A TRAINING REPORT ON BSNL OCB 283 EXCHANGE

Under Guidance Submitted by

S. Shukla Manoj Kumar
Er. T.Sr. SDO BTECH
OCB283 Exchange ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Shivpurva, Varanasi (U.P) Kamla Nehru InstituteOI
Technology,Sultanpur
Uttar Pradesh-228118















Telephone network can be divided in two parts:-
Outdoor network.
Indoor network.

1. Outdoor network
a) Primary cables or 100 pairs, 400 pairs, and 1200 pairs emerge Irom cable side
or MDF (main distribution Irame) installed in exchange and runs by roadside up to
a certain distance.
b) When parts oI primary cable are separated with the intension or providing
telephone connection, it is called secondary cables.
c) In the distribution phase, 10 pairs cable, 20 pairs cable are laid thought DP
(distribution point) Irom where a pairs oI conductors known as drop are extended
to the subscriber premises at the end or which ted.
2. Indoor network
A subscriber cable or 122 pairs are extended to the switch room
emerging Irom exchange side oI the MDF. The portion oI the exchange
accommodating the subscriber cable oI 128 pairs is known as containing unit or
exchange concerning or subscriber cards are containing various equipments.





acilities provided in the digital exchange
Denied organization or denied termination lines.
Hot lines.
Charge lines.
Immediate rooting lines.
Immediate charge indication.
12 KHz or 16 KHz private meeting pulse.
Battery reversal.
Direct dialing.
Malicious call identiIication.
Call waiting Iacilities.
Three way conIerencing Iacility.
Short code dialing.
Call Iorwarding Iacility.
Automatic call diverts.
Wake up call Iacility.
Outgoing access restriction Iacility.
Alpha mosaic tax Iacility.
64 Kbps alpha photographic audio- video tax.
64Kbps audio graphic.
Call splitting.
ISDN (integrated service digital network) Iacility.
Broadband services.

OCB283 Exchange:-
Organise control base version maximum capacity 280 call attempts per seconds`
10lakh bhca. It can 25000 enlarges traIIic and 200000 subscribers connection that
are 60000 circuits to be handled. This exchange consists oI 3 systems.

1. Subscriber access.
2. Connection and control.
3. Operation and maintenance.

Times base ensure time distribution Ior LR and PCM to provide synchronization.
Time generation can be either autonomous or slaved.SMX(host switching
matrix):-It is square connection matrix with a single stage t duplicated enabling
2048 matrix links to be connected.LR is PCM link with 16bits per channel that is
32 channels.
MCX: It is unidirectional connection between any incoming channel and
outgoing channel. It perIorms setup and breakdown oI connection and deIers oI
connection.
URM or SMT:- This is PCM (pulse code modulation)controls. It serves an
interIace between external PCM and OCB283 main exchange.
PCM (PULSE (pulse code modulation):- There is basically two types oI
multiplexing techniques.
requency division multiplexing:-Irequency division multiplexing is the
process oI the translating individual speech circuits having the bandwidth 300-
3400Hz into pre assigned Irequency slots within the bandwidth oI transmission
media.
Time division multiplexing:-Time division multiplexing shares a
transmission medium by a number oI circuits in time domains. Each channel is
sampled at a speciIied rate transmitted Ior a Iixed duration.
These days PCM system use TDM technique to provide a number a oI circuits on
the same transmission medium namely open wire pair, microwave system or
channel provided by carrier.
To obtain PCM signal from analog signals the following steps are
required:-
iltering:-It is used to unit the speech signals to the Irequency band 300-3400Hz.
Sampling:- Suppose van analog signal bits applied across a resistor R through a
switch S.
Whenever S is closed the output appears across R.
The rate at which S is closed is called sampling Irequency.
The time period oI sampling T1/8000 sec 125s.
II only one channel is there then T will be equal 125/32
e.s T125?323.9s.

The time interval Ior which the common transmission media is allocated is called
time slots Ior that channel.
A PCM Irame consists oI 32 channels oI which channel 0 is used Ior
synchronization and channel 16 is used Ior signaling.
Thus the transmission is eIIective only on 30 channels. Hence the time available
per channel125/32309 s.
That is sampling is done beIore be period oI 3.9s. The interval between two
consecutive samples oI particular channel is 125s.A t such 32 times slots
consecutive one Irame is repeated every 125s.
"uantization:-This is breaking inIinite amplitude range Irame numbers. In TDM
the speech is conveyed in discrete Irom known as PCM signal. The output oI a
sample is a PAM signal which requires linear ampliIier at Trans and receive ends
to recover distortion less signals. PAM signals are converted into digital Irom
quantization.
Encoding:-Conversion oI quantized analog samples to binary signals is encoding.
Line Coding:-Bandwidth should not increase inbuilt error monitoring capability.
There should not be DC component suIIicient timing inIormation to generate clock
signals. Binary signal is composed oI zero and possible voltages. Clock needed to
regenerate a signal is extracted Irom the incoming signal. Hence it should have
suIIicient timing inIormation. Every channel is allowed to transmit 8 bits. Hence
the time duration Ior each
Bit3.9/80.488s. Or 488ns2048Kilobits/sec
2.048Megabits/sec.
For coding purpose HDB3 (high density bipolar) is used to overcome the
shortcoming oI alternate mark inversion code. In this principal the Iourth 0 is
converted to1 with the same polarity known as v bits and 1 is pleased in place oI
4
th
0 and must be oI opposite polarity the previous bit v recently.
The common channel signaling technique is being used in the telecommunication
in this technique the signaling inIormation Ior a number oI calls is sent over a
signaling unit independent oI interchange speech be utilized to enable exchange oI
larger amount oI inIormation in order to enable Iaster call setup introduction oI
new services abbreviated dialing etc.
CSE(Electronic satellite concentrator) and CSN (Remote subscriber digital access
unit):-
UR1 BASIC RACK3 EXTENSION RACK
4CNL5*3 EXTENSION RACK
19
256*19
4864 subscriber lines canes can be accommodated in LRU with 3 extension
racks.
URM carriers about the Iunction oI HDB3 conversion to binary (PCM to matrix
link) and binary conversion to HDB3 (matrix link to PCM.)
Besides this extension and pre processing oI channel associated signaling oI time
slot (ST) 16 And transmission oI channel associated signaling in time slot 16.
SMA (Auxiliary equipment control station):-
This consists oI mainly ETA end PUPE. ETA supports the tone generators (GT)
and Irequency receiving and generation devices (RGF).Beside conIerence circuits
and exchange clock.
PUPE;_ This is CCS7 protocols handler and CCS7 controller (PC)64 Kilobits/sec
signal in channel PUPE.
The PUPE carrier out the Iunction oI signaling channel that is level 2 processing
and message routing Iunction. Whereas PC carriers out network management
Iunction and PUPEB deIense an observation oI task which are not directly link to
CCITT7.
MR (call handler):- MR is responsible Ior establishment and breaking oI
communication.
TR:-
It analysis data base manager necessary Ior established and breaking oI
communication.
TX(call charging and traffic measurement):- It carriers out charging Iunction
and keep charge account oI each subscriber besides drawing oI inIormation with
respect to detailed billing
GX (matrix system handling):-It is responsible Ior processing and deIense oI
connection besides monitoring oI certain links between access link and host
switching matrix.
MD(message distributer):- It is responsible Ior message distribution and
Iormatting oI certain internal message besides supervision oI semi permanent
connections and transmission oI message between the communication
multiplexes. Signal multiplex is termed as inIestations multiplex (MIS). It is used
Ior interchange between the command Iunction and operation and maintenance oI
soItware. Also interchanges between connections Iunction (URM, COM, ETA, and
PUPE) and command Iunction.
Operation and maintenance function (OM):- It is carried out by the operation
and maintenance soItware responsible Ior coding oI soItware, temporary backup,
alarm centralization and central deIense oI system.
SMT:- It is Iully duplicated and works in active/reversed mode. In case oI serious
Iault. It goes Ior a switch over to on other. It works in load sharing mode with 0
oI load on one subsystem and 100 load on the other subsystem.
SMX (Station multiprocessor connection):- It is Iully duplicate. The
connection on drain deIense is done by association oI speciIic mechanism.
Multiplex redundancy that is one multiplexer is done
by two rings working in load sharing mode. Power supply redundancy that is the
power supply distribution in each SM station is done by two convertors.
Time based redistribution redundancy:-This STS Iunction is done by three
oscillators
board which sends the signal to SMX majority logic is done on three time base signal.
SMM (Station multiprocessor maintenance):-It is duplicated in
Iunction and works in active/reserved mode. It is independent Ioe ok
deIace Iunction. I t has two hard disk in mirror mode (working on both
disks and reading on one).
Defence architecture:-The elements to be protected in the system are the
SAM station and communication multiplexes
The main defence principals at the SM level are as below:-
Fault selI detection.
Hierarchical organization.
Supervision oI SM by the other stations.
The breakdown in one station will stay without disturbing the other stations.
5. At the communication level mass rings are constituted by two A and B rings
and selI protected at 3 levels:-
SM level by the access protocol.
Ring level by the equipment located in adaptors.
System level by the ring manager in Iact .MIS ring interchanger
inIormation between SMC and SMN. MAS ring interchanges inIormation
between SMT and SNX besides SNC .MAL rings transmit power alarms.

Salient feature of the system :- OCB is a digital switching system with single
T stage switch . A maximum oI 2048 PCMs can be connected. It supports both
analog and digital subscribers. The system supports all the existing signaling
system like MF, CAS and CCITT number 7 signaling systems. It provides
telephonic, ISDN, data communication, cellular radio and value added services.
The system has automatic recovery Ieatures. It has double remoting Iacility
various unit oI OCB283 are connected over token rings. Charge accounts oI
subscribers are automatically saved in the disk. It can handle 25000 enlarge traIIic
depending on traIIic a maximum oI 200000 subscribers or 60000 circuits can be
connected. This system is made up oI only 35 types oI cards. This system is oI
module structure that is expansion can be very easily carried out by adding the
necessary hardware and soItware. SSN and OM unit are duplicated. The system
can work at temperature 5c to 45c though optimum temperature is 22c.
Hardware structure of the system:-
Subscribers, access circuits (CSNL.CSND, and CSED).
Trunks and Iunction connection units (SMT).
Switching matrix (SMX).
Auxiliary equipments (SMA)
Control units (SMC).
Communication multiplexes (MIS and MAS token rings).
Time based generation (STS).
Operation and maintenance (SMM).
Software structure of the system :-
Operation system is MLSMhyper wiser super wiser.

MLSM:-Primary Ior Iour stations. Secondary Ior particular station. The
STS is responsible the Iunction oI external synchronization (STS clocks)
Along with tripled times base (BIT) besides alarms. The OM maintains its
own clock and system medium time is called exchange time the message
sent aIter every 6 minutes by the system is known as clock task time. And
the reIerence times is known as MLSRA time.


Switching Matrix system:-It is responsible Ior switching between auxiliary equipment
and speech channel. Also simultaneous distribution tones and recorded announcements by the
system along with permanent switching oI channels supporting data link.
Basic binding blocks oI SMS ARE SAB, GLA, ILR and matrix. Redundancy speech oI
GKA4megabits/sec speech oI switching16 megabits/sec and capacity 2048*2048
Mex A Mex B
Expansion modularity (64*64)/PCB
SAB stands Ior section and ampliIication branch. GLA is group oI 8 PCMs. ILR stands Ior
interIace oI LR.





























PCM
MAT compound
Control BuIIer
Incoming Irom there switches through LCXE links
ILR
RCID
Principal alarm
ACALA
CONU
Switching matrix
SAB
RCSM
SAB

Signaling:- The network on telecommunication establishes temporary
connections in accordance with the instructions and inIormation received Irom
subscribers lines and interchanges trunks in Irom oI various signals . A signaling
system uses a language which enables two switching equipments to converge Ior
the purpose oI setting up calls. Processing a vocabulary oI varying size and varying
precision.
Types of signaling:-They can be categorized under 4 main types:-
Call request and release inIormation that is calling subscriber group or
seizure signal or an incoming trunk indicating a new call release signal
indicates that the call is hold.
Selection information:- When the exchange is ready to receive the
address inIormation it sends back request known as proceed to send
signal.
End of selection information:- This indicates the status oI called
line or the reason oIIer none completion oI call attempt indicating the
called line Iree or busy.
Supervision information:- It speciIies the ON/OFF hook condition
oI a called subscriber aIter the connection has been setup.
Calling subscriber hook of:-
Loop state is detected by line equipment.
64 ms time out allowing conIirmation oI new call.
SEC message is dent to UCN that is , DEC hook oI and AUTUT
addresses(terminal number)





CNL





RCX
TCCS
SV CUT

TMUC

TPUC
RECEPTION O DEC MESSAGE IN THE UCN
Terminal N. BUS UC
CN Number
. UT Address
TS-LR (OCB)
TS TS-LR1 (CNL)

LR0 LR1 LR15

LR1 TSX




LRI 0


TS

LRI
DEC TS16


DEC message is checked by TCCS SVCUT board.
TCCS board deduces the number oI concentrator and sends it.
To TMUC board to be sampled and proceed by TPUC boar.
TMUC helps in Iinding a Iree time slots (TS) AT CONCENTRATOR
OUTPUT.
TMQR board is ordered to make TS-LRITS-LR connections.
BCK message is sent to connector and NOVAP massage to OCB.




RECEPTION O BCL MESSAGE IN THE CONCENTRATOR
TS
I
N
1
E
C
T
I
O
N

LR0 LR 1 LR 15

CONTROLLER
T
A
B
A
S
T
R
C
X
TCCS
SVCUT
E
X
T
R
A
C
T
I
O
N
CALLING SUBSCRIBER

CONTROLLER
SUBSCB

E"UIP
COIDEC

THLR 0/1

RCX
LRI 1 TSX



LRI 0
BCL TS

LRI TS 16




BCL


THLR
LRI LRIS LRIE




TS

LTUR LTUE











This message Irom BCL perIorms looping on TSLRI tests the
continuity UT and UCN.
TRCX board allows this continuity test.
































RECEPTION O NOVAP MESSAGE IN THE OCB















MAS













MIS









C
O
M


MCX
TCCS
SVC7

RCX
PU/PE
TR
MR
GX
TX
M"
PCV




SMC



+

+



+
TSX


+
LR LR OUNAP



+

NOVAP

+


TS16



TS

CSN
LR0 LR1 LR15

LRI 1


LR 0

URNLRN->SMXN-LRXN correspondence


















MAS














MIS











PCV




GX


PU/PE

U
MQQQQQ
R
TS X L

R

MR

LR LR


TX

C
O
M


MCX



TS


NOVAP



TS TS 16





CSN LR 0 LR 1 LR15

RCX



TCCS
SVC7
LR1


LR 0


18. MR consults MQ to know Ur number, LR number- SMX, LRX number
by sending DCURAR to MQ.
19. MQ sends RCURAR to MAR.





























RE"UEST OR CALLER DISTRIBUTION
















MAS
















MIS

TX





C
O
M

MCX
MQQQQQ
TR
MR
GX
PCV
PU/PE

RCX









TS X

LR LR


NOVAP

TS 16

TS

LR 0 LR 1 LR 15


CSN
LRI 1

TCCS
SVC7

LR 0




20. For caller distribution M,R sends DDIDR to TR.
21. TR sends RDIDE to MR containing caller distribution.






























CONNECTION O DIAL TONE AND ACKNOWLEGEMENT O NEW















MAS













MIS







PCV


INVITATION A NUMERATOR

PU/PE
GX



M"""""
TS X

OCOAB
LR LR LR
MR
C
O
M


MCX
OCXGT


TR

NOVAP
TS 16



TX

TS


RCX



TCCS
SVC7
LR 0 LR 1 LR15
CSN
LRI

LR 0

CN C



22. MR gives MLCOM signals via MAS Ior dial tone.
23. Dial tone generated by SMA (ETA).
24. MR sends OCXGT to MLCOM Ior connection oI dial tone.
25. MR sends ACNAP message to CSN to acknowledge new call know as
OCOAB to delete looping at terminal unit.



























RECEPTION O BREAK/MAKE NUMBERING IN THE CSN



BUS US
TCCS
SVCUT
TCCS
SVC7
TPUC
TMUC
THLR
THLR

TERM UNIT TABAS


RCX

TS


CHUN
LR 0 LR 1 .....LR15

TS 31



LR1
TS TS16


TS X

C
N CHI
X
A
N



LTU TS16



TS TS1







26. ACNP contains MR reIerence, CSN reIerence,
SCS (signaling link), CNXIAN (request Ior dial tone).


27. AVCUT sends CNXIAN to terminal unit to cancel
Controller looping and allow caller Ior dial tone.
28. Open/close oI looping is recognized by UT sending
Digit message to UCN.
29. UCN transmits CSIUN to PUPRE that is, CSN number,
MR SCS digit coded on bit.
30. A timer is started.






























ANALYSIS NUMBERING RECEIVED

















MIS













MAS


E
T
A

C
O
M


MCX
PU/PE









PCV


DIAL TONE

GX



TS x
M"""""





OCOAB
LR LR LR
MR


OCXGT

TR



NOVAP TS 16

TX
TS16

TS


CSN
LR 0 LR 1 LR 15

RCX


TCCS
SVC7
LRI 1


LR 0


CN CN

CN

31. The Iirst CSIUN called as OABCO being received MR orders MLCOM by
message ODXGT to disconnect the dial tone.

32. MR calls TR analysis oI digit that is pre-analysis by DPREA and RPREA and
main analysis by DIANA, RIANA between TR and MR.















































STOPPAGE O NUMBERING TRANSMISSION






TCCS
SVC7

RCX




PU/PE
GX
TX
TR
MR
MQQQQQ
PCV













MAS













MIS
























TS x


LR LR OCOAB


MCX
C
O
M








TS 16
NOVAP

TS



LR 0 LR
TS 31

CSN
LRI 1

LR 0


33. Receiving the analysis Irom TR, MR sends OCOAB message to SIPEC to stop
sending any non-signiIicant digit to OCB by CSN.

















































TX
TR


CALLED SUBSCRIBER TEST















MIS

GX
MR
MQQQQQ
PCV













MAS

MCX



UCN





CN
CN








PU/PE





TS X
OCOAB
LR LR
C
O
M

OABCO
TRV



TS 16
TXV
LR1 LR15
UCN


TS

LR 1






CALLED
PARTY

CALLING
PARTY

M

34. UCN receives TESEQ message that is MR, CN number, UT number, TT
number and SCS.

35. UCN searches Ior a Iree time slot at output oI UCN.

36. It sends PRISE message to UT to connect the called subscriber Ior
ringing current.

37. UT sends TESPO message to MR called OABCO between PUPE and MR.

















TRANSMISSION O VRING BACK TONE TO THE CASLLING
PARTY AND WAIT OR CALLED PARTY HOOK-O















MIS

GX
MR
MQQQQQ
PCV













MAS






L
T
A


RING BACK TONE


PU/PE





TS X

LR LR
S
M
X

C
O
M


TR






TS 16
TX
LR1 LR1 LR 15 LR 0 LR 1 LR 15 TS
OCXGT UCN

UCN


TS








TS 16 TS 16
CN
CN



CALLING
PARTY

M
CALLED
PARTY



38. Receiving TESPO message MR orders Ior ring back tone to calling
subscribers.

39. MR asks MQ Ior UR number, LR number SMXLRX number corresponding
waiting Ior oII-hook, on-hook and timer overshoot that is maximum ringing time.






















CALLED SUBSCRIBER HOOK-OFF












MIS
TX
TR
MR
MQQQQQ
GX
PCV












MAS


S
M
X

L
T
A




C
O
M
PU/PE










RING BACK TONE






TS X


OABCO
LR LR







TS 16 EVABO

CN

CN
TS TS OCXGT

CALLED PARTY
CN
CALLING PARTY
CN








UCN

UCN
LR 1 LR 1 LR 15 LR 0 LR 1 LR 15





TS 16
TS 16 TS16






DEC

A COMMAND

ABOIN: Subscriber characteristics integration.
ABOCR: New subscriber line addition.
ABOMO: Line class oI service modiIication.
ABOSU: Subscriber line deletion.
TELIN: Exchange equipment status display.
TELEMO: Exchange equipment status modiIication. (Any exchange can
be closed)
CTIN: Terminal circuit interrogation.
CTMO: Terminal circuit status modiIication.
INDIN: Analysis interrogation.
INDMO: Analysis modiIication.
INDCR: New analysis addition.
ESMIN: SM status interrogation (display status oI all controlling
stations.)
ESMMO: SM status modiIication.
ETUIN: ETU status modiIication.
ESAB: Test on a subscriber line.
L1 and L2: AC potential with respect to AQ B lines (ideally 0).
L3: and L4: potential with respect to A and B lines (ideally 0.0V).
L5: Resistance oI A with respect to earth (ideally 1016kO).
L6: Resistance oI B with respect to earth 1016kO.
L7: Resistance oI A with respect to B lines 1016kO.
L8: Capacitance oI the receiver set (0.90F).
12 .NOVAP messages open transaction with MR to signal a new call.
13. Signaling link is done by CSN.
14. SCS inIorms Irom CSN to OCB via NOVAP (CSN number, UT
number, terminal number and TSLR).
15. This massage is checked PUPE Band convert into ccs7.
16. Signals into MAS message Ior controls units known as OUNAP
message.
17. MR trigger oI a register to supervise setup oI a call.