"CHEAT SHEET"

Submitted By
Waqas Ashraf
07-NTU-104
'B' section
6
th
semester


Submitted to
Sir Usman javaid Sb

NATIUNAL TEXTILE UNIVERSITY
FAISALABAD









Minitab Cheat Sheet for Descriptive Statistics
All of the following procedures assume you have already entered your data correctly into one (or
more) of the columns in the Minitab Data Window.
%o produce a one-way table of counts and percentages for categorical data:
1. Select Stat.
2. Select Tables.
3. Select Tally.
4. The Tally Pop-Up Window will appear. In the leIt box, click once on the variable you
want analyzed. Click once on the Select button. The column name (or variable name) will
appear in the box labeled Variables.
5. Under Display, click on the appropriate box(es) to select the statistics that you want
calculated. Counts, Percents, and Cumulative Percents will give you a complete
distribution table as described in your text.
6. Select OK. The output will appear in the Session Window.
%o produce a two-way table of counts and percentages for categorical data:
1. Select Stat.
2. Select Tables.
3. Select Cross Tabulation.
4. The Cross Tabulation Pop-Up Window will appear. In the leIt box, click once on the
variable you want to treat as the row variable. Click once on the Select button. The
column name (or variable name) will appear in the box labeled ClassiIication Variables.
Then, in the leIt box, click once on the variable you want to treat as the column variable.
Click once on the Select button. The column name (or variable name) will appear in the
box labeled Variables.
5. Under Display, click on the appropriate box(es) to select the statistics that you want
calculated. ounts reports the number oI units Ialling into each cell. Total Percents
reports the percent oI all units Ialling into each cell (number in cell divided by grand
total). Row Percents reports percent in row Ialling into each level oI the column variable
(number in cell divided by row total). olumn Percents reports percent in column Ialling
into each level oI the row variable (number in cell divided by column total).
6. Select OK. The output will appear in the Session Window.
%o create a stem-and-leaf plot:
1. Select Graph.
2. Select Character Graphs.
3. Select Stem-and-LeaI...
4. The Stem-and-LeaI Pop-Up Window will appear. In the leIt box, click once on the
variable you want analyzed. Click once on the Select button. The column name (or
variable name) will appear in the box labeled Variables.
5. Select OK. The output will appear in the Session Window.
%o create a dot plot:
1. Select Graph.
2. Select Dotplot...
3. The Dotplot Pop-Up Window will appear. In the leIt box, click once on the variable you
want analyzed. Click once on the Select button. The column name (or variable name) will
appear in the box labeled Variables.
4. By deIault, the radio button in Iront oI No Grouping should be selected. This will create
one dotplot.
5. II you want to create a dot plot Ior diIIerent groups and your groups are in diIIerent
columns, then click on the radio button in Iront oI "Each column constitutes a group." II
you want to create a dot plot Ior diIIerent groups and your group variable is in one
column and the data in another column, click on the radio button in Iront oI By Variable.
Then, click on the box aIter By Variable. In the leIt box, click once on your grouping
variable. Click on the Select button. The column name (or variable name) will appear in
the box labeled By Variable.
6. Select OK. A new graph window, which contains the dotplot(s), will appear.
%o create a histogram:
1. Select Graph.
2. Select Histogram.
3. The Histogram Pop-Up Window will appear. In the leIt box, click once on the variable
you want analyzed. Click once on the Select button. The column name (or variable name)
will appear under the X in the box labeled Graph Variables. (II you would like a relative
Irequency histogram rather than the deIault Irequency histogram, click on Options. Click
on Percent. Select OK.)
4. Select OK. A new graph window, which contains the histogram, will appear.
%o calculate descriptive statistics:
1. Select Stat.
2. Select Basic Statistics.
3. Select Display Descriptive Statistics.
4. The Display Descriptive Statistics Pop-Up Window will appear. In the leIt box, click
once on the variable you want analyzed. Click once on the Select button. The column
name (or variable name) will appear in the box labeled Variables.
5. II you would like Minitab to calculate descriptive statistics Ior diIIerent groups, click on
the box in Iront oI By Variable. Then, click on the box aIter By Variable. In the leIt box,
click once on your grouping variable. Click on the Select button. The column name (or
variable name) will appear in the box labeled By Variable.
6. Select OK. The output will appear in the Session Window.
%o create a boxplot:
1. Select Graph.
2. Select Boxplot.
3. The Boxplot Pop-Up Window will appear. In the leIt box, click once on the variable you
want analyzed. Click once on the Select button. The column name (or variable name) will
appear under the Y in the box labeled Graph Variables. II you would like to create a
graph that shows side-by-side boxplots, similarly select a categorical variable to enter
under the X in the box labeled Graph Variables.
4. Select OK. A new graph window, which contains the boxplot(s), will appear.

.Common Statistics and Tbeir Formulas
Statistics is about gatheiing uata anu then analyzing it. That analysis means finuing
the stanuaiu statistics foi that uata. The most commonly useu statistics aie in the
following list, along with theii foimulas anu a shoit uesciiption of what each one
measuies.




Statistical Confidence Intervals
n statistics, a confiuence inteival is an euucateu guess about some chaiacteiistic of the
population. A confiuence inteival contains an initial estimate (say, the aveiage staiting
wage baseu on a sample of , iecent giauuates) plus oi minus a maigin of eiioi (the
amount by which you expect youi iesults to vaiy, if a uiffeient sample weie taken). The
following table shows foimulas foi the most common confiuence inteivals:

#egression in Minitab
Stat >> #egression >> Fitted Line Plot ...
By default, aIter you speciIy the predictor and response, this command produces a plot which
comes up in a new window and contains:
O a plot oI the estimated regression equation on a scatter plot oI the original data
O the estimated intercept (b0) and estimated slope (b1)
O S the square root oI the mean square error
O #-sq estimated #-square
O #-sq(adj) estimated adjusted #-square
By default, it also produces the Iollowing in the session window:
O the estimated regression equation with estimated intercept (b0) and estimated slope (b1)
O S the square root oI the mean square error
O #-sq estimated #-square
O #-sq(adj) estimated adjusted #-square
O Analysis oI variance table Ior assessing whether there is a signiIicant linear association
O iI they exist, an indication oI any data points that yield extreme residuals or that have
undue inIluence on the estimated regression line
You can ask Minitab to do other things, too, within the command:
O On the main pop-up window, you can specifiy the type of regression model. Choices
include: linear, quadratic, cubic. DeIault is linear.
O Under Options ..., you can ask Minitab to not analyze the X data, but rather to analyze the
log10 oI the X data. To do so click on the logten of X box.
O Under Options ..., you can ask Minitab to not analyze the Y data, but rather to analyze the
log10 oI the Y data. To do so click on the logten of Y box.
O Under Options ..., you can ask Minitab to display conIidence bands on the Iitted line plot.
To do so, click on the display confidence bands box, and speciIy the desired conIidence
level in the confidence level box (deIault is 95.0).
O Under Options ..., you can ask Minitab to display prediction bands on the Iitted line plot.
To do so, click on the display prediction bands box, and speciIy the desired prediction
level in the confidence level box (deIault is 95.0).
O Under Options ..., you can ask Minitab to put a title on your Iitted line plot. Type the
desired title in the title box.
O Under Storage ..., you can ask Minitab to store the estimated residuals (#ESI), the
estimated (Iitted) y values (FITS), and the estimated coeIIicients (COEF) in the data
worksheet. To do so, click on the #esiduals box, the Fits box, and the Coefficients box,
respectively.
Stat >> #egression >> #egression ...
By default, aIter you speciIy the predictor(s) and response, this command produces the
Iollowing in the session window:
O the estimated regression equation
O the estimated intercept (b0) in the row labeled Constant and column labeled CoeI
O the estimated slopes (b1, b2, ...) in the rows labeled by the X variable names and column
labeled CoeI
O the standard deviation oI the estimated intercept, s(b0), in the row labeled Constant and
the column labeled SE CoeI
O the standard deviation oI the estimated slopes, s(b1), s(b1), ..., in the rows labeled by the
X variable names and the column labeled SE CoeI
O the t-statistic and P-value Ior testing H0: Beta0 0 in the row labeled Constant and
columns labeled T and P, respectively
O the t-statistic and P-value Ior testing H0: Beta1 0, H0: Beta2 0, ..., in the rows labeled
by the X variable names and the columns labeled T and P, respectively
O S the square root oI the mean square error
O #-sq estimated #-square
O #-sq(adj) estimated adjusted #-square
O Analysis oI variance table Ior assessing whether there is a signiIicant linear association
You can ask Minitab to do other things, too, within the command:
O Under Options ..., you can ask Minitab to predict the mean response for a given X and
to get conIidence intervals Ior the prediction. To do so, speciIy the X value Ior which you
want the prediction in the box labeled Prediction intervals for new observations. Then,
speciIy the desired conIidence level you want in the box labeled Confidence level. The
results are displayed in the session window. The conIidence interval is labeled XX CI.
O Under Options ..., you can ask Minitab to predict the response for a new individual for
a given X and to get prediction intervals Ior the prediction. To do so, speciIy the X value
Ior which you want the prediction in the box labeled Prediction intervals for new
observations. Then, speciIy the desired conIidence level you want in the box labeled
Confidence level. The results are displayed in the session window. The prediction
interval is labeled XX PI.
Miscellaneous tools
O To calculate statistics (such as sum and mean) on a column in your data work sheet,
select Calc >> Column statistics.... Click on the statistics you want calculated. Click on
the box labeled Input variable. Then select the variable (column) you want analyzed.
Select OK. The results are displayed in the session window.


Minitab Cheat Sheet for Statistical Analyses

tests and intervals for Une proportion
To calculate a conIidence interval and perIorm a hypothesis test Ior a single population
proportion when you have summarized data:
1 SelecL Stat SelecL 8as|c Stat|st|cs SelecL 1 roport|on
2 llck on Lhe buLLon ln fronL of Summar|zed data 1ype ln n Lhe number ln Lhe random sample
ln Lhe box labeled Number of tr|a|s 1ype ln x Lhe number of successes ln Lhe box labeled
Number of successes
3 llck on CpLlons ln Lhe box afLer onf|dence Leve| Lype your deslred confldence level ln Lhe
box afLer 1est roport|on speclfy Lhe value of Lhe proporLlon ln your null hypoLhesls under
A|ternat|ve selecL Lhe deslred dlrecLlon of your alLernaLlve hypoLhesls llck on box before Use
test and |nterva| based on norma| d|str|but|on SelecL Ck
4 SelecL Ck 1he ouLpuL wlll appear ln Lhe Sesslon Wlndow
S\W
The Iollowing is the Minitab output Ior xercise #7.1.8.
Test and Confidence Interval for Jne Proportion

Test of p = 0.75 vs p < 0.75

Sample X N Sample p 95.0 % CI Z-Value P-
Value
1 273 390 0.700000 (0.654519, 0.745481) -2.28
0.011

Sample Size Calculations for Tests about Une Population Mean
1 SelecL Stat SelecL ower and Samp|e S|ze SelecL 1 Samp|e 2
2 llck on Lhe buLLon ln fronL of a|cu|ate samp|e s|ze for each power va|ue
3 ln Lhe box labeled ower va|ues Lype Lhe deslred power
4 ln Lhe box labeled |fference Lype Lhe dlfference ln Lhe null hypoLhesls and Lhe value of Lhe
mean ln Lhe alLernaLlve hypoLhesls LhaL ls meanlngfully dlfferenL from Lhe null 1he dlfference
should be alLernaLlve mlnus null
3 SelecL pt|ons llck on Lhe Lhe deslred A|ternat|ve nypothes|s and speclfy Lhe deslred
S|gn|f|cance |eve| SelecL Ck
6 SelecL Ck 1he ouLpuL wlll appear ln Lhe Sesslon Wlndow
S\W
The Iollowing is the Minitab output Ior xercise #7.2.7.
1-Sample Z Test

Testing mean = null (versus < null)
Calculating power for mean = null - 65
Alpha = 0.05 Sigma = 140

Sample Target Actual
Size Power Power
40 0.9000 0.9017

sample t
To calculate a conIidence interval or perIorm a hypothesis test Ior a single population mean:
1 SelecL Stat SelecL 8as|c Stat|st|cs SelecL 1Samp|e t
2 1he 1Sample L opup Wlndow wlll appear ln Lhe lefL box cllck once on Lhe varlable you wanL
analyzed llck once on Lhe SelecL buLLon 1he column name (or varlable name) wlll appear ln
Lhe box labeled varlables
3 1o create a conf|dence |nterva| 8y defaulL Lhe radlo buLLon before onfldence Level should be
selecLed lf lL ls noL cllck on lL Lo selecL lL ln Lhe box afLer onfldence Level Lype Lhe level of Lhe
confldence lnLerval LhaL you deslre nlneLyflve percenL (93) ls Lhe defaulL level
4 1o perform a hypothes|s test llck on Lhe radlo buLLon before 1esL Mean ln Lhe box afLer 1esL
Mean Lype Lhe value of Lhe mean ln Lhe null hypoLhesls under AlLernaLlve selecL Lhe deslred
dlrecLlon of your alLernaLlve hypoLhesls 1he cholces are noL Lqual Less 1han or CreaLer 1han
3 SelecL Ck 1he ouLpuL wlll appear ln Lhe Sesslon Wlndow
S\W
The Iollowing is the Minitab output Ior xercise #7.3.10.
Test of mu = 125.00 vs mu not = 125.00

Variable N Mean StDev SE Mean T P
torque 15 127.67 9.60 2.48 1.08 0.30

Twosample ttintervals and ttests
1o calculaLe a confldence lnLerval or perform a hypoLhesls LesL for Lhe dlfference ln Lhe means from Lwo
lndependenL populaLlons
1 nter the data lnLo Lwo separaLe columns
2 SelecL Stat SelecL 8as|c Stat|st|cs SelecL 2Samp|e t
3 1he 2Sample L opup Wlndow wlll appear llck on Lhe buLLon ln fronL of Samp|es |n d|fferent
co|umns Speclfy one of your samples as Lhe I|rst sample and your oLher sample as Lhe Second
sample
4 1o perform a hypoLhesls LesL under A|ternat|ve selecL Lhe deslred dlrecLlon of your alLernaLlve
hypoLhesls 1he cholce wlll depend on whlch sample you speclfled as your llrsL sample and
whlch sample you speclfled as your second sample MlnlLab always conslders Lhe llrsL mean
mlnus Lhe Second mean
3 ln Lhe box afLer onf|dence Leve| Lype Lhe level of Lhe confldence lnLerval LhaL you deslre
nlneLyflve percenL (93) ls Lhe defaulL level
6 lf approprlaLe cllck on Lhe box before Assume ua| Var|ances
7 SelecL Ck 1he ouLpuL wlll appear ln Lhe Sesslon Wlndow
S\W
The Iollowing is the Minitab output Ior xercise #7.4.3. Note that the line Both use Pooled
StDev means that we have assumed equal variances. Both reIers to both the conIidence interval
and the hypothesis test. Notice the degrees oI Ireedom are 20.
Two sample T for straw vs blue

N Mean StDev SE Mean
straw 9 21.033 0.606 0.20
blue 13 20.89 1.01 0.28


95% CI for mu straw - mu blue: ( -0.65, 0.93)
T-Test mu straw = mu blue (vs not =): T = 0.37 P = 0.71 DF = 20
Both use Pooled StDev = 0.869
This is what the output looks like iI we don't assume equal variances. Note that there is no Both
use Pooled StDev line, and the degrees oI Ireedom have been adjusted downward to 19.
Two sample T for straw vs blue

N Mean StDev SE Mean
straw 9 21.033 0.606 0.20
blue 13 20.89 1.01 0.28


95% CI for mu straw - mu blue: ( -0.58, 0.86)
T-Test mu straw = mu blue (vs not =): T = 0.41 P = 0.69 DF = 19

Paired ttest and Paired tintervals
1o calculaLe a confldence lnLerval or perform a hypoLhesls LesL for Lhe dlfference ln Lhe means from Lwo
dependenL populaLlons
1 SelecL Stat SelecL 8as|c Stat|st|cs SelecL a|red t
2 1he alred L opup Wlndow wlll appear Speclfy your I|rst Samp|e Speclfy your Second
Samp|e
3 llck on pt|ons ln Lhe box afLer onf|dence Leve| Lype your deslred confldence level ln Lhe
box afLer 1est Mean speclfy Lhe value of Lhe mean ln your null hypoLhesls under A|ternat|ve
selecL Lhe deslred dlrecLlon of your alLernaLlve hypoLhesls SelecL Ck
4 SelecL Ck 1he ouLpuL wlll appear ln Lhe Sesslon Wlndow
S\W
The Iollowing is the Minitab output Ior xercise #7.3.18.
Paired T for ballA - ballB

N Mean StDev SE Mean
ballA 17 256.18 18.70 4.54
ballB 17 251.41 14.93 3.62
Difference 17 4.76 9.09 2.20


95% CI for mean difference: (0.09, 9.44)
T-Test of mean difference = 0 (vs 0): T-Value = 2.16 P-Value =
0.023

Cbisquare test for bomogeneity andJor test for independence
Assumlng you have a Lable of summar|zed data
1 nter the tab|e of summar|zed data lnLo MlnlLab
2 SelecL Stat SelecL 1ab|es SelecL h|suare test
3 Speclfy Lhe columns conLalnlng Lhe Lable of summarlzed daLa
4 SelecL Ck 1he ouLpuL wlll appear ln Lhe Sesslon Wlndow
S\W
The Iollowing is the Minitab output Ior xercise #7.6.2.
Data Display


Row Cat1 Cat2 Cat3 Cat4 Cat5 Cat6

1 95 36 71 21 45 32
2 53 26 43 18 32 28
3 130 75 136 33 61 65


Chi-Square Test


Expected counts are printed below observed counts

Cat1 Cat2 Cat3 Cat4 Cat5 Cat6
Total
1 95 36 71 21 45 32
300
83.40 41.10 75.00 21.60 41.40 37.50

2 53 26 43 18 32 28
200
55.60 27.40 50.00 14.40 27.60 25.00

3 130 75 136 33 61 65
500
139.00 68.50 125.00 36.00 69.00 62.50

Total 278 137 250 72 138 125
1000

Chi-Sq = 1.613 + 0.633 + 0.213 + 0.017 + 0.313 + 0.807 +
0.122 + 0.072 + 0.980 + 0.900 + 0.701 + 0.360 +
0.583 + 0.617 + 0.968 + 0.250 + 0.928 + 0.100 =
10.176
DF = 10, P-Value = 0.425

Statistical Confidence Coefficients, or Values
onfiuence coefficients (Z-values) aie an impoitant component of confiuence inteivals
the euucateu guess you make about a population befoie you collect statistical uata about it.
The Z-value is pait of the maigin of eiioi the amount you have to auu oi subtiact in
oiuei to have a ceitain level of confiuence in youi iesults. The laigei the Z-value, the moie
confiuence you can have in youi iesults.

The following table shows confiuence levels anu coiiesponuing Z-values:
Confidence Level Value Confidence Level Value
8% .8 9% .9
8% . 98% .
9% . 99% .8


Statistical Hypotbesis Tests
n figuiing statistics, you use hypothesis tests to ueteimine whethei some claim about a
population is tiue. (Foi example, someone may claim that % of Ameiicans own a
cellphone. s that tiue.) To test a statistical hypothesis, you take a sample, collect uata,
foim a statistic, stanuaiuize it to foim a test statistic (so it can be inteipieteu on a stanuaiu
scale), anu ueciue whethei the test statistic suppoits the claim. The foimulas in the
following table aie the most common hypothesis tests: