Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Egypt
Umar II
Egypt was proselytized, it is said, by St. Mark and was one of the
earliest Christian countries. Its demise to a Muslim nation is
instructional, especially when one considers how Islam protests its
tolerance towards the dhimmis.
Husan Al Banna
From 1965 to 1973 while Egypt was friendly to the USSR, the right-
wing Ikhwan was proscribed but this did not mean that Nasser and
Sadat were even-handed with the Copts. Apparently Sadat had been
a member of the Egyptian Nazi Party and of the Muslim Brotherhood
in his earlier years.7
Rather than aid the Copts against their persecutors, President Sadat
accused them of sedition and conspiring to discredit Egypt and Islam.
He emphasized that he was a Muslim president in a Muslim country
and quoted the Qur'an: "Those who fight Allah and his apostle, and
spread disorder in the land (Blame the victim again!) shall be put to
death or crucified, or have their hands and feet cut off on alternate
sides, or banished from the country" (5:33) He exiled Pope
Shenouda III, jailed eight bishops, twenty three priests and one
hundred and fifty laymen. They were not able to defend themselves
and a barrage against them filled the mass media. The only two
Christian newspapers were banned. The Muslim extremists certainly
got the message to increase their attacks.
Christians are not allowed to build new churches or repair old ones.
Some who have attempted to convert other buildings to church use
have been murdered or had their homes burned. No action is taken
While there are, as yet, no laws against apostasy from Islam, the
missionary or the convert may be convicted on other charges, for
example "threatening social peace and intercommunal relations".
There is, however, a Supreme Court ruling that a Moslem who
apostacises is legally dead. He loses all rights and powers. He cannot
withdraw funds from his accounts. Any person who kills him does not
commit murder from a legal point of view because he is already
legally dead. The "dead" person cannot marry or inherit. Nor is it
possible for an apostate to have his identity card changed to
"Christian". More than one hundred and fifty Muslims who have
adopted Christianity have been detained in maximum-security
prisons. They have been accused of threatening national unity.
One example from a Coptic press release, concerned the case of Dr.
Abdul-Rahman who has been held in Cairo without trial for two years
for breaking with Islam. He is in solitary confinement but his will has
not been broken. He is undoubtedly being used as a warning to
anyone else contemplating apostasy.
REFERENCES
1. P18 "The Copts Since the Arab Invasion". Shawky F. Karas The
American, Canadian & Australian C. Coptic Associations New Jersey
1985.
Is the peace between Israel and Egypt a model for peace between
Israel and the rest of the Arab world?
● The first Arab state to sign peace treaty with the Jewish state, as
before, considers Israel to be its number one enemy. In September
1996 Egypt conducted military exercises including the crossing of the
Suez Canal [a breach of the Camp David Accords, and of peace with
Israel]. The code name for this exercises was "Badr-96." The
crossing of the Canal in the October 1973 had the same code name--
Badr. The editor of the state-owned major Egyptian daily al-Ahram
newspaper explained that "the lessons of Badr'73 and Badr'96 take
us back to the starting point...that the end of war does not
necessarily mean the achievement of peace, and vice-versa."
● The U.S. bribes Egypt with 2.5 billion dollars per year to maintain the
facade of peace with Israel.
When was the last time Egypt's leader, Hosni Mubarak, has
traveled to visit his neighbor in peace, Israel?
● Then there was Egypt, the first Arab country to recognize Israel and
to sign a peace treaty with it. Yet even after fifteen years of living
under the regime of this treaty, the Egyptians showed little sign of
diminished animosity toward the Jewish state or indeed toward Jews
in general. Apart from many other symptoms, one stood out with
special virulence: the controlled Egyptian press was full of the most
egregious lies about Israel, as well as cartoons reminiscent of the
Nazi period in their anti-Semitic ugliness, and Cairo was a leading
center for the publication and distribution of anti-Semitic literature,
including The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.
Since the early 1980's, Egypt has completed two five-year plans, and
has embarked on a third one, to buildup, modernize, and increase its
military capabilities.(6) The first five-year plan, which started in
1983, consisted of rebuilding Egypt's military infrastructure that was
destroyed during the 1973 Arab - Israeli War. The primary focus of
these efforts included construction of new bases and communications
systems.(7) From 1988 to 1993, Egypt channeled funds into the air
force by purchasing American F-16s and upgrading its command and
control and air-defense capabilities.(8)
In addition to its air force, Egypt has modernized its ground forces.
Until the late 1970s, the Egyptian army comprised 10 divisions, only
half of them either mechanized or armored. Today, the army has 12
divisions, all but one of them is either mechanized or armored, and
plans to field a total mechanized army by 2005.(17) The result is
that the Egyptian army is now capable of fielding a modern
mechanized military that can move with the speed and firepower
equal to that of most modern armies. The mechanized divisions
consist of 4,500 armored personnel carriers, the core of which
consists of 2,000 US M-113's. However, Egypt is in the process of
taking delivery of 611 Dutch YPR-765 armored infantry fighting
vehicles to replace its BMP forces.(18) The armored corps has also
undergone serious reform. In the 1970s, the Egyptian armored corps
was comprised almost exclusively of Soviet tanks, the best of which
was the T-62. Today, Egypt's armored corps is comprised of the most
modern US tanks. First, Cairo acquired 850 M-60 A3s, and formed
two armored divisions. After the Gulf War, the Egyptians began to
assemble the US-made M1A1, which is widely regarded as one of the
finest tanks in the world, under the 'Factory 200' program. Egypt
currently has 1,700 M-60's (1,100 M-60A3's), and approximately 200
M1A1's in addition to approximately 1,600 Soviet tanks.(19) Egypt
also plans to upgrade all M60A1 tanks to A3 standards.(20)
Additionally, Egypt is expanding its own domestic production of
military armaments. The M1A1 'Factory 200' program is a major
milestone in Egyptian efforts to achieve limited military self-
sufficiency. Egypt obtained US approval in 1984 to build a giant
factory to produce new tanks. Under the agreement, the Egyptians
will assemble 524 M1A1 tanks and officials hope that will eventually
rise to 1,500 tanks.(21) Six production cycles were established with
each increment increasing the level of technology from General
Dynamics Land Systems.(22) The cost is estimated at $3.2 billion.
The Egyptians also will produce the 120-mm cannon as well as an
increasing number of parts for the tank. Egyptian officials say the
goal is to make Cairo self-sufficient in tank production. Egypt has
also substantially improved its anti-tank capability with the
acquisition of 500 TOW-2 missiles and its intention to buy 540 TOW
launchers.(23)
Egypt has also taken steps to improve its navy. Egypt is focusing on
upgrading the Egyptian fleet of eight submarines acquired from
China. Egypt has leased two former US navy Knox class missile
frigates and is expected to receive 10 ex-US Navy Seasprite ASW
helicopters upgraded to SH-2G(E) standards.(24) As part of its
inculcation of Western technology, the navy holds joint maneuvers
with units of the American, French, British and Italian navies. Egypt
is also modernizing four Chinese-built Romeo class submarines with
improved weapon systems including Harpoon missiles, fire control
systems and sonars.(25)
ENDNOTES
1. Badr was the code name of the 1973 Egyptian attack against
Israel.
● They were betrayed by Jimmy Carter who convinced Israel that this
gesture would result in true peace.