1.

PROCEDURE The Definition/The Function : To help us do task or make

something. They

can be a set of instructions or directions.

The Structure : a. Goal ( the final of doing the instructions ) b. Materials ( ingredients, utensils, equipment to do the instructions ) The Language Features : a. Use of imperative b. Use of action verbs c. Use of connectives d. Use of adverbial phrases

2. NARRATIVE The Definition/The Function : To amuse or entertain the readers with actual or imaginary experiences in difference ways. Narratives always deal with some problem which lead to the climax and then turn into a solution to the problem. The Structure : a. Orientation ( who were involved in the story, when and where ) b. Complications ( a problem arises followed by other problems ) c. Resolution ( solution to the problem ) d. Reorientation ( optional ) ( closure of the story ) The Language Features : a. Noun phrases b. Connectives c. Adverbial phrases of time and place d. Simple past tense e. Action verbs f. Saying verbs g. Thinking verbs, feeling verbs, verbs of senses

3. NEWS ITEM The Definition/The Function : To inform readers, listeners, or viewers about event of the day which are considered newsworthy or important. The Structure : a. Newsworthy Event ( tells the event in a summary form ) b. Background Event ( elaborates what happened, explains what caused the incident )

c. Source ( comments by participants, witnesses, authorities, and experts involved ) The Language Features : a. Information on the use of headlines b. Action verbs c. Saying verbs d. Passive sentences e. Adverbs in passive sentences

4. RECOUNT The Definition/The Function : To tell the readerswhat happened in the past through a sequence of events. The Structure : Personal Recount : a. Orientation ( who were involved in the story, when, and where ) b. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order ) c. Evaluation ( comments of the writer/speaker about the experience ) d. Re-arientation ( optional ) ( The conclusion of the experience ) Factual Recount : a. Orientation ( who were involved in the story, when, and where ) b. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order ) The Language Features : a. Nouns and pronouns b. Action verbs c. Past tenses d. Time conjunctions e. Adverbs and adverbs of phrases f. Adjectives

5. DESCRIBTION Person/Thing : The Definition/The Function : To describe a particular person/thing. The Structure : a. Identification ( mention the name, occupation, profession and career ) b. Description ( mention the physical features, the way he/she dreeses and his/her personality ) The Language Features : a. adjectives and compound adjectives. b. Linking verbs. c. Attributive has and have.

Place : The Definition/The Function : To describe aparticular place. The Structure : a. Identification ( mention the special participant ) b. Description ( mention the part, quality, and characteristics of the subject being described ) The Language Features : a. Adjectives and compound adjectives b. Linking verbs/relating verbs c. Simple Present Tense d. Degree of comparison

6. REPORT The Definition/The Function : To describe the way things are, with reference to a range of natural, man-made and social phenomena in our environment.

The Structure : a. General Classification ( tells what the phenomenon under discussion is. ) b. Description ( tells what the phenomenon under discussion is like in term of : part ( and their functions ), qualities, and habits or behaviors ( for living things ) The Language Features : a. Simple Present Tense, and seldom use past tenses ( if the thing is extinct ) b. Adjectives, adjectives phrases in describing especially the qualities c. The language is neutral or should be objective d. To Be : is, am, are, was, were for the classification e. Verb have : have, has, had, to give detailed description. f. Action verbs

7. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION The Definition/The Function : To persuade the listeners or

readers that something is the case. The Structure : a. Thesis ( introduce the topic and shows speaker/writers position ; outlines the arguments to be presented ) b. Arguments ( point and elaboration ) c. Conclusion ( Reiteration ( restatement ) : restates speaker/writers position ) The Language Features :

a. An analytical Exposition focus on generic human and non human participants. b. Uses mental processes : to state what the write/speaker thinks or feels about something. c. It often material processes : to state what happens. d. Simple Present Tense and Present Perfect Tense.
8. HORTATORY EXPOSITION The Definition/The Function : To explain to listeners or

readers that something should or should not happen or be done.

The Structure : a. Thesis ( statement or announcement of issue concern ) b. Arguments ( reason for concern that will lead to recommendation ) c. Recommendation ( statement of what should or should not happen or be done based on the given arguments ) The Language Features : a. Hortatory exposition focuses on generic human and nonhuman participants, except for speaker or writer referring to self. b. Mental processes : to state what the writer/speaker thinks or feels about something. c. Material processes : to state what happens. d. Simple Present Tense and Present Perfect Tense.

9. SPOOF The Definition/The

Function : To amuse, entertain the listeners o readers with humorous story. The Structure : a. Orientation ( sets the scene and introduces the participants ) b. Events ( tell the events chroologically ) c. Twist ( the humorous part of the story, put usually at the end of the story ) The Language Features : a. A spoof focus on specific b. There are many action verbs and mental processes. c. Past tenses. d. Direct and Indirect speeches are often used. e. Temporal conjunction are also used.

10. EXPLANATION The Definition/The Function : To tells processes relating to

forming of natural, social, scientific and cultural phenomena. The Structure :

a. General statement ( stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained. ) b. Sequenced explanation ( stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena. ) The Language Features : a. Featuring generic participant b. Chronological connection c. Passive voice pattern d. Simple present tense DISCUSSION The Definition/The Function: Which present a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text. The Structure : a. Statement of issue ( stating the issue which is to discussed ) b. List of supporting points ( presenting the point in supporting the presented issue c. List of contrastive point ( presenting other points which disagree to the supporting point ) d. Recommendation ( stating the writer' recommendation of the discourse ) The Language Features : a. Introducing category or generic participant b. Thinking verb c. Additive, contrastive, and causal connection d. Modal

11.

12. REVIEW The Language Features : Which expresses a critic and an

appreciation to an art work. Review text can analyse description, research, opinion, comparative opinion sugestion.

The Structure a. Orientation : places the work in its general and particular context, often by comparing it with others of its kind or thorough an analog with a nonart object or event. b. Interpretive Recount : Summarise the plot and/or providers an account of how the reviewed rendition of the work came into being. c. Evaluation : Provides an evaluation of the work and/or its performance or production; is usually recursive. The Definition/The Function: a. Particular participant: focusing on a specific participant. b. Perspective adjective c. Long and complex sentence d. Metaphorical expression

BHISMA YUGA WINARTA S XII IPA 2