possible shift of Portugal to, 84 revolutionary doctrines in, 76 Tito, Josip, 23 Togliatti, Palmiro, Secretary General of PCI, 201, 139, 1578 Trade Unions Congress (TUC), 25 Train Harry, Admiral-Director of the Joint Staff, 88 Trench, Nigel, 78, 81 Truman doctrine, 234, 27 Truman, Harry, administration, 4, 131 Turkey, 2, 5, 23, 30, 34, 55, 68, 100, 152 compensation on Cyprus, 36, 37 landing on Cyprus, 57 possibility of EC membership, 69 Turkish Cypriots, 31, 35 Unified Socialist Party, 139 Union of Democratic Centre, 11 United Democratic Left, see EDA United States, 1, 34, 710, 14, 1921, 23, 25, 31, 323, 76, 87, 1468, 152, 157, 164, 168, 170, 1745, 1778, 183, 1856 aid policy towards Portugal, 80, 95 Andreas Papandreous opposition to, 44 Andreas Papandreous criticism of, 56 assets in Portugal, 84 availability of Azores facilities, 89, 94, 97 Azorean independence, 79, 88, 97 Catholic mobilization in Portugal, 103 cooperation, presence and facilities on Spain, 25, 113, 114, 115, 126 Cyprus crisis of August 1974, 62 formulation of policy towards Greek junta, 51

237

Gonzlezs request for support of democratization, 121 influence in Greek politics, 55, 61 political development in Spain, 122 Portugal, 79, 97, 101, 108 possible coup in Portugal, 83 relations with Greece, 53 retaining of ties with Greece, 64 western Europe, 135 US 6th fleet homeporting facility in Greece, 52 USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), see Soviet Union Vance, Cyrus, 175 Venizelos, Eleftherios, 1819 Venizelos, Sofoklis, 323 Volpe, John, 1469, 167, 1734 Walters, Vernon, 59 Washington Special Action Group, 58 Wiggin, Charles, 113, 11516 Wilhelm II, emperor of Germany, 18 Wilson, Harold, 3, 69, 99, 106. 11920, 140 his government policy towards Greece, 49 message to Ford on Spain, 122 Portugals developments in CSCE context, 100 talk with Breznhev over Portugal, 102 Wilson, Woodrow, 184 Yugoslavia, 23, 105 Zaccagnini, Benigno, 145, 146, 149, 168

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