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EXPERIMENT 4
GYMNOSPERMS AND ANGIOSPERMS

INTRODUCTION

Gymnosperms are a group oI vascular plants whose seeds are not enclosed by a
ripened ovary. The seeds oI many gymnosperms (literally, "naked seed") are borne in cones
and are not visible. During pollination, the immature male gametes, or pollen grains, siIt
among the cone scales and land directly on the ovules rather than on elements oI a Ilower as
in angiosperms. There is Iour distinct divisions oI extant gymnospermous plants
(ConiIerophyta, Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta) and to use the term gymnosperms
only when reIerring to the naked-seed habit. The wood oI gymnosperms is oIten called
soItwood to diIIerentiate it Irom the hardwood oI angiosperms.
Angiosperms are Ilowering plants. Angiosperms are the biggest group in the plant
kingdom. They have true roots, stems, leaves and Ilowers. They also have seeds. The seeds
are Iormed when an egg or ovule is Iertilized by pollen in the ovary. The ovary is within a
Ilower. The Ilower contains the male and/or Iemale parts oI the plant. Fruits are Irequently
produced Irom these ripened ovaries. They are more highly evolved that the algae, mosses,
Iungi and Ierns. Their advanced structures allow angiosperms to thrive on land. They have
roots that hold the plant in place and take in needed minerals and water. They have leaves
that are the major Iood makes Ior the plant. They have stems that hold the plants up and move
the nutrients and water about the plant.

OB1ECTIVE

1. nvestigate the vegetative morphology and reproduction oI one type oI
gymnosperm, Pinus sp.

. ake overall morphological comparisons oI 4 group oI gymnosperms.

3. nvestigate the reproductive morphology oI types oI Ilowering plants, ilium sp and
Hibiscus sp.

4. ake overall morphological comparisons oI gymnosperms and angiosperms.


APPARATUS

icroscope, Scalped blade, Iorceps, slide, coverslip, plant samples.





PRACTICAL METHODS / RESULTS

GYMNOSPERM
1. Morphology of Pinus merkusii

a) Vegetative characteristics of Pinus sp.













-) Reproductive structures of Pinus sp.

























Cross Section oI ale Cone
Cross Section oI Female Cone
Female Cones ale Cones
Woody structures Long shoots, short shoots and Iascicle
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. Comparative studies of four main groups of gymnosperms using .,/ Cinkgo
Cnetum and Pinus

.,/ Cinkgo Cnetum Pinus
Morphology
- n many areas
cycads are also
reIerred to as palms
or Ierns
- Bark gray,
Iurrowed, with
Ilattened ridges
- The Gnetophyta
have been treated
as separate Irom
other seed plants at
the ranks oI
division
- Trees or shrubs,
aromatic,
evergreen; crown
usually conic when
young, oIten
rounded or Ilat-
topped with age.
Bark oI older stems
variously Iurrowed
and plated, plates
and/or ridges
layered or scaly.

Height up to m 35 m N/A 3-5m
Vegetative
Characteristic-
(Leaf)
- Leaves are once-
pinnate and Iorm a
palm-like crown


- Fan-shaped with
veins radiating out
into the leaI blad..

- Two veins enter
the leaI blade at the
base and Iork
repeatedly in two;
this is known as
dichotomous
venation. The
leaves are usually
5-1 cm long.

- Large leathery
leaves
- LeaI vascular
bundle single.

- Fascicles with 1-5
needles
Vegetative
Characteristic-
(Stem)
- Stems may be
underground or
emergent.
- Ginkgo branches
grow in length by
growth oI shoots
with regularly
spaced leaves.

- Leaves appear to
be clustered at the
tips oI short shoots,
and reproductive
structures are
Iormed only on
them

- Wood contains
vessels
- Bark oI older
stems variously
Iurrowed and
plated, plates
and/or ridges
layered or scaly.
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Reproductive
Characteristic-
(Cone)


- Reproductive
structure a large
cone.

- ale plants
produce small
pollen cones with
sporophylls each
bearing two
microsporangia
spirally arranged
around a central
axis.

- ale cone mostly
compound, and
associated with
bracts. Fertilization
occurs through
pollen-tubes with
two male nuclei.
- cones numerous
and small, in a
dense, spikelike
cluster around
Reproductive
Characteristic-
(seed)
- Seeds are
dispersed by
gravity, water and
animals.
- Female plants do
not produce cones.
Two ovules are
Iormed at the end
oI a stalk, and aIter
pollination, one or
both develop into
seeds. The seed is
1.5- cm long
- Ovules with extra
integuments around
the nucellus. The
micropyle projects
as a long tube.
Archaegonia
deveop at the
micropylar end oI
the
megagametophyte.
There is evidence
Ior double
Iertilization. The
embryo is
dicotyledonous.

- Two seeds at the
base oI the cone
scale, winged, in
some the wing
vestigial;
cotyledons


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. O-servation of microscope slide of the following structure







































Microsporangium
Microphyll
Male Cones
Female Cones
Horizontal section of
gymnosperm seed


ANGIOSPERM

4. Morphology of two examples of the flowering plants, ilium sp. and Hibis.us sp.










































Pollen of ilium sp.

Developed pollen grains
Horizontal section of pistil
(Hi-iscus sp)
Ovary
Vertical section of pistil
(Hi-iscus sp)
Ovul











































Angiosperms Ovary

illium sp
(Floral Diagram)
Sepal
Hibis.us sp
(Floral Diagram)

!istil
Stigma
Funicle
Embryo
!etal
icropyle
Nucellus
ntegument


. Compare the characteristics of gymnosperms (that you o-serve in section 1,
and a-ove) and angiosperms, particularly with regards to the following
aspects:

a. seed structure

Gymnosperm - seeds mature on the surIace oI cone scales.

Angiosperms - seed contained in a vessel and reIers to Ilowering
plants, in which seeds mature within a Iruit.

-. gymnosperm cone and angiosperm flower

n angiosperms, the pistil is the Iemale reproductive structure Iound in Ilowers, and
consists oI the stigma, style, and ovary. There are two parts to an angiosperm: a male
part and a Iemale part. The male gametophyte consists oI -3 cells contained within a
pollen grain; the Iemale gametophyte consists oI eight cells contained within an
ovule. The stamen is the male reproductive structure oI a Ilower; usually consisting oI
slender, thread like Iilaments topped by anthers, which contain the pollen

n gymnosperms the cone is the Iemale reproductive part and the pollen is the male
reproductive part. !ine trees and other gymnosperms produce two types oI cones. The
male cone is called the pollen cone. The larger Iemale cone is the seed cone. A single
tree usually produces both pollen and seed cones. Spore producing structures are
Iound on the scales oI cones.















DISSCUSSION

Ovules in gymnosperms are exposed naked to the world when the ovuliIerous scales oI
coniIers separate to let in pollen. Angiosperm ovules are completely isolated Irom the outside
world by a barrier oI sporophytic tissues. For sperm to reach an egg, pollen tubes must grow
through parental sporophyte Ior a considerable. Two other unique Ieatures oI angiosperms are
the phenomenon oI double Iertilization and triploid endosperm Iormation. OI the two
Iertilizations, only one results in a zygote, the other sperm joins with two nuclei in the
megagametophyte to Iorm a triploid tissue (the endosperm) that will become the source oI
nutrients Ior the developing embryo. The basic structural unit oI sexual reproduction in
angiosperms is the Ilower. Although Ilowers come in a spectacular array oI sizes, shapes, and
colors, they are, in essence, believed to have developed Irom shoots that have become
modiIied Ior reproductive purposes. Flowers typically have Iours kinds oI Ioliar appendages
usually arranged in a series oI whorls: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels, arranged in this
order Irom the bottom to the top oI the Iloral axis.


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REFERENCES:

Niel A. Campbell. Biology Fourth Edition. The Benjamin/Cummings !ublishing
Company, nc.
N.!.O. Green, G.W.Stout, D.J. Taylor.1. Biological Science Second Edition.
Cambridge University !ress.
Kingsley R. Stern, ntroduction !lant Biology, Tenth Edition
A.C. Shaw G.N. Foster S.K. Lazell Lum How Kee, Kursus Amali Biologi !ra-Universiti,
Buku 1.