COL3208695

Specifiers Guide
to Waterproofing Systems
About BASF - The Chemical Company:

BASF is the worlds leading chemical company: The Chemical Company. Its portfolio ranges from chemicals, plastics and performance products to agricultural products, fine chemicals, oil and gas. As a reliable partner BASF helps its customers to be more successful in virtually all industries. With its high value products and intelligent solutions, BASF plays an important role in finding answers to global challenges such as climate protection, energy efficiency, nutrition and mobility. BASF posted sales of more than 62 billion in 2008 and had approximately 97,000 employees at the end of that year.
About BASF Construction Chemicals Division:

BASFs Construction Chemicals division is the leading supplier of chemical systems and formulations for the construction industry. Continuous innovation and tailor-made solutions ensures that its customers stay at the forefront of technology. Its Admixture Systems business unit specifically helps customers in the ready-mix, precast, concrete products and underground construction industries.
Contents
Introduction
2-7
Market Sector Sections
Subways, Tunnels and Shafts Basements and Vaults
8-11 12-15 16-19 20-23 24-27 28-31 32-35 36-39 40-43 44-47 48-53 54-57 58-61 62 63 64 65 66 67
The Construction Systems unit offers a wide range of products for sports and industrial flooring, external renders and wall insulation, expansion joints and wood preservatives as well as specialist repair mortars, tile adhesives and waterproofing membranes. The division operates production sites and sales centres in more than 50 countries and achieved sales of with approximately 7,700 employees. 2.2 billion,
Wastewater - includes Pipes and Manholes Potable Water Reservoirs, Dams and Waterways Marine Structures and Defence Swimming Pools Secondary Containment / Bunds Car Parks - Exposed Decks, Multi-storey and Underground Podium Decks Balconies, Walkways and Terraces Bridges Roong - includes Green, Cold, Warm and Inverted Roofs Sustainability Commitment to Research & Development Degradation of Cementitious Material Admixtures Construction Products Glossary of Terms
For further information visit www.basf-waterproong.co.uk
Protect Against the Most Destructive Element
Water is the most destructive weathering element for concrete, masonry and stone structures, damaging or destroying more buildings and structures than war or natural disasters. Whether above-grade or below-grade, all building envelopes must be able to resist unwanted water in some respect, in the form of rainwater, moisture or hydrostatic pressure. Hydraulic civil structures face yet more challenges in withstanding the ongoing effects of constant immersion. Good waterproofing, or water resistance, can be the key factor in ensuring a structures longevity, yet the importance of this facet of structural design is not always given the attention it warrants. The majority of problems with water ingress occur in a relatively small proportion of a structures surface area, often where design details meet. Careful consideration at the design stage can limit cracks, leaks and potentially serious structural damage over a structures lifecycle, provided that trades work together at the construction stage to implement design details successfully. BASF Construction Chemicals holistic approach to waterproofing covers both new-build and refurbishment solutions. Driven by the belief that prevention is better than cure, we address waterproofing from first principles, including admixtures for concrete, as well as offering retrofit solutions. This reference guide is an introduction to BASF Construction Chemicals Waterproofing Systems for architects, engineers, owners and procurement departments, putting you in the position to specify the right BASF products. The applications outlined are by no means exhaustive, but cover most uses for our systems. For more detailed information please visit our dedicated Waterproofing website: www.basf-waterproofing.co.uk
Admixture Systems
The use of admixtures is a readily available concept, allowing the design of concrete with enhanced properties. The problem of water penetration in concrete affects ordinary and high-quality concrete, both of which contain capillaries and microcracks that allow water to pass through (capillary absorption). This takes place wherever there is a head of pressure on one side or a humidity differential between the sides, and manifests as dampness or visible seepage. Most, if not all, concrete inherently absorbs moisture and soluble contaminants from the surrounding environment. The result of water penetration is likely to be corrosion of reinforcing steel if chlorides and oxygen are present. BASF has developed its Watertight System as an alternative to membranes and built-up treatments: a quicker, more cost effective and more reliable solution in comparison with traditional construction methods. It combines a reactive hydrophobic pore-blocking liquid for wet or dry cast concrete and high-range water-reducing/ superplasticising admixtures. The result is inherently water repellent, non-absorptive concrete with a reduced water cement ratio, which is also protected against soluble salts. Additional options include air-entraining admixtures which can be used to limit the effect of the freeze-thaw cycle, helping to prevent spalling and improving structural resistance to weathering. BASF admixtures for waterproofing: GLENIUM, RHEOCRETE, RheoFIT, RHEOFINISH, MASTERKURE, MICRO-AIR, MASTERSEAL, MEYCO
Membranes
Our Conica liquid-applied seamless coatings for roofs, decks and other surfaces guard against water ingress, including acid rain, de-icing salts, freeze-thaw cycles and chloride ion penetration, protecting reinforcing steel. In certain applications such as use on car park decks, waterproofing benefits are combined with the prevention of unnecessary maintenance and structural damage during the structures lifecycle. BASFs elastomeric liquid membranes circumvent the perceived problem of uniformity of application as the equipment used to spray-apply these systems can guarantee a uniform thickness. A further benefit of our systems is that they are solvent free, making them already compliant with new Euro Code due to come into effect in 2010. The absence of any solvent also makes Conica systems suitable for spray application to treat foundations and for use in interior spaces with restricted ventilation. Below-grade, BASFs MASTERSEAL spray-applied membranes for tunnel applications are a faster, often more effective alternative to traditional sheet membranes. Applied in a sandwich construction between permanent sprayed or cast concrete shells, this waterproofing systems strong bond to the concrete lining on either side mitigates the risk of water ingress by eliminating potential groundwater paths. BASF membranes for waterproofing: CONIDECK, CONIROOF, Conica, MASTERSEAL.
Ground and Water Control Systems

Unexpected water ingress during underground construction usually escalates project costs, and inevitably causes significant delays. To counteract these risks, an economical approach is to pre-inject the ground with micro-cements ahead of the advancing face. There are also instances where post-injection, stabilisation of soils and even structural repairs using high performance chemical injection products are required. BASF has the complete range of products and technical support for such situations. RHEOCEM micro-cements represent a technological advance in cementitious injection work. Their relatively rapid rate of curing is a unique feature which enables blasting rounds to be prepared more quickly, resulting in enhanced productivity without the need for cycle interruptions. A full range of resin-based injection systems (acrylics and polyurethanes) is available from our MEYCO Global Underground Construction division, offering both one and two-component polyurethane and ure-silicate foams. Our single component foam is delivered with a separate accelerator, giving the freedom to adjust the foam reaction time. Our mineral-based MEYCO grout is stable and consists purely of natural ingredients, making it non-hazardous and ecologically friendly. Due to its very low viscosity, it penetrates finer fissures than any cement-based product and gives unrivalled penetration and permanent stabilisation of fine, silty sands. BASF ground and water control systems: RHEOCEM, MEYCO
Applied Sealants
In damp or immersed conditions such as reservoirs, water towers, tunnels and basements, proven high-performance specialist sealants are essential. BASFs THORO range includes elastomeric mortars for damp substrates which allow a movement accommodation of up to 15% and are resistant to aggressive groundwater, dilute acids and alkalis. Applications span the sealing of construction joints, cracks in concrete and joints between precast concrete panels or pipe sections, as well as flexible and waterproof pointing. THORO also offers the highly elastic pre-formed dynamic joint waterproofing system compatible with potable water, designed for a variety of substrates where a high degree of movement is expected in both vertical and horizontal directions. Further options for wet and submerged surfaces are available: BASFs polyurethane-based MASTERFLEX sealants are temperature resistant from -30 to 80C and include a sealant designed specifically for applications such as water treatment works and waterways. BASF applied sealants: THORO, MASTERFLEX
Cementitious Coatings and Renders

BASFs surface-applied cementitious coatings, for positive and negative applications in water-excluding and water-retaining structures above and belowgrade, protect against damp and the ingress of water, effectively becoming an integral part of the substrate. Our cementitious systems have been developed for high performance, using proprietary chemicals, with uses spanning everything from basement tanking to waterproofing structures as diverse as reservoirs, tunnels, swimming pools and pipes. Whether you are looking for a basement tanking system, a faade treatment or large-scale waterproofing of a civil structure, the BASF range will have the answer. Systems include potable water solutions and a slurry system for capillary waterproofing, suitable for challenging environments such as canals, dams, coastal and other submerged structures. In most cases systems can be applied to damp substrates, ensuring that no time or money is wasted drying the area to be treated. BASF cementitious coatings and renders: THOROSEAL, MASTERSEAL
Concrete Repair Systems

For many existing structures, remedial waterproofing and repair works are intrinsically linked. Structural restoration is often a vital preliminary stage in achieving a watertight surface, particularly in the case of concrete substrates where years of water infiltration, high in chloride content, have been a contributing factor in the corrosion of steel reinforcement. The BASF repair range starts with a selection of mortars: spray-applied repair mortars; a specialist DWI approved high-strength repair mortar for repairing damage caused by corroded rebars and nanotechnology-driven fast-track structural repair mortars under the EMACO brand all complying to BS EN1504 part 3. Where structural strengthening is required, BASFs portfolio of MBrace carbon and aramid fibre wraps, reinforcing bars and plates supply a non-corrosive replacement for steel reinforcement. The installation of preventative measures such as cathodic protection may also be appropriate as part of a concrete repair solution. BASF has developed a special grade of its flowable replacement concrete specifically to support CP installations. BASF concrete repair systems: SHOTPATCH, THORO, EMACO, MBrace
Waterstop Systems
Waterbars are not only expensive to install but can be displaced or damaged during the concreting operation. As concrete is unable to adhere to plastic waterbars a failure rate of 15-20% can be expected. As there is no maintenance opportunity, a further drawback is the potentially significant subsequent cost of repairing leaks. BASFs MASTERFLEX 900 reinjectable hose system for construction joints is the alternative to waterbars where watertight joints are essential. This preventative system can be re-tested and re-injected at any time, allowing the integrity of joints to be checked regularly. Constructed from a tough, specially formulated PVC compound, it is unaffected by weathering, low temperatures and constant immersion in water. Fast, easy installation, even with complicated design details and proven performance, make MASTERFLEX 900 a reliable, cost-effective choice which eliminates the need for kickers. Retro-injection at any time can stop leaks caused by settlement, structural movement, damage or excessive loading. BASF waterstop systems: MASTERFLEX
Kubak, Michael T. (2000) Construction Waterproofing Handbook. McGraw-Hill
Subways, Tunnels and Shafts
Spray-applied Waterproofing
The technology used in tunnel waterproofing has remained relatively static until recently. While conventional sheet membranes have been the norm, they are often susceptible to leakages that can be notoriously difficult to rectify; moreover they are unable to accommodate complex tunnel shapes and are incompatible with the construction of permanent sprayed concrete linings. In response to the need for a simple, effective waterproofing solution, BASF Construction Chemicals has developed the new-generation MASTERSEAL 345 spray-applied waterproofing membrane, which is simply applied in a sandwich construction between permanent sprayed or cast concrete linings. The waterproofing systems performance lies in the bonding properties between the membrane and concrete lining on both sides this strong bond mitigates the risk of water ingress by eliminating potential groundwater paths. MASTERSEAL 345 closes and isolates cracks in such a way that stresses resulting from water pressure can be transferred to the outer lining, leaving the inner lining virtually unaffected. The crackbridging properties of MASTERSEAL 345 have been tested according to EN 1062-7:2004, demonstrating a crack-bridging capability of up to 5mm.
Injection
Unexpected water ingress and poor ground conditions during underground construction usually escalate costs, influence the environment severely and inevitably cause significant delays. To counteract these risks, an economical approach is to pre-inject the ground with micro-cements ahead of the advancing face as a practical alternative to more complex post-injection techniques. To meet increasingly strict legislation covering the environment and workers health and safety, stabilisation of sands and soils requires safe, durable mineral grouts and micro-cements. BASF Construction Chemicals MEYCO Global Underground Construction division has a complete range of injection products suitable for all projects including new and existing tunnels, mines and large civil engineering projects.
Layer of primary permanent sprayed concrete Layer of MASTERSEAL membrane Layer of secondary permanent sprayed or cast concrete Rock bolt Wet spot: pre-treatment, sealing or drainage Fine crack injection 3 1 Consolidation grouting
Watertight Joints
Wherever tricky joints present problems underground, in shaft junctions, within linings, cast sections or portals, BASFs MASTERFLEX 900 re-injectable hose system for construction joints offers a watertight solution. A preventive system that avoids the many diasadvantages of waterbars, it can be re-tested and re-injected at any time.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
MASTERSEAL 345 spray-applied waterproofing membrane. MASTERFLEX joint sealers. MEYCO injection resins for waterproofing. MASTERFLEX 900 re-injectable hose system for construction joints. MEYCO SA160, GLENIUM, DELVOCRETE, admixture solutions for successful, durable sprayed concrete according to requirements and site conditions.
Leeming, M.B. (1989). Concrete in the Oceans programmer co-ordinating report on the whole programme. Offshore Technology Report OTH 87 248, HMSO. Allen, R.T.L, Concrete in Coastal Structures
Construction joints exposed to hydrostatic pressure.
Featured Project: Giswil Emergency Escape Tunnel, Switzerland

The 1,960m Giswil road tunnel in central Switzerland is a two-lane road tunnel with an emergency escape tunnel running parallel. The main road tunnel is located in Mica Schists excavated by drill-and-blast. The final structure consists of a double shell concrete lining with drained waterproofing, utilising a PVC sheet membrane and a geotextile fleece for drainage. The emergency escape tunnel was excavated by a 4m diameter hard-rock TBM and supported by pattern rock bolting and sprayed concrete. A length of approximately 10m in each end of the tunnel was excavated by drill-and-blast. In the portal areas a cut-and-cover concrete tunnel was constructed.
Joint Sealers
Product: Description: Technical Data: Application:
No. of components
Swelling ratio (%)
Minimum tear strength (N/mm)
Precast elements
Minimum tensile strength (N/mm2)
Rafts and walls in tunnels
Minimum elongation (%)
Segment rings Stabilising coarse sand and gr avel THORO DRYJOINT
MASTERFLEX 610 MASTERFLEX 612 MASTERFLEX 611 MASTERFLEX 900
Hydro-swelling waterbar Advanced hydro-swelling gasket in paste form Gun grade, hydroswelling waterbar Advanced injection hose system
1 1 1
6.12
610
220 250
3.9
N/mm2
12
85
Dependent on injection material
The Challenge
The Engineer required a waterproofing solution in the outermost parts of the escape tunnel at both ends which supported: No water ingress in the bored part of the tunnel Continuous waterproofing from the bored tunnel through the blasted part of the tunnel to the cut-and-cover concrete tunnel at the portal Compatibility between the waterproofing of the cut-and-cover concrete tunnel and the waterproofing of the rock tunnel The Engineer chose an undrained solution, with a waterproofing system that covered the entire profile, including the invert
Waterproofing Injection
Product: Technical Data:
Separate Accelerator
Equipment:
2 component pump with single mix spiral 1 component pump
Application:
Foam factor
Accelerator 25 Accelerator 10 Accelerator 15
No. of components
Pre-injection of jointed rock
Stabilisation of jointed rock
Sealing off owing water
MEYCO 1K
PU PU PU
1 2 2
20-30 1-8 20-25 7-9

According to mix/usage
The Solution
Sprayable Waterproofing Membrane MASTERSEAL 345 The high bond strength to concrete meant there would be no migration of water along the membrane/substrate interface, significantly reducing the risk of water seepage even by eventual damages or holes in the membrane Able to waterproof the invert and the interfaces between bored tunnel and drill-and-blast excavated tunnel, as well as between drill-and-blast excavated tunnel and concrete cut-and-cover tunnel Compatibility with the PVC sheet membrane and Bikutop-system at the interfaces Injection rather than drainage for removal of water seepages because of the undrained solution
MEYCO A3 MEYCO A3 THIX
10 to 25
EMACO NANOCRETE R2
EMACO NANOCRETE R4
THORO STRUCTURITE
THORO WATERPLUG
THORO FLEXI-JOINT
THOROSEAL FX100
THORO FLEX 200
Function Concrete re-instatement Surface nishing
References: Europe
Collombey Road Tunnel, Switzerland Giswil Road Escape Tunnel, Switzerland Nordy Sub-Sea Road Tunnel, Faroe Islands Abbottscliff Road Tunnel, United Kingdom Lausanne Metro, Switzerland
Surface sealing Surface sealing-elastomeric
South America
Machadinho Hydroelectric Power Station Tunnels, Brazil Zapata Highway Tunnel, Chile Lo Prado Highway Tunnel, Chile Orientales Underground Station, Santiago Metro, Chile
Expansion joint/crack sealing Expansion joint/crack overbanding Stopping active water Repointing Admixture Suitable Structures Reservoir roofs Reservoirs-internal: hard water Reservoirs-internal: soft water Water towers
Asia Pacific
MTRC Cross Passages, Hong Kong MTRC Vent Tunnel Enlargements, Hong Kong Parramatta Rail Link Station Tunnels, Sydney, Australia
North America
Bergen Rail Tunnel, New Jersey, USA Wolf Creek Highway Tunnel, Colorado, USA Wine Caves, Nappa Valley, California, USA
10
THOROSEAL
CONIPUR M 869F
CONIPUR M 810
THORO ACRYL 60
THOROSEAL PM
Filling waterbearing voids
Sealant type
Solvent free
Accelerator
Filling waterbearing voids
11
Basements & Vaults
Basements and vaults have to withstand water conditions that are typically more severe than those above-grade. These include the effects of both surface water and groundwater, as well as a variation of pressures from the surrounding subsoils. Even the tiniest pinhole or crack will cause water to leak into a basement, whilst capillary action can cause delamination of flooring, mildew and staining. However, below-grade waterproofing systems need not take into account harsh environmental conditions such as wind-driven rain and ultraviolet weathering.
Salt-inhibiting render if required Optional bonding slurry coat THORO ACRYL 60
THOROSEAL SUPER WHITE THOROSEAL SUPER GREY
GLENIUM and RheoFIT
BASF Watertight System

An alternative to tanking systems, the BASF Watertight System provides integral waterproofing that eliminates the need for external membranes and coatings. Utilising RheoFIT reactive hydrophobic pore-blocking liquid ingredient, and GLENIUM high-range water-reducing/superplasticisers, it produces an inherently water-repellent and non-absorptive concrete which is permanently protected against water ingress, soluble salts and acid attack.
7 6
Watertight Joints
BASFs MASTERFLEX 900 re-injectable hose system for construction joints is a preventive system that avoids the many disadvantages of waterbars and eliminates kickers. Straightforward to install, it allows joints to be tested for watertightness before backfilling and can be re-tested and retroinjected at any time.
Below-grade Barrier Systems

Under the THORO brand, BASF Construction Chemicals specialises in negative-side (internal) surfaceapplied waterproofing systems for tanking basements. These waterproofing systems are suitable for use inside any kind of basement structure and provide full protection against damp and the ingress of water. They contain no solvents, protecting both the applicator and the environment. THORO systems are equally suitable for remedial and new-build applications. Where costs and scheduling are an issue THORO waterproofing solutions have a clear advantage over other techniques, as they can be applied to damp substrates, avoiding unnecessary delays caused by drying out the basement.
THORO WATERPLUG 4 8
3 2 1 MASTERFLEX 900 HOSE
With approvals from internationally respected authorities in countries including the UK, France, Germany and the USA, THORO products are manufactured to the highest standards and are fully tested by independent laboratories approved by national building bodies.
Cracks THORO FLEXIJOINT
1. EMACO NANOCRETE structural repair mortars, suitable for profiles and corners. 2. THORO FLEXIJOINT elastomeric mortar for sealing movement joints and cracks in concrete/ masonry in damp/immersed conditions. 3. THORO WATERPLUG ultra-rapid setting mortar, as a seal for wall/floor or kicker joints prior to basement tanking. 4. THORO ACRYL 60 blended with ordinary Portland cement as a bonding slurry coat for use on dense non-porous stonework and engineering bricks. 5. GLENIUM and RheoFIT admixtures for durable waterproof concrete in basement applications. 6. THOROSEAL SUPER WHITE (1st COAT) waterproof coating for spray/brush application to concrete and masonry. 7. THOROSEAL SUPER GREY (2nd COAT) waterproof coating for spray/brush application to concrete and masonry. 8. Optional THORO Macromix, renovation plaster to reduce surface condensation.
12
Basements and Vaults
13
Featured Project: Irish Times Building, Dublin
Material category
Products
Spalling over large areas Cover (mm) Spalling over small areas Cover (mm)
Application
Protection against corrosion
Waterproong/protection
Vertical/overhead repairs
Permanent submersion
Structural crack repair
Anchoring bolts/posts
The redevelopment of the former offices of the Irish Times on DOlier and Fleet Street in Dublin has created a new landmark development housing a mix of contemporary commercial, retail, restaurant and high-end residential units over basement car parking. The scheme allowed for the retention of listed buildings and shop fronts along DOlier Street but permitted the removal and redevelopment of buildings along Fleet Street and the construction of a large atrium connecting the original listed buildings with a new structure facing Fleet Street. With a gross floor area of 8427m2, 2309m2 was retained floor space with 6118m being new floor space.
Sprayed concrete
SHOTPATCH 12 EMACO Nanocrete R2 EMACO Nanocrete R3 EMACO Nanocrete R4 EMACO Nanocrete R4 Fluid
The Challenge
The basement level of the building was to be converted into dry commercial storage, retaining the original vaulted under pavements and maintaining the original footprint of the building. When selecting a waterproofing solution, the confined working space meant that limited methods of application were possible.
Polymer-modied cementitious mortars
EMACO FAST Fluid/Fibre/Tixo MASTERSEAL 524 THORO MACROMIX THORO WATERPLUG THORO DRYJOINT
The Solution:
BASF Construction Chemicals in conjunction with the Dampstore jointly proposed that the THORO waterproofing system be applied to the walls and floors of the basement. The solution provided was the most practical for the development of the basement areas. A close contractor/supplier working relationship, together with the back-to-back joint warranty offered by BASF, enabled the contractor to offer the end client an attractive warranty-approved basement waterproofing package.
Hydro-swelling elastic compound Elastomeric mortar
THORO WATERPACK THORO FLEXIJOINT GLENIUM RHEOFIT 790
Admixtures
PROOF MARINE RHEOCRETE 222+
Curing compounds Form-release agents Waterproong admixture and slurry Acrylic polymer liquid additive Capillary waterproong slurry Polyurethane resin joint sealants
MASTERKURE RHEOFINISH MASTERTOP SBR 570 THORO ACRYL 60 MASTERSEAL 501 MASTERFLEX 474 MASTERFLEX 462 TH THOROSEAL
Application
The original floor levels were reduced to increase the ceiling height and the walls were underpinned. Reinforced concrete floor slabs were cast throughout the basement. A sand/cement mortar modified with THORO Acryl 60 was used to repair/re-level sections of underpinning. A THORO Waterplug fillet was applied to the floorwall interface throughout the basement. Two coats of THOROSEAL modified with THORO Acryl 60 were applied to the floors and walls by hand, using a stiff bristled broom. Once cured, the THOROSEAL on the walls was protected by a sand cement render. The floors were protected and levelled with MASTERTOP 524 cementitious screed. In total an area of 1700m2 was treated.
Polymer-modied coatings and membranes
THOROSEAL SUPER THOROSEAL FX100 THOROSEAL WR
THORO WATERPLUG
References: United Kingdom

Bank of England, London Tec Build Services Ltd, Stag Cottage, Devon 16 Plasterton Gardens, Devon The Manor House, Devon
Middle East
American Embassy, United Arab Emirates
Asia Pacific
Guang Petroleum, China Rivervale Crest Condominum, Singapore Saigon Holiday Inn Building, Vietnam St Stephens School, Singapore
THOROSEAL SUPER GREY
Europe
Henry J Lyons Architects Office, Dublin
20mm THORO WATERPLUG
THOROSEAL SUPER WHITE
14
Basements & Vaults
Can be spray applied
Sealing penetrations
Corners and proles
Joint waterproong
Crack sealing
Bonding aids
Joint sealing
10- 25
10- 25
5-10
5-10
< 25
< 25
15
Wastewater
Some of the harshest and most demanding conditions for construction materials are to be found within the sewerage industry. The usual long-term problems of reinforced concrete apply: carbonation through CO2 or acid rain attack leads to concrete spalling, freeze-thaw cycles affect surface sealing and deterioration, and workmanship problems of low cover and poor concrete mix design, all affect structural integrity. In addition, wastewater and sewerage treatment installations face a whole new range of aggressive conditions. Turbulent water flows and suspended solids lead to erosion and abrasion, while chemical attack from high sulphate levels and biogenically induced acid formation create an aggressive environment. These can lead to a rapid deterioration of concrete surfaces, corrosion of concrete reinforcement and steel structures. BASF Construction Chemicals has a long history of providing repair and protection solutions in this challenging environment, including cement-based coatings, highperformance polyurethane, polyurea and epoxy coatings and screeds, joint systems, corrosion inhibitors and cathodic protection solutions.
Protective Coatings
Chemically resistant coatings and linings offer a technically acceptable, cost-effective method of enhancing the performance of reinforced concrete structures, including sewers. Where thin coatings of pure or modified resins such as coal tar or pitch epoxy have been commonly used in the past to reduce water permeability, newer products resolve health concerns as they bypass the potentially carcinogenic tar component.
Repair mortars that use low C3A cements give a high sulphate resistance, while anti-osmotic epoxy cementitious underlayments and primers give chemical resistance prior to applying PU/solvent-free epoxy coatings. Whatever the system used, it must be able to resist hydrogen sulphide, sulphuric acid at a pH value of 1.0, microbial degradation and back pressure from hydrostatic loads from groundwater, without damaging the integrity of the membrane.
Cathodic Protection
Many of the technologies now used to protect concrete from water ingress and prevent corrosion were once considered to have too short a life, or be too high a risk to be appropriate for the water industry. Solutions such as cathodic protection and water quality conditioning to control corrosion were available long before the privatisation of the water industry, but were either avoided or used to a very limited extent. BASF Construction Chemicals EMACO CP60 system is designed specifically for reinforced concrete applications. Comprising highly conductive coated fibres, which are tri-dimensionally distributed throughout a polymer-modified cementitious mortar, this type of system can be wet-spray applied allowing easy installation, even overhead, with current feeder wires installed every two metres.
Cracks and spalling Sludge scraper Inlet
Decanting trough (Outflow) Settling zone
5 4 2
3 2
Sludge zone Sludge
1. PROOF MARINE, RHEOCRETE 222+, RheoFIT, GLENIUM, concrete admixtures for waterproofing/chloride/sulphate resistance. 2. THORO WATERPACK hydro-swelling, elastic compound, used with THORO WATERPLUG ultra-rapid setting mortar to form a watertight seal. 3. MASTERSEAL 501 capillary waterproofing surface applied slurry system, THORO polymer-modified coatings and membranes. Also CONIPUR M805 spray applied polyurea membrane. 4. EMACO CP60 spray-applied cementitious conductive anode system for reinforced concrete. 5. THOROSEAL WR cement-based waterproofing render with sulphate resistance. 6. EMACO Nanocrete concrete repair mortars for corners and profiles. 7. THORO STRUCTURITE DWI approved rapid-setting, high-strength structural repair mortar.
Sewerage Rehabilitation Manual, 3rd edn, Vol III Sewer Renovation
16
Wastewater - includes pipes and manholes
17
Chloride/sulphate resistance
Featured Project: Changi Water Reclamation Plant, Singapore

Opened in 2009, the vast Changi Water Reclamation Plant (CWRP) project in Singapore has involved the construction of the worlds largest covered sewage treatment plant. Replacing all existing local plants in Singapore, the CWRP is a compact and closed sewage treatment plant built using the latest technology. It is designed to treat 800,000m3 of waste water daily and can be extended to a daily maximum capacity of 2,400,000m3. Located at the eastern edge of Singapore, the plant is mainly underground and stacked for maximum compactness, taking up only 55 hectares, less than a third of the land area needed for a conventional layout. The plant includes facilities such as grit removal, primary sedimentation, bio-reactors with anoxic and aerobic zones, secondary sedimentation and sludge thickening and drying. The physical and biological treatment provided by the plant produce clean water of the highest international standards, suitable for discharge into the deep sea at the Straits of Singapore. The plant effluent will be suitable for reclamation in the future.
Material category
Products
Application
Anchoring bolts /posts
Sprayed concrete
SHOTPATCH 12 EMACO Nanocrete R2 EMACO Nanocrete R3 EMACO Nanocrete R4 EMACO Nanocrete R4 Fluid
EMACO FAST Fluid/Fibre/Tixo THORO STRUCTURITE THORO STRUCTURITE R4 THORO WATERPLUG THORO DRYJOINT
Hydro-swelling elastic compound Elastomeric mortar
THORO WATERPACK THORO FLEXIJOINT GLENIUM RheoFIT 790
Admixtures
The Challenge
The client required a waterproofing membrane suitable for flat roofs and walls that would not only provide water tightness, but also add to the aesthetics of the plants vast roof.
Waterproong admixture and slurry Acrylic polymer liquid additive Capillary waterproong slurry Polyurethane resin joint sealants
PROOF MARINE RHEOCRETE 222+ MASTERTOP SBR 570 THORO ACRYL 60 MASTERSEAL 501 MASTERFLEX 474 MASTERFLEX 462 TH THOROSEAL
The Solution
BASF Construction Chemicals supplied 62,000m2 of CONICA waterproofing membrane (CONIPUR M800 + CONIPUR TC 458 Pale Green) for the flat roof and a further 40,000m2 of CONIPUR M800 for the basement walls. CWRP is part of Singapores award-winning Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS), a $3.65 billion scheme planned to meet the islands used-water needs for the next 100 years. Conceptualised and managed by Singapores national water agency, PUB, the mammoth DTSS conveys used water from homes and industries through a 48km long deep tunnel sewer that runs from 20 to 55 metres below ground to the centralised water reclamation plant for treatment.
THORO FLEX 200 THOROSEAL FX100 THOROSEAL WR
Chemical-resistant coatings
MASTERSEAL 190 CONIPUR M805

Avonmouth Sewage Treatment Works Crawley Sewage Treatment Works Esher Sewage Treatment Works Newbury Sewage Treatment Works Great Harwood Sewage Treatment Works RAF Welford Sewage Treatment Works
Americas
Wastewater Plant, Zipaquira, Colombia Residual Water Processing Plant, ECHO-PETROL Refinery, Colombia
Asia Pacific
CLK 525 Waste Water Treatment Plant, Hong Kong Misono Sewage Treatment Plant, Japan National Sewage Treatment Plant, Malaysia
18
Wastewater - includes pipes and manholes
Corners and proles
Joint waterproong
Crack sealing
Bonding aids
Joint sealing
10- 25
10- 25
5-10
5-10
< 25
< 25
19
Potable Water
Specifying waterproofing systems for the clean water sector is a complex area that involves balancing current and future performance criteria against cost and installation time constraints. A well-specified solution will lead to a cleaner, safer and more durable environment for the treatment and storage of potable water. Service reservoirs can suffer from leakage, often through failed or poorly maintained movement or construction joints; in this instance a fully bonded overbanding system is recommended. The system must be able to accommodate movement and prevent the leakage and the ingress of water.
Corner repair Internal waterproofing
Roof joints Overhead repair
Waterproof membrane
Service reservoirs and water tower roofs require waterproofing externally to stop the ingress of groundwater and airborne pollutants. Exposed roofs in particular have greater thermal stresses exerted on them and therefore demand a membrane with high movement capabilities as well as good mechanical properties. CONIPUR membranes have been developed and successfully applied for over 25 years in just such circumstances, and are suitable for green roof designs. BASF Construction Chemicals competency in supplying systems to the water industry for both refurbishment and new-build projects is based on many years of experience gained across the world in a variety of climatic and service conditions. We offer a totally integrated approach to the design and installation of waterproofing and protection systems at every stage of the process. Our systems are applied by trained specialist applicators to ensure long-term performance and all materials are manufactured to independently audited ISO 9001:2000 quality systems.
6 9
Surface coatings also play an important role in the refurbishment of concrete and brick reservoirs. Cement-based coatings such as BASFs THOROSEAL are compatible with the substrate, will resist positive and negative water pressure and are vapour permeable, reducing the risk of blistering. Where low pH and/or soft water are encountered, waterproof coating THOROSEAL FX 100 is able to resist its aggressive nature and protect the structure. Our range of high performance coatings and repair mortars are ideal for application in confined spaces as they contain no volatile organic compounds and are easily applied to damp substrates. Recommended cementitious coatings for this sector are easily cleaned and will withstand pressure-washing and sterilisation.
10
7 4
8 5 2
1. CONIPUR spray/hand applied highly elastomeric waterproof membrane. 2. THORO WATERPLUG ultra-rapid setting mortar for crack sealing and rapid anchoring of metalwork in damp/wet conditions. 3. EMACO NANOCRETE, THORO Structurite repair mortars, suitable for profiles and corners. 4. THOROSEAL FX100 elastomeric waterproof coating for concrete/ masonry in water-retaining structures. 5. THORO FLEX 200 dynamic joint waterproofing system approved for use with potable water. 6. THORO DRYJOINT pointing mortar for bricks, stone and concrete. 7. THORO STRUCTURITE DWI approved rapid-setting, high-strength structural repair mortar. 8. MASTERFLEX 900 re-injectable hose waterstop system for construction and cold joints in concrete. 9. MASTERSEAL 345 spray-applied waterproofing membrane (for sandwich construction). 10. GLENIUM and RheoFIT admixtures to achieve durable performance.
Waterproofed joints Joints Cracked concrete
20
Potable Water
21
EMACO NANOCRETE R2
THORO STRUCTURITE
EMACO NANOCRETE R4
THORO WATERPLUG
THORO FLEXI-JOINT
THOROSEAL FX100
THORO DRYJOINT
THOROSEAL PM
THORO FLEX 200
BASF Construction Chemicalss systems were specified in the construction of Lorca Reservoir, a key reason being that the company was able to supply certification that verified its waterproofing products were suitable for use with potable water and would resist submersion in a chloride solution.
Function Concrete re-instatement Surface nishing Surface sealing Surface sealing-elastomeric
The Challenge
Legionnaires Disease is a bacteria that needs humidity and heat (32-45C) to live and grow, making it a potential risk in the provision of potable water. Adequate maintenance of reservoirs and water systems and their disinfection by professional technicians forms the fundamental basis for its prevention. A variety of processes for water disinfection are available, but generally chlorine-based products are most commonly used. During the summer of 2001 the city of Murcia had its worst ever outbreak of Legionnaires Disease. As a result, a new maintenance programme for the provision of potable water was instigated to help prevent future outbreaks: this included the cleaning and disinfection of all installations at least once a year.
Expansion joint/crack sealing Expansion joint/crack overbanding Stopping active water Repointing Admixture Suitable Structures Reservoir roofs Reservoirs-internal: hard water Reservoirs-internal: soft water Water towers Method of Application Brush Trowel Spray Roller Other Chemical Base Cement Cement/polymer Polyurethane Epoxy/thermoplastic Polymer Approvals BBA WRAS DWI
The Solution
During the construction of Lorca Reservoir in 2004, an important element was the standardisation of joints to achieve maximum waterproofing. BASF elastomeric waterproof sealant MASTERFLEX 474, was able to accommodate structural movement where applied to expansion joints and covered with EMACO S88C Thixotropic repair mortar. After cleaning joints and ensuring the absence of moisture, backer rods were installed to support polyurethane sealant MASTERFLEX 474, a product suitable for permanent submersion and fully tested for water migration. After the sealant had cured, a layer of MASTERSEAL 550 polymermodified waterproof coating was applied to fibreglass mesh placed over the joint to completely cover it. Once hardened, a second layer of MASTERSEAL 550 was applied onto the reinforcement netting. To smooth out 90 angles and ensure continuity of waterproofing, floor/wall joints were coated with waterproof coating EMACO S88C Thixotropic repair mortar. MASTERSEAL 531, a single component waterproof coating suitable for contact with potable water, was spray applied to the internal walls of the reservoir for faster, more uniform application.

Alnwickhill CTW, Scotland Boughton Service Reservoir Clandan Service Reservoir, Wales Layer De La Haye Service Reservoir Southall Water Tower St Georges Hill Service Reservoir Kilmundy Service Reservoir, Scotland
Europe
EYDAP, Greece
Asia Pacific
Bukit Batok Reservoir, Singapore Hai Duong Water Supply Plant, Vietnam Tone Waterworks, Japan Shek Kei Mei Reservoir, Hong Kong Upper Pierce Reservoir, Singapore
22
CONIPUR M 869F
CONIPUR M 810
Potable Water
THORO ACRYL 60
Featured Project: Lorca Reservoir, Cartagena, Spain
THOROSEAL
23
Reservoirs, Dams and Waterways
Injection
Waterproofing a water-retaining structure of the magnitude of a dam begins with ensuring that seepage through the substrate is controlled. If geological conditions necessitate either curtain grouting or consolidation grouting, BASF Construction Chemicals recommends RHEOCEM micro-cements for rock and MEYCO MP320T Colloidal Silica for sands and soils. Water-reducing agents (WRAs) such as BASFs POZZOLITH and GLENIUM high-range water-reducing/superplasticising admixtures can be used to significantly reduce water demand, and our set accelerating admixtures usefully delay setting times in high ambient temperatures. Also appropriate for RollerCompacted Concrete (RCC), MASTERKURE curing compounds can be applied to delay evaporation, improve finish and eliminate the occurrence of plastic shrinkage cracking whilst our RHEOFINISH form release agents provide a smooth concrete surface.
Watertight Joints
BASFs MASTERFLEX 900 re-injectable hose waterstop system, for construction and cold joints in concrete, is designed as an alternative to waterbars where joints other than expansion joints are subjected to hydrostatic pressure on one or both faces of the structure. Its use prevents the passage of water through joints, recommending it for use in dams amongst other applications. MASTERFLEX 900 eliminates the costly design, welding and installation of waterbars and, unlike traditional installations where water is in contact with the reinforcement up to the waterbar, water cannot penetrate the treated joint and rebar. Installation is fast and easy, even with complicated design details, and joints can be tested for watertightness. Offering proven, predictable performance, the system can be retro-injected to stop leaks caused subsequently by settlement or structural movement at the construction joint.
Admixtures
BASF Construction Chemicals understands that, whatever the dams design, the performance characteristics of the mass concrete used is crucial. Concrete must provide satisfactory density and strength, durability, low thermal volume change, resistance to cracking, low permeability and economy. Whilst density, strength, durability and impermeability are improved by increased cement contents and reduced water/cement ratios, thermal characteristics, volume stability and economy are improved by restricting the cement content. The use of admixtures can help to find the balance between these conflicting demands, particularly where concrete zoning is employed for increased economy. Our MICRO-AIR air-entraining agents (AEAs) will significantly improve the concretes long term freeze-thaw resistance, with a further benefit being the reduction in water demand of the fresh concrete and thus improved handling qualities.
Facing concrete Hearting concrete
Water Uplift pressure relief drains 6
5 1
Gallery Consolidation grouting Grouting curtain Foundation/ pressure relief drainage
1. MICRO-AIR, POZZOLITH, GLENIUM & RheoFIT admixtures to achieve durable performance. 2. RHEOCEM and MEYCO systems for injection grouting. 3. MASTERKURE curing compounds for roller-compacted concrete. 4. RHEOFINISH form-release agents. 5. MASTERFLEX 900 reinjectable hose system for joints. 6. EMACO and THORO polymer-modified cementitious repair mortars.
Novak, P., Moffat, A.I.B., Nalluri, C. & Narayanan, R. (1990) Hydraulic Structures. London, Unwin Hyman. Novak et al (1990) Hydraulic Structures. London, Unwin Hyman.
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Featured Project: Karun 3 Dam and Hydro Power Plant, Iran

The Karun 3 Dam and Hydro Power Plant generates around 4.172 MKWH of power, controls seasonal floodwater and provides agricultural water in the region. A double-arched concrete dam standing 185m high from the surface of the river and 205m from its foundations, its crest is 462m long and measures 29.5m in width at its bottom and 5.5m at its top. The construction included approximately 22km of underground tunnels and involved 2.7 million m of concrete. The volume of the resulting reservoir is around 3 billion m.
Ground Conditions
Penetration in Rock
Rockmass ssure size (mm)
Stabilisation of Soils
Rockmass ssure size (mm)
The Challenge
The consultant involved in the project was concerned that the admixtures to be supplied would not achieve the high-performance, high-quality concrete necessary to construct the spillway in accordance with the designed specification. BASF Construction Chemicals was one of four approved chemical supplier companies tendering, competing in a very tough, close pricing scenario.
Freeze-thaw resistance
BASF was able to put forward the best price by proposing the supply of Pozzolith LD 10, in powder form, for the project and offering assistance to the contractor in assembling a liquidising unit at the job site. This eliminated the extra cost required to transport liquids to the project, about 800km away from the supply source. BASF was able to provide all the aspects of high performance concrete (HPC), using the polycarboxylic ether (PCE)-based superplasticiser GLENIUM 51 to produce exceptional results for the spillway structures. As a safeguard for consumption of the product, an additional 20% was insured within the agreement. The clients satisfaction with price and quality in comparison with the other tendering companies was such that, even after the concrete works were finished, they requested that the extra 20% mentioned in the agreement was still purchased and distributed amongst their other projects at the time!
Sprayed concrete
SHOTPATCH 12 EMACO Nanocrete R2 EMACO Nanocrete R4 EMACO Nanocrete R4 Fluid
EMACO Fast Fluid/Fibre/Tixo THORO STRUCTURITE THORO STRUCTURITE R4 THORO WATERPLUG THORO DRYJOINT
Product POZZOLITH LD 10 GLENIUM 51 RHEOBUILD 1100 MEYCO SA 540 EMACO S 45

Quantity/Consumption More than 3 million litres 400,000 litres 20,000 litres 10,000 Kg 20,000 Kg
Elastomeric mortar Admixtures for mass concrete Anti-washout admixture Waterproong admixture and slurry Polyurethane resin joint sealants
THORO FLEXIJOINT GLENIUM POZZOLITH MICRO-AIR RHEOMAC UW 450 MASTERTOP SBR 570 MASTERFLEX 474 MASTERFLEX 462 TH THORO FLEX 200 THOROSEAL
References: Europe
Glendoe Dam, Scotland, UK Mont Saint Michel Dam, France
Africa
Sondu Miuiu Hydro Electric Power Project, Kenya
South America
Rio Est Hydroelectric Project, Panama Regional water system, La Rioja, Argentina Turbine foundations repair, Guadalupe IV Hydrolelectric Project, Colombia Waterways, Tuxapan Thermoelectric Power Plant, Mexico
THOROSEAL FX100 THOROSEAL WR MASTERSEAL 501 MASTERSEAL 345
Asia Pacific
Balambano Hydro Power Plant, Indonesia Kinta Dam, Malaysia Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Power Project, India Three Gorges Dam, China
Waterstops Curing compounds Form-release agents
MASTERFLEX 900 MASTERKURE RHEOFINISH
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Reduced water demand
Underwater application
The Solution
Roller compacted concrete
Corners and proles
Joint waterproong
Crack sealing
Bonding aids
Joint sealing
Spalling over large areas Cover (mm) 10- 25 5-10 < 25 < 25
Spalling over small areas Cover (mm) 10- 25 5-10
Material category
Products
Application
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Marine Structures and Defence
From seawalls to bridge piers and breakwaters, the key factor for the durability of coastal concrete is its degree of exposure, which affects the level of saturation and the frequency and rate of wetting and drying. Recent research shows that it is the presence of cracks, not their width, that has the greatest influence on durability. Water is the one common factor in the chemical/ physical deterioration of the concrete, physical damage and corrosion of reinforcement.
Construction Products
It is hardly surprising that coastal concrete is often in a state requiring repair. As well as the usual damaging effects of sulphate attack, alkali silica reaction (ASR) and freeze-thaw cycle, it suffers from salt crystallisation and scaling to a greater degree, as well as abrasion caused by sediment in the seawater and shipping impact. Chloride ingress caused by seawater is a major contributor to the corrosion of reinforcement within the concrete. Spray-applied mortars for large-scale refurbishment, high-performance patch repair products, joint sealants, protective coating and membranes: BASF Construction Chemicals has the solution for just about every maritime concrete repair imaginable, including the essential repair of cracks. The products we recommend for coastal use will contribute to extending the life-span of concrete in the most aggressive of environments. Cathodic protection is a tried and tested technique for maritime structures suffering from chloride ingress; products from our EMACO Nanocrete range support this solution.
Increasing moisture content and chlorides
Cracks and spalling Higher concentration of salt on horizontal surfaces
Joint Damage to sea wall from boat hulls Corners vulnerable to spalling 7
Admixtures
The best way to ensure durability is to start off with dense, impermeable concrete that restricts the ingress of water, using the appropriate admixtures to achieve optimum performance. Using admixtures within the mix design will help to achieve this: GLENIUM highrange water-reducing/superplasticising admixtures and RheoFIT waterproofing admixtures can be introduced at batching stage to provide permanent integral waterproofing and corrosion resistance. Water-resisting admixture PROOF MARINE is a hydrophobic pore-blocking ingredient (HPI) for concrete that provides protective and integral permeability reduction, producing dense, structurally sound concrete for marine environments subject to tidal and wet/dry cycling. Underwater application of concrete is possible using our anti-washout admixture RHEOMAC UW 450.
9 4 1 3 6
4 5 2
Atmosp
heric zo
ne
Splash
zo n e
Underw
ater zo n e
Increased salt concentration near bollards/ drainage channels Worst deterioration
1. EMACOFast rapid setting repair mortars suitable for use on pedestrian walkways in marine environments. 2. THORO WATERPLUG ultra-rapid setting mortar for crack sealing and rapid anchoring of metalwork in damp/wet conditions. 3. THORO and MASTERFLEX sealants for damp/immersed joints. 4. THORO STRUCTURITE R4 and EMACOFast rapid setting repair mortars suitable for use in cracked and spalled areas including the splash zone. 5. RHEOMAC UW 450 anti-washout admixture for underwater repairs. 6. EMACO NANOCRETE structural repair mortars, suitable for profiles and corners. 7. EMACOFast, SHOTPATCH 12, EMACO Nanocrete, THORO STRUCTURITE R4: all suitable for large-scale concrete repairs. 8. EMACO Nanocrete, SHOTPATCH 12, THORO STRUCTURITE R4: overhead concrete repairs. 9. GLENIUM, RheoFIT 790 Series, PROOF MARINE, RHEOCRETE 222+: admixtures for durable, waterproof concrete in marine environments.
Increasing oxygen availability
Leeming, M.B. (1989). Concrete in the Oceans programmer co-ordinating report on the whole programme. Offshore Technology Report OTH 87 248, HMSO. Allen, R.T.L, Concrete in Coastal Structures.
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The Challenge
The UKs largest single pour of self-compacting concrete (SCC) took place during repairs carried out at Associated British Ports Oil Terminal at Immingham on the North East coast of Lincolnshire. The area to be repaired was located at the end of a jetty and was problematic because its reinforcement was extremely congested. The upstanding reinforcement prevented access for the conventional placing and compaction of concrete and, moreover, the 1.5m deep steel piles supporting the area contained residual water, also a potential obstacle.
Sprayed concrete
SHOTPATCH 12 EMACO Nanocrete R2 EMACO Nanocrete R4
Polymermodied cementitious mortars
EMACO Fast Fluid Fibre Tixo THORO Structurite R4 THORO Waterplug THORO Dryjoint
Elastomeric mortar
THORO Flexijoint GLENIUM
The Solution
Using SCC by-passed these problems, as once pumped into place it needed no compaction. BASF admixtures GLENIUM 51 and MEYCO MS 685 were added to 10mm gravel aggregate concrete supplied by Lafarge Ready Mix, which was placed by contractor Nuttalls.
Admixtures
RheoFIT 790 PROOF MARINE RHEOCRETE 222+
Anti-washout admixture Waterproong admixture and slurry Polyurethane resin joint sealants
RHEOMAC UW 450 MASTERTOP SBR 570 MASTERFLEX 474 MASTERFLEX 462 TF MBRACE Carbon Fibre Wrap
Application
Over 250m of SCC was poured into the area, which measured 27m x 17.5m, with a depth of 0.4m. The concrete penetrated the full 1.5m depth of the piles, displacing the residual water with no overwash. The pour was completed with a single concrete pump in just six hours. The Immingham ABP Oil Terminal SCC project is being used for research by the Concrete Society Working Party on Self-Compacting Concrete, the results of which will be published in Concrete magazine. Various tests have been carried out on the fresh concrete for inclusion in the Working Partys data.
Structural strengthening systems
MBRACE Kevlar Aramid Sheet MBRACE Laminated Plates
Polymermodied coatings and membranes Silane treatments
THORO FLEX 200 THOROSEAL FX100 THOROSEAL WR MASTERSEAL 345 PROTECTOSIL CIT

Immingham Oil Terminal Trinity Pier, Harwich
South America
Container Terminal, Paranagu, Brazil International Terminal, Puerto San Antonio, Chile Pluspetrol Marine Terminal, Piso, Peru.
Asia Pacific
Redcliffe Jetty and Seawall. Australia Jebel Ali Free Zone, UAE Queens Pier, Hong Kong Port of Singapore Tai Chung Harbour, Taiwan
Europe
Autoterminal Port Barcelona, Spain Container Terminal Born, Netherlands London Berth, Jersey Harbour, Channel Islands
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Connement of concrete
Pedestrian walkways
Corners and proles
Cathodic Protection
Joint waterproong
Crack sealing
Bonding aids
Joint sealing
Spalling over large areas Cover (mm) 10- 25 5-10 < 25
Spalling over small areas Cover (mm) 10- 25 5-10 < 25
Flexural strengthening of concrete
Featured Project: Associated British Ports Oil Terminal, Immingham, UK
Material category
Products
Application
31
Swimming Pools
Swimming pools must not only retain water but prevent the infiltration of groundwater when fully or partially empty. Open air pools can also face problems caused by the freeze-thaw cycles. Aggressive acids, sulphates and other chemicals in the subsoil must also be taken into consideration, for instance: the organic acids in moorland water can damage concrete and cement-based mortars. Advice on dealing with difficult subsoil conditions is given in BRE Digest 363 1991 Sulphate and Acid Resistance of Concrete in the Ground. More porous than concrete, handapplied mortars, rendering and tile adhesives are vulnerable to chemical attack and require careful specification. Once the swimming pool is in service, locating and repairing leaks is an extremely costly process, particularly if ceramic coverings have been used. BASF Construction Chemicals advanced product range and onestop specification service can help to prevent the likelihood of future waterproofing problems.
Tanking
A comprehensive, reliable waterproofing solution is to tank the pool and surrounding area with our special permanent waterproofing system PCI Seccoral 2K. Designed for use under ceramic coverings, Seccoral 2K offers the advantages of a cement/polymer combination for successful waterproofing and crack bridging while allowing the passage of vapour to avoid damage from osmotic pressure. It is used in conjunction with our special waterproofing tape PCI Pecitape for extra protection at corners and wall/floor junctions and with PCI wall and floor gaskets where required.
Pool Surrounds and Deck Areas

Permanently wet areas such as pool surrounds and deck areas, often combined with underfloor heating, must be laid to sufficient falls of at least 2%, in accordance with BS 5385. We advise waterproofing the substrate in these areas with PCI Seccoral 2K before tile fixing.
Tiled Walls Rendering and screed Subsoil
Tile Fixing and Grouting

When specifying a suitable tile adhesive and grout for use in swimming pools, it is essential to choose the most appropriate. You have to take into account the following factors: background, type of tiles selected, chemical balance of the pool water and the intended use of the pool. BASF Construction Chemicals offer a complete range of adhesives and grouts to suit all requirements e.g. PCI Tilefast 6 Flex, PCI Nanolight, PCI Collastic tile adhesives. As far as grouts are concerned BASF Construction Chemicals can offer a real alternative to an epoxy - PCI Durafug NT; it offers high resistance to chemicals and mechanical stress and applies like any other cementitious grout. PCI Durapox NT Plus grout is also available when only an epoxy will do.
Watertight Joints
In water-retaining structures such as swimming pools where construction joints can be waterproofed by grout injection, BASF Construction Chemicals MASTERFLEX 900 re-injectable hose system offers a watertight solution. A preventive system that avoids the many disadvantages of waterbars, it can be re-tested and re-injected at any time.
4 3
1 2
Connection joint
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Concrete cast pool shell
PCI Pericret & EMACO Nanocrete concrete repair materials. PCI Silcoferm VE elastomeric joint sealants. PCI Seccoral waterproofing/tanking system. PCI Pecitape special waterproofing system for waterproof corner and perimeter joints. PCI Tilefast and Nanolight series and Collastic tile adhesives. PCI Aquafug, Durafug NT and Durapox NT tile grouts. PCI Tilefast and Nanolight series and Collastic tile adhesives. PCI Aquafug, Durafug NT and Durapox NT tile grouts. GLENIUM and RheoFIT for durable waterproof concrete.
Perkins, Philip H, Swimming Pools 4th edn, Taylor & Francis 2000
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Swimming Pools
33
The National Aquatic Centre houses the first commercial 50 metre Olympic Pool in Ireland and was the host venue for the Special Olympics in 2003. This magnificent complex brings together international championship sporting events alongside state-of-the-art family leisure. Part of an expanding government-sponsored sports campus, it cost 70 million to build.
PCI Pericret
Concrete repair
EMACO Nanocrete R2 EMACO Nanocrete R4
Bonding agent Fast-track screeds
PCI Repahaft PCI Novoment M1
The Challenge
The design of the National Aquatic Centre incorporated a range of facilities within the 20,000m2 project, from the international FINA standard 50m x 25m championship pool to a 25m diving pool with four diving platforms at 3m, 5m, 7.5m and 10m heights and a floating floor which could change its depth. The AquaZone, one of the most technically innovative water parks in Europe, completed the wet facilities. Reliable, high performance products were needed to ensure that each area was fully waterproofed and could accommodate various technical demands.
Waterproong systems
PCI Novoment M3 PCI Seccoral 2K PCI Pecitape PCI Lastogum X PCI Pecidur
Tileable waterproof construction boards
PCI Pecidur Wellness PCI Pecibord PCI Silcoferm VE
Silicone joint sealants

PCI Silcoferm S PCI Tilefast 6 + PCI Grout/Adhesive Admix PCI Tilefast 6 Flex
The Solution
The high profile project was a PCI specification throughout, the original specification being broken following the advice and technical support of PCI. As a result of this successfully completed prestigious project, PCI is now perceived as the experts in Ireland on swimming pool installations. PCI has since completed over 30 pool projects in Ireland, demonstrating its expertise and the ability to deliver to specification. Products used: PCI Seccoral 2K - Waterproofing system PCI Elritan - Sealant PCI Silcoferm - Sealant PCI Apogel - Sealant PCI Epoxy Grout - Adhesive PCI Tilefast 6 White/Flex White - Adhesives PCI Floorfast 20 Rapid - Adhesive PCI Pericret - Levelling Compound PCI Novoment - Mortar
PCI Tilefast 6 Rapid
Tile Adhesives
PCI Tilefast 6 Rapidex PCI Nanolight PCI Nanolight Rapid PCI Collastic PCI Floorfast 20 Rapid PCI Aquafug PCI Durafug NT
* * *
Tile Grouts
PCI Durapox NT Plus PCI Wall & Floor Grout
Separation fabric underlay
PCI Pecilastic W
* Subject to water analysis report.

A
Surround only.

Ashford Leisure Centre, Kent Cardiff International Pool, Wales Chelsea Football Club Training Academy, London Deptford Leisure Centre, London Durham Leisure Centre, Co. Durham
Europe
De Peppel Swimming Pool, Netherlands Villetaneuse Olympic Swimming Pool, France Thermal Spa, Glcksburg, Germany
Asia
Casino, Macau, China
Ireland
National Aquatic Centre, Dublin Sheraton Fota Island Golf Resort & Spa Trinity College, Dublin
Ships
MS Norwegian Jewel
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Swimming Pools
Corners and proles
Joint waterproong
Featured Project: National Aquatic Centre, Dublin, Ireland
Material category
Products
Application
Shell and surround
Steel/Metal/GRP
Adjacent rooms
Crack bridging
Joint sealing
Outdoor use
Indoor use
Levelling
Softs
Floors
Walls
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Secondary Containment / Bunds
As a second line of defence for preventing, controlling or mitigating major hazard events, secondary containment is an essential measure for petro-chemical storage. Around 25% of all water pollution incidents involve oil and a significant proportion of these incidents involve oil storage tanks with inadequate or non-existent bunding. According to the Health & Safety Executive, maintenance of bunds is often overlooked, particularly in remote locations. Clearly, structurally sound, regularly inspected secondary containment is essential to ensure the safe storage of hazardous liquids. Bunds may have to withstand both the static and dynamic loads of the liquid as well as its additional weight in the event of storage tank failure, not to mention ongoing thermal and shrinkage stress. Here defective or weak concrete can present a real risk, and CIRIA recommends that materials that can offer a minimum 50-year service life be specified. To achieve an impermeable structure, bund walls should be designed in accordance with BS 8110 (1985a) or BS 8007 (1987a) in combination with bund floors built to BS 8007, the recognised design code for water-retaining structures.
Surface Membranes Joints Surface membranes Reinforced concrete
Specifying for Safety

Starting with structural design, BASF Construction Chemicals can help to ensure that concrete mix designs meet performance requirements. For example, water/ cement ratio is the most important factor and the lower the water/cement ratio the lower the permeability of the concrete. Our GLENIUM high range water reducing/ superplasticising admixtures can be used to improve the workability of a low water content concrete mix, enabling more thorough compaction and lower permeability. Furthermore, our RheoFIT water resisting admixtures provide a waterproof product with minimum effect on the original appearance and texture.
4
We can also recommend suitable waterstops and chemically resistant joint sealing compounds here our MASTERFLEX 900 re-injectable hose system for construction joints offers a watertight solution. A preventive system that avoids the many diasadvantages of waterbars, it can be re-tested and re-injected at any time.
4
Finally, our range of coatings and surface treatments supply additional protection: epoxy mortar renders are recommended for sumps in particular, as these areas endure more abrasion than other parts of the bund.
3
7 8 6 1
2 Polythene slip membrane Blinding concrete Foundation/hardcore Subsoil
1. GLENIUM high range water reducing superplasticisers and RheoFIT water resisting admixtures, suitable for reinforced concrete: ground slabs, walls and foundations. 2. GLENIUM high range water reducing superplasticisers within blinding concrete under slabs/foundations. 3. MASTERFLEX polyurethane resin joint sealants, THORO FLEX dynamic joint waterproofing system. 4. CONIPUR M805 chemically resistant polyurea coating. 5. EMACO Nanocrete polymer-modified repair mortars, THORO Structurite rapid-setting high-strength structural repair mortars. 6. MASTERFLEX 900 reinjectable hose system for construction joints. 7. EMACO FAST concrete repair mortars for ultra-rapid strength build up. 8. UCRETE RG render grade heavy-duty polyurethane screed with exceptional chemical and heavy impact-resistance.
CIRIA Report 163 Construction of Bunds for Oil Storage Tanks, p. 3 HSE Technical Measures Document: Secondary Containment CIRIA Report 163 Construction of Bunds for Oil Storage Tanks, p.30
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Featured Project: Remote Secondary Container, Brazil

To meet the requirements of new environmental legislation, mining company Companhia Vale do Rio Doce in Itabira, Brazil, needed to create a remote secondary waterproofed container to separate the collection of water and oil discharged from its storage tank bunds. Regulations specified that the secondary container must be waterproofed with products chemically resistant to oil.
Material category
Products
Application
The Challenge
The oil storage tanks concerned contained diesel supply which amounted to 40% of the truck fleets fuel consumption, delivered by train via the companys internal rail system on the site. The steel storage tanks were fixed inside secondary containment bunds constructed of concrete, linked to a concrete sump that separated the water and oil. BASF Construction Chemicals needed to offer the client a product that was resistant to oil attack and also met the new regulatory requirements.
10- 25 10- 25 5-10 5-10 < 25 < 25
Sprayed concrete
SHOTPATCH 12 EMACO Nanocrete R2 EMACO Nanocrete R3 EMACO Nanocrete R4
EMACO Nanocrete R4 Fluid EMACO FAST Fluid/Fibre/Tixo THORO STRUCTURITE R4
The Solution
Following research and consultations with the client, MASTERSEAL 515 elastomeric waterproof coating was specified as a base coat for the bund, onto which MASTERSEAL 1390 reflective acrylic paint was applied over an area totaling 125m. The solution met the expectations of the client, passed leakage testing and was approved by both internal agencies and external regulators, serving as a successful model for similar storage arrangements across Companhia Vale do Rio Doces other mines.
Chemicals MASTERTOP TC473 Solvent Free epoxy Ammonium Hydroxide (32%) Acetic Acid (25%) Chlorinated Water Diesel Fuel Phosphoric Acid (10%) Hydraulic Oil Lactic Acid (10%) Methanol R Conipur M805 Elastomeric Polyurea L UCRETE Heavy-duty Polyurethane R
Hydro-swelling elastic compound Waterproong admixture and slurry Acrylic polymer liquid additive Polyurethane resin joint sealants
THORO WATERPACK
MASTERTOP SBR 570
THORO ACRYL 60 MASTERFLEX 474 MASTERFLEX 462 TH THOROSEAL
Chemical Resistant Coatings Heavy-duty Polyurethane screed
CONIPUR M805 MASTERSEAL 190 UCRETE RG
NR R R L R NR NR R R
L R L R R R L R R
R R R R R R R R R Reinforced concrete: walls and foundations Reinforced concrete: ground slabs Standard Standard Standard Standard Blinding concrete under slabs/ foundations Concrete ll to reinforced blockwork Standard Standard Standard BS 8007 BS 8110 BS 5328 1991 BS 8007 BS 5328 1991 BS 8007 BS 5328 1991 or as specied Bund walls External Bund oors/walls Standard BS 8007 Internal BS 8110
CIRIA Report 163 Recommendations (where given)

Standard Concrete grade
C30 325 C40 C35A+ C35A C40 RC40 C35A GEN2 C20 GEN2 325 325 325 Max 0.55 Max 0.55 OPC Max 0.50 blended cement Max 0.55 Max 0.55
Min. cement content kg/m2
Water/cement ratio
BASF Admixtures
GLENIUM & RheoFIT GLENIUM & RheoFIT GLENIUM & RheoFIT GLENIUM & RheoFIT GLENIUM & RheoFIT GLENIUM & RheoFIT GLENIUM & RheoFIT GLENIUM GLENIUM GLENIUM

Huntsman Tioxide, Hartlepool Avecia, Redcar and Corby Ellis and Everard, Gateshead Millenium Inorganic Chemicals, Immingham Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Grimsby Shasun Pharmaceuticals, Dudley Bio diesel plant, Vivergo BP, Immingham
Motor Oil Sodium Hydroxide (50%) Hydrochloric Acid (37%) Sulphuric Acid (50%)
L R
R L
R R
R = Resistant (greater than 28 days permanent immersion) NR = Not Resistant (damage will occur in less than 24 hours) L = Limited Resistance (Resistant for up to 3 days continuous immersion)
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Chemical resistance
Corners and proles
Joint waterproong
Vertical repairs
Crack sealing
Bonding aids
Joint sealing
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Car Parks - Exposed Decks, Multi-storey and Underground

Car park surfaces are constantly exposed to aggressive chemicals as a result of oil and acid spills and carbon dioxide gases. Surface salt deposits in coastal areas with a saline atmosphere, climatic conditions such as humidity, rain, and the impact of de-icing salts all contribute to a corrosive environment, the effects of which are worsened if cracks already exist in concrete decks. The use of a protective waterproofing membrane is therefore essential to reduce wholelife costs and down time caused by the maintenance of deteriorating surfaces. The function of BASFs CONIDECK systems extends beyond waterproofing protection to the practical considerations of skid resistance, demarcation of parking bays, traffic lanes and pedestrian walkways. Systems that vary the deck surface through the use of colours and light-reflective coatings improve usability, increase aesthetics and create a safe, welcoming atmosphere. The CONIDECK range of solventfree, crack-bridging and non crackbridging polyurethane membranes and wear-and-tear resistant car park deck coatings covers both exposed and covered decks. Our tough wear coats provide exceptional durability, while a coloured top coat gives design flexibility. CONIDECK car park systems are approved by the British Board of Agrment, fulfil the requirements of the German OS-F specification for crack-bridging coating systems designed to take traffic, and hold the French ATEX approval.
Top Decks
A single system across an entire parking structure is unlikely to be the best solution. The top deck of a car park is the structures most vulnerable surface, exposed to the elements as well as to oils, acids, salts and UV radiation. To withstand such severe conditions, heavy-duty, UVstable, elastomeric waterproofing systems are needed.
8 8
Our solutions for car park top decks provide exceptional tensile strength and elastomeric capability. Double the thickness of most products, they use a multi-layer buildup system to ensure optimum performance, even in the harshest environments. Spray application speeds up the installation process and gives controlled thickness. CONIDECK Systems can easily bridge cracks of up to 2.5mm in width and offer a high level of mechanical resistance, while top coats are available in a wide range of colours.
Lower Decks
2 9 7 2 2 3 4 2
Enclosed, intermediate and lower decks are protected from weather conditions to a large degree and although still exposed to aggressive de-icing salts are less susceptible to stress than top decks. A range of CONIDECK systems for light to medium duty operations take this into account.
1. CONIDECK elastomeric waterproof deck membranes: spray or hand applied elastomeric crack bridging membranes to provide guaranteed long term protection even in heavy-duty wear areas such as ramps and turning circles. 2. CONIDECK intermediate car park deck coatings: solvent free and water dispersed floor coatings, available in a variety of colours. 3. EMACO Nanocrete cementitious concrete repair systems: for small or large scale replacement of spalled or damaged concrete. 4. MASTERSEAL protective coatings for anti carbonation and antigraffiti: aesthetic improvement and protection to delay the onset of corrosion. 5. EMACO T traffic repair mortars: for rapid setting repair of potholes, joint arrises, etc. with a minimum down time and loss of revenue. 6. EMACO CP cathodic protection systems: for the only permanent solution to heavily chloride contaminated concrete structures. 7. MASTERFLEX structural adhesives and CONCRESIVE resin injection systems: for repair of non-moving cracks. 8. MASTERFLOW cementitious and resin grouts: for anchoring barriers, external cladding, etc. 9. MBRACE systems for structural strengthening and increasing load bearing capability: carbon and aramid fibre tow sheets, laminates and rods with MBRACE resin systems.
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The Paradise Project is an extensive 920m, 42-acre regeneration scheme creating a retail-led mixed-use development with six separate districts. Developer Grosvenors massive scheme included three newbuild Q-Park multi-storey car parks requiring major deck installations using BASF Construction Chemicals CONIDECK systems.
Sprayed concrete
The Challenge
As part of Europes biggest current city centre development, the nature of the vast new underground Strand Street car park structure presented unique challenges for which new installation techniques were developed. The car park provides four parking levels under Chavasse Park, a multi-functional space for recreation with a central performance area. Acting as a link between the city and the waterfront, the Parks contoured profile allows the concealment of the four parking decks. Accommodating over 2000 cars in total, the deck area covered with CONIDECK amounted to around 60,000m. With the four parking levels situated at depths of 0.5, 3.0, 6.5 and 9.7 metres, the contractor was working with no natural daylight, and the nature of underground working meant that it was important to employ techniques that minimised the production of dust when blasting decks, particularly as deck membrane installation took place before the car parks extraction system was operational.
EMACO Nanocrete R4 Fluid EMACO FAST Fluid/Fibre/Tixo THORO STRUCTURITE R4 THORO WATERPLUG
Hydro-swelling elastic compound Elastomeric mortar Waterproong admixture and slurry Acrylic polymer liquid additive Capillary waterproong slurry Polyurethane resin joint sealants
THORO WATERPACK THORO FLEXIJOINT MASTERTOP SBR 570 THORO ACRYL 60 MASTERSEAL 501 MASTERFLEX 474 MASTERFLEX 462 TH THOROSEAL SUPER
The Solution
With no air extraction, CONIDECKs solvent-free polyurethane formulation and cold working properties were ideal for the job from a health and safety perspective. Electrical rather than diesel plant was used, also for safety reasons, and no power was needed to install the CONIDECK membranes, which were roller applied in this instance. A combination of two BASF CONIDECK systems were used: CONIDECK 2257 and CONIDECK 2260, both designed for use on enclosed, intermediate and lower decks and bays. In turning circles and ramps, the areas that suffer the highest mechanical stress, a greater aggregate content increased wear resistance, producing a heavy-duty, skid resistant surface for long-term protection.
Crack injection
CONCRESIVE 1380

Ankerside Shopping Centre, Tamworth Brewer Street, London Jordangate MSCP, Macclesfield Ladysmith Shopping Centre, Ashton-Under-Lyne PalaceXchange, Enfield Silverburn Mall, South Glasgow, Scotland Sheffield Riverside, Sheffield
Ireland
Blackpool, Cork MSCP Douglas Shopping Centre
Europe
Brussels Airport, Belgium Metro Head Office, Germany
South America
Salvadorian Social Security Institute, El Salvador
Asia Pacific
Harbour Front Multi-Storey Car Park, Singapore
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Corners and proles
Joint waterproong
Crack sealing
Bonding aids
Joint sealing
Spalling over large areas Cover (mm)

10- 25
Spalling over small areas Cover (mm)

10- 25
Featured Project: Paradise Street, Liverpool, UK
Material category
Products
Application
5-10
5-10
< 25
< 25
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Podium Decks
The cost of land in cities now dictates that owners maximize their sites: as a result podiums are often a feature of contemporary commercial and domestic properties. Defined as decks which are raised above the general level of their surroundings, they can be used to create an entrance lobby, delivery areas, service areas, roadways, terraces, garden areas or car parking. Whatever the usage, waterproofing the podium deck is a key element in ensuring the integrity of the overall building envelope. Deck waterproofing systems for podiums must take into consideration the need for movement accommodation. Although concrete podium deck construction is similar in many respects to that of balconies, the greater width of podiums means that a larger area is exposed, and a higher level of thermal movement is likely, particularly if the deck is used for parking or access for traffic. In such areas of vehicular traffic, there will also be an increase in the dynamic loading of the structure. The additional weight of landscaping features such as paving and planters may also be a factor.
4
For landscaped or trafficable podium decks, BASF Construction Chemicals CONIROOF landscaping and podium deck systems are BBA approved and provide a surface that is fully bonded to the deck, meaning that water cannot track under the system, unlike unbonded sheet membranes which can allow water to migrate between the slab and the membrane. A robust and puncture resistant waterproofing solution, CONIROOF avoids the need for falls in the deck and speeds up the construction process which can lead to significant cost savings across the project.
3 2 1
Built-in root resistance to DIN 4062 standards saves the time and cost involved in installing a separate root barrier in hard and soft landscaped areas. It also removes the possibility of the separate root barrier being omitted on site. The relevant BBA certificate states that, when subjected to normal service conditions, the system will provide an effective barrier to the transmission of liquid water for the design life of the roof into which it is incorporated.
1. Optional screed to falls. 2. MASTERTOP primers and preparation coats. 3. CONIROOF waterproof membranes: select from systems 2110, 2111, 2103 or 2150. 4. Drainage layer with geotextile filter: CONIDRAIN drainage board.
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Podium Decks
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Featured Project: Kepplestone Development, Aberdeen, Scotland

Stuart Milne Homes upmarket 20 million development is positioned within a spectacularly landscaped location in a conservation area in Aberdeens attractive West End, on the former site of Robert Gordon Universitys Kepplestone campus. It offers a selection of 52 executive apartments as well as three-storey townhouses and large luxury villas within walking distance of Aberdeens vibrant city centre, combining the convenience of a central location with exceptionally attractive surroundings. Parking at the development includes both underground and external facilities: with most car parking spaces being underground, over 60% of the development is either public landscaping or garden space.
Podium deck
Hand applied 1. Screed to falls 2. Preparation coat/primer 3. Waterproof membrane system 4. Drainage layer with geotextile fabric 5. Paved surfacing sharp sand bedding
CONIROOF SYSTEMS
Spray applied Optional MASTERTOP primers and preparation coats as recommended by BASF CONIROOF 2110, CONIROOF 2111, CONIROOF 2113 CONIDRAIN drainage board Brick pavior/green roof CONIROOF 2150
Material category
Products
Application
Crack sealing
Bonding aids
The site offered the opportunity to insert a modern residential development into a traditional part of Aberdeen, as well as to adjust ground levels for the incorporation of underground car parking and the provision of a high proportion of open green space. The site was particularly sensitive from a political and planning perspective. It was also constrained by the physical characteristics and issues including access and road capacity, the topography, the number of mature trees on the site, a listed building on site, a District Wildlife site, proximity to a Conservation Area and removal of playing fields. As the architects design required the installation of a podium deck to create the underground parking space without impacting on the open, green nature of the site, it was important that the podium deck waterproofing system specified could withstand both hard and soft landscaping, to include planted bamboo.
Sprayed concrete
EMACO Nanocrete R4 Fluid THORO STRUCTURITE R4 THORO DRYJOINT THORO WATERPLUG
The Solution
BASF Construction Chemicals CONIROOF 2111 system was specified to waterproof the podium deck, a key factor being its root resistance. BBA tests carried out to DIN 4062 : 1978 indicate that the membrane is root resistant in accordance with the DIN standard. BBA certification also states that when buried the membrane should last the lifetime of the structure. This project was the first large-scale podium deck contract in Scotland for BASF Construction Chemicals, and the companys podium deck system was selected for being best in terms of performance, value and service in comparison with other competitors.
Hydro-swelling elastic compound Elastomeric mortar Waterproong admixture and slurry Acrylic polymer liquid additive Capillary waterproong slurry Polyurethane resin joint sealants
THORO WATERPACK THORO FLEXIJOINT MASTERTOP SBR 570
THORO ACRYL 60
MASTERSEAL 501 MASTERFLEX 474 MASTERFLEX 462 TH THOROSEAL THOROSEAL SUPER
Application
Around 5000m of CONIROOF 2111 was spray applied to the podium deck. MASTERTOP Primer P617 was first applied, followed by CONIPUR M810 membrane without topcoat.
Crack injection
CONCRESIVE 1380

Kings Cross Station, London Imperial Wharf, London Berry Bros Wine Merchants, London
Ireland
Apartments Georges Quay, Cork Parchment Square, Cork Royal Irish Yacht Club, Dun Laoghaire Shopping Centre, Dundrum
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Joint sealing
The Challenge
< 25
Podium Decks
Corners and proles
Joint waterproong
10- 25
10- 25
5-10
5-10
< 25
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Balconies, Walkways and Terraces
Balconies, outside terraces and communal walkways are usually constructed from concrete with asphalt as the waterproof wearing course. Without protection these substrates will inevitably crack over time. This can lead to water ingress, resulting in leaks into properties below, frost damage and corrosion of steel reinforcement, in turn causing spalling of the substrate and ultimately structural failure. From a safety perspective, standing water on walkways can potentially be hazardous for inhabitants, however, it can also cause the less obvious problem of capillary action. Walls resting on exposed horizontal portions of an envelope, such as balcony decks and walkways, can be affected not only by evident structural defects but also by the wicking effect of capillary action. Care must be taken to ensure that the buildings design prevents this natural movement which can carry water into the underside of design details such as joints, particularly under wind loading during heavy rainstorms. BASF Construction Chemicals has developed a range of balcony systems, specifically designed to protect balconies against these elements, that are both functional and decorative.
Spalled/cracked concrete 7 2
Where cracks are present, then an effective crack bridging solution is a must; this is achieved by incorporating our tried and tested CONIPUR hand or spray applied membranes into the system. Within the range of MASTERTOP balcony systems we have a number of options available to achieve the optimum solution. Key advantages with MASTERTOP balcony systems are ease of application and short drying times. Most balcony systems can be walked on after only a few hours and systems are available that can be trafficked after only one hour so that disruption is kept to a minimum.
Overhead repairs
PCI Tiling Solutions

Tiling solutions from BASF Construction Chemicals PCI brand open up the design possibilities of ceramic and natural stone surfaces for balconies. Specified in conjunction with a suitable substrate, our advanced range of waterproofing systems, joint sealants, tile grouts and adhesives recommended for external use on balconies can be combined to create a durable, attractive tiled surface.
Corner repairs Vertical repairs
2 4
Protective aesthetic finish Top coat
Remedial Treatments
Where water ingress has already become an issue, restoring the building envelope through remedial waterproofing will prevent further damage to properties and extend the life of the building as a whole. Our extensive range of concrete repair materials are EN-1504 compliant, making it especially suitable for publicly funded projects.
Wear coat
The MASTERTOP Watertight Solution

The effect of weather must be taken into account both at the design stage of the structure and when selecting the balcony protection system. Criteria must include a waterproof, UV stable anti-slip finish to the surface of the balcony; this provides protection to the substrate and a safe environment for pedestrians.
1
3 Membrane Waterproof joint
5
1. MASTERTOP Balcony Systems. 2. EMACO NANOCRETE structural repair mortars, suitable for profiles and corners. 3. MASTERFLEX Polyurethane elastomeric joint sealants. 4. THORO DRYJOINT pointing mortar for bricks, stone and concrete. 5. EMACOFast rapid setting repair mortars suitable for use on pedestrian walkway environments. 6. MASTERSEAL anti-carbonation coatings. 7. MASTERSEAL clear penetrating water repellent coatings.
Protected with spray/brush applied membrane
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Structural crack repairs
Leakage into interiors
Vertical/overhead use
Featured Project: Apartment Walkways Pendrecht, Rotterdam, Netherlands

Rotterdam is the second-largest city in the Netherlands and its Pendrecht area, developed during post-war reconstruction in the fifties, is renowned for its town planning and green spaces. The small-scale nature of its architecture makes it popular with both the elderly and families. Housing trust De Nieuwe Unie owns around 3,000 homes in the district and embarked on a major refurbishment programme to renovate its housing stock. BASF Construction Chemicals systems were specified on two of its apartment complexes where a number of walkways needed refurbishment. The existing apartment walkways were covered with tiles, only some of which were coated. The client decided to lay a new flooring surface on top of these tiles, using a MASTERTOP balcony system build-up. The system comprised of a thick, crack-bridging waterproof membrane layer, followed by a low-profile, fine-grained wear coat. The fine gravel surface was not coated, allowing the rainwater to run off the walkways by means of the membrane. The client, like the occupants, is very satisfied with the modern, aesthetic finish on the walkways, which has the advantage for the housing trust of requiring little maintenance thanks to its durability.
Material category
Products
Application
Properties
Proles and corners
Suitable for cathodic protection
Puncture resistant
Vapour permeable
Concrete repairs
Sprayed Concrete
THORO STRUCTURITE R4 THORO WATERPLUG THORO DRYJOINT
Elastomeric mortar Waterproong admixture and slurry Acrylic polymer liquid additive Polyurethane resin joint sealants Polymer-modied coatings and membranes Flexible sheet membrane
THORO FLEXIJOINT MASTERTOP SBR 570 THORO ACRYL 60 MASTERFLEX 474 MASTERFLEX 462 TF THOROSEAL FX100 THOROSEAL WR THORO FLEX 200 MASTERSEAL 456 PROTECTOSIL CIT
Silane treatments
MASTERSEAL 303 MASTERSEAL 321B
Protective anticarbonation coatings
MASTERSEAL F1120 MASTERSEAL F1131

Hackney Homes New River Head Apartments Spectators Area, Gatwick Airport
Europe
Amena Building, Spain Apartment Postelse Hoeflaan, Netherlands De Slinge Apartment Complex, Netherlands Senior house, Czech Republic
Asia Pacific
Hyatt Hotel, Australia Marina Pinnacle, Dubai Maroubra Bay Hotel, Australia
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Protects against corrosion
Sealing cracks
Horizontal use
Waterproong
Patch repairs
Joint sealing
Bonding aid
Single layer
Waterproof
Levelling
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System (Mastertop) Application

Rapid Curing
System 1
System 2
System 3
System 4
System 5
System 6
System 7
Tiling material category
Products
Application
Crack bridging
Elastomeric
Ceramic tiles
Spray or Hand Applied Membrane Hand Applied Membrane

PCI Seccoral 2K + PCI Pecitape
Flexible Decorative Finish
Waterproong systems
PCI Pecilastic WS + PCI Pecitape PCI Carraferm
Silicone joint sealants

PCI Silcoferm S
Extremely Decorative Quartz Finish

PCI Tilefast 6 Rapidex
Extremely Decorative Flake Finish Large Range of Colours Seamless Watertight Anti-Slip UV and Weather Resistant
Tile adhesives
PCI Nanolight PCI Nanolight Rapid
Medium-bed tile adhesive Pourable thick-bed tile adhesive
PCI Carrament PCI Floorfast 20 Rapid PCI Durafug NT
Tile Grouts
PCI Fast Track PCI Carrafug
Top Coat
Clear Sealer Coat Wear Coat
Design Watchpoint
For new-build balconies (designed and built for their intended purpose rather than as an addition to an existing construction such as a garage roof), the ideal surface to receive tiles is a sand/cement screed or a concrete substrate. Falls (drainage channels) should be formed in the substrate to ensure that ponding of water does not occur. These falls should never be formed in the adhesive layer, but always at the design stage in the substrate.
Wear Coat Membrane Void Filling Primer (Optional) Primer Membrane Void Filling Primer Primer
Clear Sealer Coat Clear Sealer Coat Wear Coat Membrane Void Filling Primer (Optional) Primer
For more information on System build ups contact BASFs Technical Department.
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Fast track working
Joint waterproong
Natural stone tiles
Separation layer
Joint sealing
Levelling
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Bridges
Bridges are constantly under stress as water, chlorides, acid rain, deicing salts and freeze-thaw cycles act on them. Seasonal and day cycle extremes of temperature, the impact of traffic and vibration place bridges under further stress. As steel reinforcing bars corrode and expand, concrete can crack and deteriorate. The costly disruption caused by resulting repair work impacts on both traffic and safety.
Bridge repairs can often amount to 10-30% of the updated construction cost, and large repairs may even exceed the updated construction cost and still be the preferred option when compared to the cost of traffic interruption and demolition. As moisture is the most significant factor in concrete deterioration, incorporating sufficient waterproofing at the design stage is by far the most cost-effective option.
Frost Damage
Where frost damage caused by the freeze-thaw cycle occurs, it is often the result of incorrect air content and pore structure of the concrete and so can be minimised through the use of admixtures. BASF admixtures designed to enhance the performance of concrete and limit the impact of the freeze-thaw cycle include: MICRO-AIR air-entrainers to create ultra-stable bubbles, GLENIUM superplasticisers to reduce the water-cement ratio, and RheoFIT water-resisting admixtures which also prevent the ingress of chlorides.
Crack Injection
Cracked concrete creates ideal conditions for deterioration as it allows the ingress of moisture or dry air. The likely degree of rust development depends on the kind of crack: macro-cracks can develop from micro-cracks and by allowing moisture ingress they encourage the possibility of alkali-silica reaction and frost damage. Designed for pressure injection grouting, low viscosity epoxy resin CONCRESIVE 1380 can be used to structurally re-bond cracked concrete sections and offers excellent penetration of fine fissures it can also be used as an impregnating flood coat to improve the soundness of friable screeds.
Concrete Repair
It is essential that concrete repair materials are compatible with the host concrete. BASF Construction Chemicals EMACO Nanocrete range of flowable, hand and spray applied mortars are fully compliant with BS EN1504 Part 3, which is mandatory for all publicly funded concrete repair projects.
Exposed Concrete
Untreated concrete is vulnerable to the damaging ingress of carbon dioxide, chlorides and water, which can lead to structural damage and safety issues. BASF Construction Chemicals MASTERSEAL range of anti-carbonation coatings can address these problems and give long-term structural protection from environmental damage. In addition, our PROTECTOSIL CIT advanced corrosion inhibitor can be applied to decrease the corrosion process. This organofunctional molecule penetrates concrete and inhibits the electrochemical reaction process between the reinforcement and any chloride ions, oxygen and moisture present.
Anchoring and grouting of metal rail and base plates Asphalt road surface Concrete
Column repair Transparent protective coat Cathodic protection
1. EMACO CP 60 ANODE high-performance spray-applied anode for cathodic protection. 2. EMACO NANOCRETE BS EN1504 - compliant repair mortars. 3. MASTERSEAL 303 and PROTECTOSIL CIT Highways Agency approved silanes to BD43/03.
Mondorf, Paul E, Concrete Bridges, Taylor & Francis 2006
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Bridges
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Concrete, sprayed concrete, cement-sand mortars
SHOTPATCH 12
EMACO Nanocrete R2 EMACO Nanocrete R3 EMACO Nanocrete R4 EMACO Nanocrete R4 Fluid
EMACO FAST Fluid/Fibre/Tixo THORO STRUCTURITE R4 THORO WATERPLUG
The Highways Agencys River Derwent Bridge is a major road bridge carrying the A38 over the river in Derby. A three-span reinforced concrete structure, its central deck is supported at half joints by deck sections cantilevered from its piers.
The Challenge
High levels of chloride contamination had occurred, caused by leaking water from the deck drainage which had travelled over the half joints, along the catilevered soffits and down the deck piers. As a result of the ingress of chloride-contaminated water, the severely deteriorated structure was suffering from corroded reinforcement and spalling concrete, particularly at the half joints and cantilever soffits. The bridge required large-scale structural concrete repairs, complicated by difficult site access.
Elastomeric mortar
THORO DRYJOINT THORO FLEXIJOINT GLENIUM RHEOFIT 790
Admixtures
PROOF MARINE RHECRETE 222+
Anti-washout admixture Waterproong admixture and slurry Acrylic polymer liquid additive Polyurethane resin joint sealants Crack injection Capillary waterproong slurry
RHEOMAC UW 450 MASTERTOP SBR 570
THORO ACRYL 60 MASTERFLEX 474 MASTERFLEX 462 TF CONCRESIVE 1380 THOROSEAL 501 THORO FLEX 200
The Solution
A cathodic protection system was developed using BASFs new EMACO CP 60 Anode mortar, its first installation onto a bridge. The system used a low current through the bridge reinforcement to create a cathode and the EMACO CP 60 cementitious overlay, which contains nickel fibres, was applied at a thickness of 10mm as the anode. Titanium strips served as the distribution network for a current of less than 20 milliamps delivered from a streetlighting electrical feeder pillar. The reversal of the electrical cell protected the reinforcement at the joints and soffits from further corrosion. BASF was able to offer a complete package of repair solutions in addition to EMACO CP 60 ANODE: SHOTPATCH 12, EMACO S103 and NANOCRETE R4 mortars were also supplied. A team approach giving support from the companys Technical, Sales and Customer Services departments ensured that materials were both delivered and applied on schedule to the satisfaction of all parties. Success on the project has since lead to BASF supplying several other prestigious Highways Agency projects.
Coatings and membranes
THOROSEAL FX 100 THOROSEAL WR MASTERSEAL 345 PROTECTOSIL CIT
Silane treatments
MASTERSEAL 303
High performance anode
EMACO CP 60 ANODE

River Derwent Bridge R111 Midland Links
South America
Alencastro Bridge, Brazil Salto Grande Bridge, Brazil
Europe
Apollo Bridge, Bratislava, Slovakia
Middle East
Manifa Port Causeway, Saudi Arabia
North America
Hardy Toll Road Bridge, Texas, USA Triboro Bridge, New York, USA
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Bridges
Corners and proles
Cathodic protection
Joint waterproong
Crack sealing
Bridge decks
Bonding aids
Joint sealing
Spalling over large areas Cover (mm) 10- 25 5-10 < 25 < 25
Spalling over small areas Cover (mm) 10- 25 5-10
Featured Project: River Derwent Bridge, Derby, UK
Material category
Products
Application
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Roofing - includes Green, Cold, Warm and Inverted Roofs

Inadequate roofing affects a structures functionality, its maintenance and whole-life costs, with far-reaching implications for buildings insurance. A durable roof waterproofing system that is resistant to changes in temperature and environmental factors, such as pollution and acid rain, is therefore a vital part of the building envelope. BASF Construction Chemicals provides tailor-made solutions for flat and pitched roofs with its versatile CONIROOF waterproofing membrane systems, which use advanced polyurethane technology to create impervious, monolithic membranes suitable for all major roof types and designs. CONIROOF systems are multi-layered, comprising substrate sealers, primers, waterproofing membranes and protective top coats. The systems are cold applied to avoid the odour and fire risk of hot works. Custom-designed spray equipment ensures consistently high-quality membrane production and quick, uniform application. Fast curing within a few minutes speeds up installation: up to 1,000m can be placed in a single eight hour shift. Exceptional physical properties, versatility, performance and speed of installation are combined with the reassurance of BBA and EOTA approval.
Insulation options Vapour control layer Roof deck Complex/vertical details
Refurbishment
CONIROOF systems can be installed on most substrates, including old concrete, built-up felt, asphalt and timber substrates. They are also suitable for failed single-ply sheet, providing that the surface can be properly prepared to allow maximum adhesion. The membranes are crack bridging so existing minor cracks can be simply overcoated.
7
BASF can supply advice on preparation and application to specific substrates and will work closely with you to produce the best specification for your requirements.
Green Roofs
1 6 5 4 3 2
CONIROOF systems have built-in root resistance to conform to DIN 4062, eliminating the need for separate root barriers. As systems are fully bonded to the substrate, water cannot flow under the membrane coating, thus avoiding damage to the roof structure and building interior below. CONIROOF systems will also withstand the loads imposed by landscaping for an effective, quickly installed solution for green roofs.
Complex Forms
CONIROOF systems can be applied to vertical surfaces including complex details such as penetrations, ventilators, skylights, air conditioning units and chimneys etc. Unlike sheet systems, BASFs seamless, monolithic waterproofing systems avoid weak spots caused by laps, welds or seams, providing greater durability and protection.
New Build
Applied to new roofs, CONIROOF membranes are waterproof and weathertight in the harshest conditions and can accept typical substrate movement without damage, preventing water ingress. CONIROOF systems are suited to a variety of surfaces from dense concrete decks to plywood and lightweight metal panels, with different polyurethane and epoxy preparation coats and primers, for each type of substrate, optimising performance. This allows the membrane to resist wind suction, elevated temperature, thermal shock and minor structural movement.
1. CONIROOF waterproofing solution: select from spray and hand-applied systems. 2. MASTERTOP primers and preparation coats as recommended by BASF Construction Chemicals. 3. Consult BASF Construction Chemicals for advice on the most appropriate vapour control layer. 4. Insulation options: CONIROLL, C PER or CONITHERM, bonded in cold adhesive or mechanically fixed. 5. CONIROOF waterproofing membrane. 6. CONIROOF top coat. 7. THORO WATERPACK hydro-swelling elastic compound to seal penetrations.
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Roong - includes Green, Cold, Warm and Inverted Roofs
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Featured Project: Cork Airport Hotel, Ireland
Type of roof
Hand applied 2150 ETA Flat/pitched Warm/insulated Inverted Overlay Green 2160 BBA
CONIROOF SYSTEMS
Spray applied 2110 BBA 2111 2102 BBA 2103 ETA
Material category
Products
Spalling over large areas Cover (mm)
10- 25
Application
Vertical and horizontal repairs Spalling over small areas Cover (mm)
10- 25
The flat roof at the new 154-bed, 4-star Cork Airport Hotel in Ireland needed a waterproof membrane that could accommodate a range of unusual shapes and penetrations. As the roof could be accessed by hotel guests from the upstairs lobby area, the surface also had to provide a safe and durable surface for foot traffic. The solution selected for this project was the CONIDECK inverted system, which could be combined with hard paving.
Sprayed concrete
EMACO Nanocrete R4 Fluid EMACO FAST Fluid/Fibre/Tixo THORO STRUCTURITE R4 THORO DRYJOINT
The Challenge
Other trades were dependent on completion of the roof membrane to begin work, so fast application and curing were important. Unusual shapes and roof openings were to be integrated into the waterproof seal effectively and reliably, without additional work or prefabricated parts, and a seamless surface compatible with hard landscaping was required.
Hydro-swelling elastic compound Elastomeric mortar Waterproong admixture and slurry Acrylic polymer liquid additive Polyurethane resin joint sealants Polymer-modied coatings and membranes
THORO WATERPACK THORO FLEXIJOINT MASTERTOP SBR 570 THORO ACRYL 60 MASTERFLEX 474 MASTERFLEX 462 TH THORO FLEX 200 THOROSEAL FX100 THOROSEAL WR
The Solution
The specification proposed the use of CONIROOF 2110 inverted system with CONIDRAIN insulation (extruded polystyrene) and paving on top. This system has a BBA Certificate no. 99/3660. Advantages of the system included fast-track curing (30 seconds), easy spray application, root resistance and the integration of awkward shapes and roof openings without any joints. Other important properties included crack bridging, UV and weather resistance and BBA-certification. The contractor had 12 years of experience of the system. This system was selected primarily for its speed of installation: in this case the waterproofing membrane was installed in just four days within a two week period during poor weather conditions. Other trades were able to commence as soon as 2mm of membrane were in place, allowing them to begin working in dry conditions. The client was very pleased with the results and proposed to use CONIDECK in all future projects of a similar nature.
United Kingdom
Kings Cross Station Redevelopment, London
Africa
Sofitel El Gezirah Hotel, Egypt
Europe
Bakeries Blansko a.s, Czechoslovakia College Refectory, Karlsruhe, Germany Cultural Centre, Santiago de Compostela, Spain InfraServ GmbH & Co., Germany Ravensburger AG, Germany Terminal Building, Tenerife Airport Military Shelter, Sierra Nevada, Spain
Asia Pacific
Hong Kong City Office Towers, China Grand Lisaboa Hotel, Macau, China Vivocity Shopping Mall, Singapore
60
Roong - includes Green, Cold, Warm and Inverted Roofs
Corners and proles
Joint waterproong
Crack sealing
Bonding aids
Joint sealing
5-10
5-10
< 25
< 25
61
Innovating for the Future
Driven by dynamic innovation, BASF is fully committed to being a reliable partner that helps shape the future. To deliver on this promise, we have adopted a binding value system that forms the basis for our actions as a company and as individuals. Six core values describe our philosophy and the way in which we want to achieve our goals: sustainable profitable performance, innovation for the success of our customers, safety, health and environmental protection, personal and professional competence, mutual respect and open dialogue, and integrity.
Committed to UK Initiatives
BASF Construction Chemicals is a member of the UK Green Building Council (UK-GBC), which campaigns for a sustainable built environment, and we support its belief that the challenge of sustainability is an opportunity, not a threat. The UK-GBC is part of the World Green Building Council federation, membership of which is growing as new national green building councils are established across the globe. As a leading raw material supplier to the construction industry, BASF is a key contributor to the Creative Energy Homes Project at the University of Nottinghams School of the Built Environment. BASF, helped by its customers and partners, has built the BASF House at the university to demonstrate how its systems can be used to create an energy-efficient affordable home. Both the Admixture and Building Systems divisions of BASF Construction Chemicals assisted in the creation of the ecofriendly dwelling.
Recognised for Sustainability

BASF has gained public recognition for its sustainability and transparency its shares have been included in the Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI World), the worlds most important sustainability index, for the seventh year in succession. The companies included in the DJSI World are picked from the 2,500 members of the Dow Jones Global Index: only the top 10 percent in each industry are selected. BASF has been included in the Global 100 list compiled by the New York research house Innovest for the third year running, identifying it as one of the worlds most successful companies in the areas of environmental protection, social affairs and corporate governance. BASF Construction Chemicals (UK) was awarded the title of Sustainability Champion 2008 by the British Precast Concrete Federation after showing that the use of the companys products can save three times more greenhouse gas emissions than the entire amount caused by their production and disposal. The award submission from the Admixtures division also highlighted the companys progress in the field of concrete.
In the precast concrete sector, BASFs Zero Energy System (ZES) concept has transformed production into a much more sustainable process through Zero Energy Concrete selfplacing and compacting concrete which can fill even complex, heavily reinforced sections from one delivery location. In the manufactured concrete products (MCP) industry, the BASF FIT 4 VALUE concept assists process optimisation and the enhancement of product performance through RheoFIT admixtures that optimise the mix design, cycle time, appearance and durability of MCPs.
Reducing Carbon Emissions

BASF was honoured as Best in Class in its approach to addressing the challenges of climate change by the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP), and has been included in the Climate Leadership Index. The CDP is an initiative of 225 institutional investors which supports the disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions by companies. Every year it selects 50 FT500 companies that are leaders in the management of the opportunities and risks of climate change.
Research and Development

BASF Construction Chemicals is committed to engineering quality solutions to drive the construction industry forward. Through constant research and development into new products, systems, application methods and equipment, we add value. Continuous innovation is the key to our success. Our objective is clear: to engineer materials to match the needs of the end user. From the molecular level to the finished system, enhancing the performance of construction materials for our customers is at the heart of whatever we do.
Innovating for the Future 63
62
The degradation of cementitious material by aggressive water

Table 1 Degree of aggression None PH Free CO2 (mg/l) Ammonium (mg/l) Sulphates (mg/l) Magnesium (mg/l) > 6.5 < 15 < 15 < 200 < 100 Weak 5.5 6.5 15 30 15 30 200 600 100 300 Fair 4.5 5.5 30 60 30 60 600 3000 300 1500 Strong 4.0 4.5 60 100 60 100 3000 6000 1500 3000 Very strong < 4.0
Admixtures and Ancillary Products

BASF Admixture Systems UK is part of BASFs Construction Chemicals business and is the leading admixture supplier, delivering continuous innovation and added value solutions. Our market-segmented structure means that you can rely on the proximity of a regional company with the backing of a global group. With the broadest range of technologically advanced chemical admixtures and the best technical back up, we are the international market leader, ideally placed to advise on solutions for high performance concrete with integral waterproofing. The table below provides a snapshot of systems that assist performance in different applications.
RHEOFINISH RHEOFIBRE CORROSION INHIBITORS
GLENIUM
> 100 > 6000 > 3000

Reservoirs Dams Waterways Swimming Pools/ Wet Rooms etc. Basements/Vaults Car parks: Exposed Decks Car parks: Multi-storey Car parks: Underground Dirty Water Potable Water Marine Structures Defence Structures Bunds Roong Podium Decks Balconies Footbridges Stadia Bridge Decks Roller Compacted Concrete Bridge Abutments Cooling Towers Diaphragm Walls Retaining Walls Foundations External Faades Storm Tanks Sustainable Underground Drainage Systems (SUDS)
Water quality will have a significant effect on the rate at which cement-based materials deteriorate. Medium to soft water, water containing acids, magnesium, free carbon dioxide, ammonium and sulphate salts will be more aggressive. The degree of aggression has been classified and quantified by the European Cement Association (Cem-Bureau). Table 1 is a guide only to the elements which affect water quality and does not take into consideration the influence that hardness in combination with total alkalinity, pH and temperature has on the waters ability to attack cementitious materials. It is possible to have, for example, a swimming pool with water at pH of 7+ which could be considered to be non-aggressive but which, because of the high temperature and low hardness, is consequently very aggressive.
Definitions
pH Is a measure of the acidity of alkalinity of water Alkalinity Represents the amount of bicarbonates, carbonates, hydroxides present in the water. It is a measure of the buffering capacity of the water i.e. its degree of resistance to the change in pH. Hardness Is a term used to describe the reaction between soap and water. Natural mineral salts dissolved in water reduce the ease at which soap lathers. Hardness is usually measured as calcium carbonate content.
BASF Construction Chemicals is prepared to advise on water quality when provided with the following information:
Static or replenished water pH reading Temperature Hardness Alkalinity Chemical analysis
64
Rheo-FIT
> 100
MICRO-AIR
Applications
PROOFMARINE
MASTERKURE
RHEOMATRIX
65
Construction Products
Glossary
Prestigious new-build and refurbishment projects rely on materials from BASF Construction Chemicals Construction Products division for performance and durability. Our tailor-made solutions present systems that improve, preserve or repair, helping structures to stand the test of time. From composite strengthening systems and cathodic protection to sealants, coatings, concrete repair materials and grouts BASFs innovative construction systems extend the service life of structures, adding value through whole-life cost savings. The table below outlines which of our brands can assist performance in different waterproofing applications.
EMACO NANOCRETE
Above-grade waterproofing
Prevention of water ingress into exposed structural elements using materials not subject to hydrostatic pressure but exposed to weathering and pollutants.
Freeze-thaw cycle
The process of water freezing then thawing, related to building components.
Hydrostatic pressure Admixtures

Materials added to the concrete mix to enhance/improve its performance. Pressure exerted by a fluid due to the force of gravity. Hydrostatic pressure increases in proportion to depth measured from the surface because of the increasing weight of fluid exerting downward force.
MASTERSEAL 900
Application
CONIROOF CONIDECK
MASTERSEAL
MASTERFLEX
MASTERTOP
Below-grade waterproofing
UCRETE MBrace PCI
THORO
Prevention of water ingress using materials that withstand hydrostatic pressure, not exposed to weathering.
Membrane
A flexible/elastomeric waterproofing material applied to a building envelope.
Reservoirs Dams Waterways Swimming Pools/Wet Rooms etc. Basements/Vaults Car parks: Exposed Decks Car parks: Multi-storey Car parks: Underground Wastewater Potable Water Marine Structures Bunds Roong Podium Decks Balconies Footbridges Stadia Bridge Decks Bridge Abutments Cooling Towers Diaphragm Walls Retaining Walls Foundations External faades Storm Tanks Sustainable Underground Drainage Systems (SUDS)
Capillary admixtures
Admixtures that react with concrete or masonry to form microscopic crystalline growth in the capillaries resulting from hydration this fills the capillaries to prevent further capillary action.
Negative waterproofing system

A below-grade system applied to the interior (negative) side of a structure, away from direct exposure to groundwater.
Capillary action
A wick-like migration of water created by surface tension or molecular attraction.
Positive waterproofing system

A system applied to the substrate side with direct exposure to water or a hydrostatic head.
Construction joint
A stopping place in the process of construction.
Seepage
In soil engineering, movement of water in soils, often a critical problem in building foundations.
Contraction joint (also Control joint)

A joint placed to control random cracking.
Waterbar/Waterstop
A continuous strip of waterproof material placed at concrete joints designed to control cracking and limit moisture penetration.
Damp proofing
Systems resistant to dampness or the effects of dampness, acting as a back-up to primary waterproofing materials.
Weep hole
A hole in a sill, retaining wall, or similar for draining off accumulated moisture, as from condensation or seepage.
Expansion joint (also Isolation joint)

Used to relieve flexural stresses caused by vertical movement of slab-on-grade applications that adjoin fixed foundation elements such as columns, building or machinery foundations.
66
67
Intelligent solutions from BASF Construction Chemicals

Whatever your construction problem, whatever the structure is you are building, BASF Construction Chemicals has an intelligent solution to help you be more successful. Our market leading brands offer the widest range of proven technologies to help you build a better world. Emaco - Concrete Repair Systems MBrace - Composite Strengthening Systems Masterflow - Precision and Structural Grouts Masterflex - Joint Sealants Masterseal - Coatings and Waterproofing Concresive - Crack Injection Resins Conideck - Hand and Spray applied Waterproof Membrane Systems Coniroof - PU Based Roofing Systems Mastertop - Decorative and Industrial Flooring Solutions Ucrete - Flooring Solutions for Harsh Environments Glenium - Superplasticizers RheoFIT - Waterproofing Admixtures Masterkure - Curing Compounds Rheofinish - Release Agents MEYCO - Shotcrete and Spraying Equipment Micro-Air - Air-entraining Agents
Head Office BASF Construction Chemicals (UK) Ltd PO Box 4 Earl Road Cheadle Hulme Cheadle Cheshire SK8 6QG Tel: 0161 485 6222 Fax: 0161 488 5220 www.basf-cc.co.uk www.pci.uk.com BASF Construction Chemicals (UK) Ltd 19 Broad Ground Road Lakeside Redditch Worcestershire B98 8YP Tel: 01527 512255 Fax: 01527 510299 www.basf-cc.co.uk www.pci.uk.com
BASF is the worlds leading chemical company: The Chemical Company. Its portfolio ranges from chemicals, plastics and performance products to agricultural products, fine chemicals and oil and gas. As a reliable partner BASF helps its customers in virtually all industries to be more successful. With its high-value products and intelligent solutions, BASF plays an important role in finding answers to global challenges such as climate protection, energy efficiency, nutrition and mobility. BASF posted sales of more than 62 billion in 2008 and had approximately 97,000 employees as of the end of the year. Further information on BASF is available on the Internet at www.basf.com.

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Specifiers Guide

About BASF - The Chemical Company:

About BASF Construction Chemicals Division:

Market Sector Sections

Subways, Tunnels and Shafts Basements and Vaults

For further information visit www.basf-waterproong.co.uk

Protect Against the Most Destructive Element

Ground and Water Control Systems

For further information visit www.basf-waterproong.co.uk

Cementitious Coatings and Renders

Concrete Repair Systems

Kubak, Michael T. (2000) Construction Waterproofing Handbook. McGraw-Hill

For further information visit www.basf-waterproong.co.uk

Subways, Tunnels and Shafts

For further information visit www.basf-waterproong.co.uk

Subways, Tunnels and Shafts

Construction joints exposed to hydrostatic pressure.

Featured Project: Giswil Emergency Escape Tunnel, Switzerland

Swelling ratio (%)

Minimum tear strength (N/mm)

Minimum tensile strength (N/mm2)

Rafts and walls in tunnels

Minimum elongation (%)

Segment rings Stabilising coarse sand and gr avel THORO DRYJOINT

MASTERFLEX 610 MASTERFLEX 612 MASTERFLEX 611 MASTERFLEX 900

Dependent on injection material

Pre-injection of jointed rock

Stabilisation of jointed rock

Sealing off owing water

20-30 1-8 20-25 7-9

MEYCO A3 MEYCO A3 THIX

THORO FLEX 200

Function Concrete re-instatement Surface nishing

Surface sealing Surface sealing-elastomeric

For further information visit www.basf-waterproong.co.uk

Subways, Tunnels and Shafts

Filling waterbearing voids

Filling waterbearing voids

Basements & Vaults

Salt-inhibiting render if required Optional bonding slurry coat THORO ACRYL 60

THOROSEAL SUPER WHITE THOROSEAL SUPER GREY

GLENIUM and RheoFIT

BASF Watertight System

Below-grade Barrier Systems

3 2 1 MASTERFLEX 900 HOSE

Cracks THORO FLEXIJOINT

For further information visit www.basf-waterproong.co.uk

Basements and Vaults

Featured Project: Irish Times Building, Dublin

Protection against corrosion

Structural crack repair

Polymer-modied cementitious mortars

Hydro-swelling elastic compound Elastomeric mortar

THORO WATERPACK THORO FLEXIJOINT GLENIUM RHEOFIT 790

Polymer-modied coatings and membranes

THOROSEAL SUPER THOROSEAL FX100 THOROSEAL WR

References: United Kingdom

THOROSEAL SUPER GREY

20mm THORO WATERPLUG

THOROSEAL SUPER WHITE

For further information visit www.basf-waterproong.co.uk

Basements & Vaults

Can be spray applied