Project In English I - Integrity

1st to 4th Grading Period

Submitted by: John Christopher T. Ilano

Submitted to: Mrs. Consolacion R. Baluyot

First Grading Period

Philippine Narrative

What is Philippine narrative, and why do we study it?

Answer:

You study it in order to learn the customs, the values and the driving forces in your culture and in your national Narrative is the telling of legends, tales, stories and pre-history in oral and written form. It may take the form of legend, myth, saga, poetry, chanting, singing, and story telling. It also includes folk-tales and family legends.

To narrate is to tell a story

So all narratives will have a story about the actions and deed of a principal actor, and the values which guide their choices

Stories can be entertaining, informative, chronology of events, explanation of events, but the simplest narrative is the order in which events happened.

To narrate means to tell

So narrative is a form of story telling

Stories can be myths, legends, histories, sagas, poems, chants, family legends, and stories in books.

There are oral narratives (stories in oral form) written narratives (memoirs, diaries, histories, notes) and family histories

There are narratives in fiction, and in the official histories of the nation.

Narratives can be

Oral narrative

Legends

Stories of communities

Myths and tales of forefathers and ancestors

Different kinds of narratives are

Myth

Legend

Folk tales

Stories

Sagas

Poems

Chants and popular slogans

Diaries and written records

Histories and documentary writings

A narrative is a story that is created in a constructive format (as a work of writing, speech, poetry, prose, pictures, song, motion pictures, video games, theatre or dance) that describes a sequence of fictional or non-fictional events. The word derives from the Latin verb narrare, "to recount", and is related to the adjective gnarus, "knowing" or "skilled". Ultimately its origin is found in the Proto-Indo-European root gn-, "to know". The word "story" may be used as a synonym of "narrative", but can also be used to refer to the sequence of events described in a narrative. A narrative can also be told by a character within a larger narrative. An important part of narration is the narrative mode, the set of methods used to communicate the narrative through a process called narration. Stories are an important aspect of culture. Many works of art and most works of literature, tell stories; indeed, most of the humanities involve stories. Among the significant publications of Phillipine narrative are:

Filipino Poetry (1924) by Rodolfo Dato;

English-German Anthology of Filipino Poets (1934) by Pablo Laslo;

Jose Garcia Villas Many Voices (1939) and Poems of Doveglion (1941);

Poems (1940) by Angela Manalang-Gloria;

Chorus for America: Six Philippine Poets (1942) by Carlos Bulosan;

Zoilo Galangs A Child of Sorrow (1921), the first Filipino novel in English, and Box of Ashes and Other Stories (1925), the first collection of stories in book form;

Villas Footnote to Youth: Tales of the Philippines and Others (1933);

"The Wound and the Scar" (1937) by Arturo Rotor, a collection of stories;

"Winds of April" (1940) by N. V. M. Gonzalez;

"His Native Soil" (1941) by Juan C. Laya;

Manuel Arguillas "How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife and Other Stories" (1941);

Galangs "Life and Success" (1921), the first volume of essays in English; and the influential "Literature and Society" (1940) by Salvador P. Lpez.

A graphic organizer is an instructional tool used to illustrate a student or class's prior knowledge about a topic or section of text; specific examples include the K-W-LH Technique and the Anticipation/Reaction Guide. Other organizers include the: Spider Map

Used to describe a central idea: a thing (a geographic region), process (meiosis), concept (altruism), or proposition with support (experimental drugs should be available to AIDS victims). Key frame questions: What is the central idea? What are its attributes? What are its functions? Series of Events Chain

Used to describe the stages of something (the life cycle of a primate); the steps in a linear procedure (how to neutralize an acid); a sequence of events (how feudalism led to the formation of nation states); or the goals, actions, and outcomes of a historical figure or character in a novel (the rise and fall of Napoleon). Key frame questions: What is the object, procedure, or initiating event? What are the stages or steps? How do they lead to one another? What is the final outcome? Continuum Scale

Used for time lines showing historical events or ages (grade levels in school), degrees of something (weight), shades of meaning (Likert scales), or ratings scales (achievement in school). Key frame questions: What is being scaled? What are the end points?

Compare/Contrast Matrix

Name 1

Name 2

Attribute 1

Attribute 2

Attribute 3

Used to show similarities and differences between two things (people, places, events, ideas, etc.). Key frame question: What things are being compared? How are they similar? How are they differe Problem/Solution Outline

Used to represent a problem, attempted solutions, and results (the national debt). Key frame questions: What was the problem? Who had the problem? Why was it a problem? What attempts were made to solve the problem? Did those attempts succeed?

Network Tree

Used to show causal information (causes of poverty), a hierarchy (types of insects), or branching procedures (the circulatory system). Key frame questions: What is the superordinate category? What are the subordinate categories? How are they related? How many levels are there?

Human Interaction Outline

Used to show the nature of an interaction between persons or groups (Europeans settlers and American Indians). Key frame questions: Who are the persons or groups? What were their goals? Did they conflict or cooperate? What was the outcome for each person or group?

Fishbone Map

Used to show the causal interaction of a complex event (an election, a nuclear explosion) or complex phenomenon (juvenile delinquency, learning disabilities). Key frame questions: What are the factors that cause X ? How do they interrelate? Are the factors that cause X the same as those that cause X to persist?

Cycle

Used to show how a series of events interact to produce a set of results again and again (weather phenomena, cycles of achievement and failure, the life cycle). Key frame questions: What are the critical events in the cycle? How are they related? In what ways are they self-reinforcing?

Second Grading Period

Philippine Drama

Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance. The term comes from a Greek word meaning "action" (Classical Greek: , drama), which is derived from "to do" (Classical Greek: , drao). The enactment of drama in theatre, performed by actors on a stage before an audience, presupposes collaborative modes of production and a collective form of reception. The structure of dramatic texts, unlike other forms of literature, is directly influenced by this collaborative production and collective reception. The early modern tragedy Hamlet (1601) by Shakespeare and the classical Athenian tragedy Oedipus the King (c. 429 BC) by Sophocles is among the supreme masterpieces of the art of drama. The two masks associated with drama represent the traditional generic division between comedy and tragedy. They are symbols of the ancient Greek Muses, Thalia and Melpomene. Thalia was the Muse of comedy (the laughing face), while Melpomene was the Muse of tragedy (the weeping face). Considered as a genre of poetry in general, the dramatic mode has been contrasted with the epic and the lyrical modes ever since Aristotle's Poetics (c. 335 BC)the earliest work of dramatic theory. The use of "drama" in the narrow sense to designate a specific type of play dates from the 19th century. Drama in this sense refers to a play that is neither a comedy nor a tragedyfor example, Zola's Thrse Raquin (1873) or Chekhov's Ivanov (1887). It is this narrow sense that the film and television industry and film studies adopted to describe "drama" as a genre within their respective media. "Radio drama" has been used in both sensesoriginally transmitted in a live performance, it has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio. Drama is often combined with music and dance: the drama in opera is sung throughout; musicals include spoken dialogue and songs; and some forms of drama have regular musical accompaniment (melodrama and Japanese N, for example). In certain periods of history (the ancient Roman and modern Romantic) dramas have been written to be read rather than performed. In improvisation, the drama does not pre-exist the moment of performance; performers devise a dramatic script spontaneously before an audience.

Philippine drama can be classified into different forms and genres, with the most popular being the teleserye and teledrama. The teleserye/teledrama is a television form of melodramatic serialized fiction. It is rooted from two words: "tele", which is short for "television," and "serye", a Tagalog term for "series" and "drama" for drama. Teleserye is now used as the generic term for most Filipino soap operas on television, although the term officially came into existence in 2000 when Philippine network ABS-CBN aired its first official form of teleserye, Pangako Sa 'Yo. Prior to this, Filipino soap operas were called either "telenovelas" (and some are still referred to as such) and "soap operas". But as of 2010, GMA Network officially uses teledrama as their form of Philippine TV Series that is drama related. Teleseryes share some characteristics and have similar roots with classic soap operas and telenovelas, yet the teleserye has evolved into a genre with its own unique characteristics, often working as a reflection of the social realism of the Filipinos. Teleseryes are aired in prime-time five days a week, and often replays during weekends. They attract a broad audience which crosses age and gender lines, and they command the highest advertising rates in Philippine television. They last anywhere from three months to a year, or even longer, depending on its rating. Teleseryes are currently produced by ABS-CBN and Teledramas by GMA Network. They are usually co-produced by TAPE Inc., and film studio, VIVA Entertainment. Other forms of Philippine dramas include serials and anthologies, which are usually shown on a weekly basis. These dramas are also intended to air a finite number of episodes usually lasting one season depending on the ratings.

DRAMA Drama is a literary composition involving conflict, action crisis and atmosphere designed to be acted by players on a stage before an audience. This definition may be applied to motion picture drama as well as to the traditional stage. Apply these questions to a recent movie you have seen or a radio or television drama, Conflict 1. What did the leading character want? 2. What stood in his way? (People - environment- personality, etc,) 3. What was the high point of tension or the crisis? (This is where the leading character must make a crucial decision that will effect the outcome of the play.) Character analysis 1. Are the characters true to life or are they types or caricatures? 2. How is the character revealed? 3. What is the driving force of each leading character? 4. If a character changes, are the causes convincing and true to life? Setting 1. Are the sets appropriate? 2. Are they attractive? 3. Are they authentic? Critical standards useful for drama, novel, motion pictures: 1. What is the chief emphasis (ideas, character, atmosphere)? 2. What was the purpose? (entertainment, humor, excitement)? 3. Is it realistic or romantic? 4. Does it show life as it really is or distort life? 5. Does it present any problem of human relationship? 6. Does it glamorize life and present an artificial happy ending?

Types of Drama: 1. Tragedy -- In general, tragedy involves the ruin of the leading characters. To the Greeks, it meant the destruction of some noble person through fate, To the Elizabethans, it meant in the first place death and in the second place the destruction of some noble person through a flaw in his character. Today it may not involve death so much as a dismal life, Modern tragedy often shows the tragedy not of the strong and noble but of the weak and mean, 2. Comedy -- is lighter drama in which the leading characters overcome the difficulties which temporarily beset them 3. Problem Play -- Drama of social criticism discusses social, economic, or political problems by means of a play. 4. Farce -- When comedy involves ridiculous or hilarious complications without regard for human values, it becomes farce. 5. Comedy of Manners -- Comedy which wittily portrays fashionable life. 6. Fantasy -- A play sometimes, but not always, in comic spirit in which the author gives free reign to his fantasy, allowing things to happen without regard to reality. 7. Melodrama -- Like farce, melodrama pays almost no attention to human values, but its object is to give a thrill instead of a laugh. Often good entertainment, never any literary value. 8. Tragicomedy -- is fictional work that blends aspects of the genres of tragedy and comedy. In English literature, from Shakespeare's time to the nineteenth century, tragicomedy referred to a serious play with either a happy ending or enough jokes throughout the play to lighten the mood. Types of Drama of Historical Interest: 1. Medieval mystery plays -- dealt with Bible stories and allegorical mysteries. 2. Chronicle plays -- dealt directly with historical scenes and characters. 3. Masques -- were slight plays involving much singing and dancing and costuming. They were usually allegorical. Drama is the most dependent of art forms -- director, actors, scene and costume designers must interpret before the audience does. The Place of the Actor 1. The player should respect his play, his part, his fellow players, and his audience. 2. He should have imagination enough to create character for us instead of merely exploiting his own personality. 3. He should have a technical equipment in his 'voice, facial expression, bodily poise, gesture, and by-play that enables him to project the character as he conceives it.

More Literary Terms (Drama) 1. Allusion - an indirect reference by casually mentioning something that is generally familiar (In literature we find many allusions to mythology, the Bible, history, etc.) 2. Aside - Lines whispered to the audience or to another character on stage (not meant to be heard by all the characters on stage) 3. Catastrophe - the final event in a drama (a death in a tragedy or a marriage in a comedy) 4. Comedy - A light play with a happy ending 5. Comic Relief - A bit of humor injected into a serious play to relieve the heavy tension of tragic events 6. Crisis or Climax - the turning point in the plot (This occurs when events develop either for or against the main character and a crucial decision must be made.) 7. Dramatic Irony - occurs when the audience knows something that the character on stage is not aware. 8. Foreshadow - Lines that give a hint or clue to future events (It doesn't tell the future but hints at it.) 9. Irony * A method of expression in which the ordinary meaning of the word is opposite to the thought in the speaker's mind * Events contrary to what would be naturally expected 10. Metaphor - an implied comparison between two different things; identifying a person or object as the thing to which it is being compared. Example: 'It is the East and Juliet is the sun.' - 'tossed on the sea of life' 11. Metonymy - a figure of speech whereby the name of a thing is substituted for the attribute which it suggests. Example: The pen (power of literature or the written word) is mightier than the sword (force). 12. Nemesis - agent of retribution (the person who punishes) 13. Personification - giving the quality of life to inanimate things 14. Poetic Justice - The operation of justice in a play with fair distribution of rewards for good deeds and punishment for wrong doing 15. Simile - an expressed comparison between two different things using 'like' or 'as' - Example: 'eyes twinkle like stars' - 'as loud as the roaring sea' 16. Soliloquy - A single character on stage thinking out loud (a way of letting the audience know what is in the character's mind) 17. Tragedy - A serious play having an unhappy ending 18. Tragic Flaw - A character trait that leads one to his/her own downfall or destruction

Elements of Drama
Theme: The theme of a drama refers to the central idea of the play. It can either be clearly stated through dialogue or action or can be inferred after watching the entire performance.

Plot: The order of events occurring in a play is referred to as the plot of the drama. It is the basic storyline that is narrated through a play. The entertainment one derives from a play depends largely on the sequence of events that occur in the story. The logical connection between the events and the characters, which enact the story form an integral part of the plot of drama.

Characters: The characters that form a part of the story are interwoven with the plot of the drama. Each character in a play has a personality of its own and has a distinct set of principles and beliefs. Actors who play various roles in a drama have the very important responsibility of bringing the characters to life.

Dialogue: The story of any play is taken forward by means of the dialogue. The story is narrated to the audiences through the dialogue written by the playwright. The success of a drama depends hugely on the contents of the dialogue and the quality of dialogue delivery by the actors of the play.

Music: This element of drama comprises of the melody in the use of sounds and rhythm in dialogues as well as melodious compositions, which form a part of many plays. The background score, the songs and the sound effects that are used in a play make up the musical element of drama. Music composers and lyricists sit together to create music that can go well with the theme of the play. If the scenes of a play are accompanied by wellsuited pieces of music, they become more effective on the audiences. Hence, music forms a very important element of drama.

Visual Element: While the dialogue and music constitute the audible aspect of drama, the visual element deals with the scenes, costumes and special effects used in it. The visual element of drama, also known as the spectacle, renders a visual appeal to it. The costumes worn by the artists must suit the characters they are playing. Besides, it is important for the scenes to be dramatic enough to hold the audiences to their seats. The special effects used in a play add to the visual appeal. Thus, the spectacle forms an essential component of drama.

Apart from these elements of drama as given by Aristotle, the structure of the story, a clever use of symbolism and contrast and stagecraft form some of the other important elements of drama.

Performance Elements 1. Acting use of facial expressions, gestures, body movements. 2. Speaking manners of expression, projection of voice, delivery of lines. 3. Non-verbal Expression use of gestures, use of body movements. 4. Character Blocking the path or points form by the actors on stage. 5. Stage Blocking movement in one stage from one place to another. * Lighting: Lighting design, which involves the process of determining the size, intensity, shape, and color of light for a given scene. Hanging, focusing, procurement and maintenance of lighting and special effects equipment, aspects of show control * Make-up/Wigs: The application of makeup and wigs to accentuate an actor's features. * Mechanics: Design, engineering and operation of Flown scenery or flying of performers and mechanised scenic elements and special effects. * Production, comprising stage management, production management, show control, house management and company management * Scenery, which includes set construction, scenic painting, theater drapes and stage curtains, and special effects. * Sound, which can include musical underscoring, vocal and instrument mixing as well as theatrical sound effects. * Theatrical property, or props, which includes furnishings, set dressings, and all items large and small which cannot be classified as scenery, electrics or wardrobe. Some crossover may apply. Props handled by actors are known as hand props, and props which are kept in an actor's costume are known as personal props. * Wardrobe: costume design, construction, procurement and maintenance. * Video (or Projection) is a relatively recent field of stagecraft which is gaining recognition. As well as being a discipline in itself, its role may also be taken on by the Lighting or Scenery disciplines.

Mara Clara is a currently airing Philippine family primetime television drama on ABS-CBN. This 2010 remake is based on the 1992 original television series of the same name. Kathryn Bernardo was cast in the role of the new Mara, with Julia Montes as Clara. Mara Clara is a remake of the 1992 television series, Mara Clara an adapted novel and serial of Emil Cruz Jr. produced by ABS-CBN. It starred Judy Ann Santos as Mara Davis/Del Valle and Gladys Reyes as Clara Del Valle/Davis. Five years after the series had its finale at 1997, it was adapted into a film where the whole cast reprised their role except for Eruel Tongco's character Gary David who was played by William Martinez in the movie due to Tongco's death. In August 2010, ABS-CBN announced that they have decided to remake the television series. Kathryn Bernardo is slated for the role of Mara opposite Julia Montes who will play the role of Clara.

May Bukas Pa (lit. There Is Still Tomorrow) is a Philippine drama series which started long-airing on February 2, 2009 at ABS-CBN. The show's run was extended multiple times until its end run on February 5, 2010. Most of the scenes in May Bukas Pa are taped in San Guillermo Parish Church Barangay Cabambangan & Municipal Hall of Bacolor in Barangay Calibutbut of the 4th class municipality of Bacolor, Pampanga

May Bukas Pa:Ang Huling Yugto,will run on television on the last quarter of 2011

The Basics about Fragments and Sentences Before we get to the problems and how to fix them, let's take a minute to review some information that is so basic you've probably forgotten it. What is a complete sentence? A complete sentence is not merely a group of words with a capital letter at the beginning and a period or question mark at the end. A complete sentence has three components: 1. a subject (the actor in the sentence) 2. a predicate (the verb or action), and 3. a complete thought (it can stand alone and make senseit's independent). Some sentences can be very short, with only two or three words expressing a complete thought, like this: John waited. This sentence has a subject (John) and a verb (waited), and it expresses a complete thought. We can understand the idea completely with just those two words, so again, it's independentan independent clause. But independent clauses (i.e., complete sentences) can be expanded to contain a lot more information, like this: John waited for the bus all morning. John waited for the bus all morning in the rain last Tuesday. Wishing he'd brought his umbrella, John waited for the bus all morning in the rain last Tuesday. Wishing he'd brought his umbrella and dreaming of his nice warm bed, John waited for the bus all morning in the rain last Tuesday because his car was in the shop. As your sentences grow more complicated, it gets harder to spot and stay focused on the basic elements of a complete sentence, but if you look carefully at the examples above, you'll see that the main thought is still that John waitedone main subject and one main verb. No matter how long or short the other sentence parts are, none of them can stand alone and make sense. Being able to find the main subject, the main verb, and the complete thought is the first trick to learn for identifying fragments and run-ons. Sentence fragments A sentence fragment is an incomplete sentence. Some fragments are incomplete because they lack either a subject or a verb, or both. The fragments that most students have trouble with, however, are dependent clausesthey have a subject and a verb, so they look like complete sentences, but they don't express a complete thought. They're called "dependent" because they can't stand on their own (just like some people you might know who are SO dependent!). Look at these dependent clauses. They're just begging for more information to make the thoughts complete: Because his car was in the shop (What did he do?) After the rain stops (What then?) When you finally take the test (What will happen?) Since you asked (Will you get the answer?) If you want to go with me (What should you do?)

Does each of these examples have a subject? Yes. Does each have a verb? Yes. So what makes the thought incomplete?? It's the first word (Because, After, When, Since, If). These words belong to a special class of words called subordinators or subordinating conjunctions. If you know something about subordinating conjunctions, you can probably eliminate 90% of your fragments. First, you need to know that subordinating conjunctions do three things: 1. join two sentences together 2. make one of the sentences dependent on the other for a complete thought (make one a dependent clause) 3. indicate a logical relationship Second, you need to recognize the subordinators when you see them. Here is a list of common subordinating conjunctions and the relationships they indicate: Cause/ Effect: because, since, so that Comparison / Contrast: although, even though, though, whereas, while Place & Manner: how, however, where, wherever Possibility / Conditions: if, whether, unless Relation: that, which, who Time: after, as, before, since, when, whenever, while, until Third, you need to know that the subordinator (and the whole dependent clause) doesn't have to be at the beginning of the sentence. The dependent clause and the independent clause can switch places, but the whole clause moves as one big chunk. Look at how these clauses switched places in the sentence: Because his car was in the shop, John took the bus. John took the bus because his car was in the shop. Finally, you need to know that every dependent clause needs to be attached to an independent clause (remember, the independent clause can stand on its own). How do you find and fix your fragments? Remember the basics: subject, verb, and complete thought. If you can recognize those things, you're halfway there. Then, scan your sentences for subordinating conjunctions. If you find one, first identify the whole chunk of the dependent clause (the subject and verb that go with the subordinator), and then make sure they're attached to an independent clause. John took the bus. (independent clause) Because his car was in the shop. (Dependent clause all by itself. Uh oh! Fragment!) John took the bus because his car was in the shop. (Hooray! It's fixed!)

Coordinating Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that join two or more items of equal syntactic importance, such as words, main clauses, or sentences. In English the mnemonic acronym FANBOYS can be used to remember the coordinators for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so These are not the only coordinating conjunctions; various others are used, including: "and nor" (British), "but nor" (British), "or nor"(British), "neither" ("They don't gamble; neither do they smoke"), "no more" ("They don't gamble; no more do they smoke"), and "only" ("Can we perform? Only if we practice"). Here are the meanings and some examples of coordinating conjunctions in English: * for: presents a reason ("He is gambling with his health, for he has been smoking far too long.") (though "for" is more commonly used as a preposition) * and: presents non-contrasting item(s) or idea(s) ("They gamble, and they smoke.") * nor: presents a non-contrasting negative idea ("They don't gamble, nor do they smoke.") * but: presents a contrast or exception ("They gamble, but they don't smoke.") * or: presents an alternate item or idea ("Every day they gamble, or they smoke.") * yet: presents a contrast or exception ("They gamble, yet they don't smoke.") * so: presents a consequence ("He gambled well last night, so he smoked a cigar to celebrate.") Correlative Conjunctions Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together to coordinate two items. English examples include bothand, [n]either[n]or, and not [only]but [also], whether... or. Examples: * Either do your work or prepare for a trip to the office. * Not only is he handsome but he is also brilliant. * Neither the basketball team nor the football team is doing well. * Both the cross country team and the swimming team are doing well. * Whether you stay or go is your decision. Subordinating Conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that introduce a dependent clause. The most common subordinating conjunctions in the English language include the following: after, although, as much as, as long as, as soon as, because, before, if, in order that, lest, since, so that, than, that, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, whether, and while. Complementizers can be considered to be special subordinating conjunctions that introduce complement clauses (e.g., "I wonder whether he'll be late. I hope that he'll be on time"). Some subordinating conjunctions (until, while), when used to introduce a phrase instead of a full clause, become prepositions with identical meanings.

In many verb-final languages, subordinate clauses must precede the main clause on which they depend. The equivalents to the subordinating conjunctions of non-verb-final languages such as English are either

* clause-final conjunctions (e.g. in Japanese), or * suffixes attached to the verb and not separate words

Such languages in fact often lack conjunctions as a part of speech because:

1. the form of the verb used is formally nominalised and cannot occur in an independent clause 2. the clause-final conjunction or suffix attached to the verb is actually formally a marker of case and is also used on nouns to indicate certain functions. In this sense, the subordinate clauses of these languages have much in common with postpositional phrases.

In other West-Germanic languages like German or Dutch, the word order after a subordinating conjunction is different from the one in an independent clause, e.g. in Dutch want (for) is coordinating, but omdat (because) is subordinating. Compare:

Hij gaat naar huis, want hij is ziek. He goes home, for he is ill. Hij gaat naar huis, omdat hij ziek is. He goes home because he is ill.

Similarly, in German, "denn" (for) is coordinating, but "weil" (because) is subordating:

Er geht nach Hause, denn er ist krank. He goes home, for he is ill. Er geht nach Hause, weil er krank ist. He goes home because he is ill.

News any new info or a current event or unusual situation that has meaning to a set of readers. -the purpose of the news is to inform the readers on timely and significant events to help him/her know what is going on his/her community and the nation as whole with each passing day. Elements of News There are several elements which would make events or situation interesting not only to the people directly involved but also to newspaper readers. The Characteristics of News 1.) Immediacy or Timelines the newest angle or latest development in a story. 2.) Proximity or Nearness geographical nearness but also to affinity of interest. 3.) Consequence or Significance is about the impact of the story in peoples lives. 4.) Prominence ordinary event become news if it happens to people who are well-known to the public. 5.) Oddity or Unusualness items that could qualify for Ripleys Believe it or not. 6.) Conflict this involves competition and struggle. (Sports, war, crime, and violence) 7.) Human Interest it appeals to the emotion. 8.) Drama this refers to heart rending stories. 9.) Progress significant changes for the improvement of the community. 10.) Number enrollment drops by 15%. Essential Qualities of News 1.) Accuracy factual accuracy means that every statement, name, age, address, or quotation cited in the story is true. 2.) Completeness and Balance it means selecting important details are resulted of informed judgment so that the readers will know that they need or want to know. 3.) Objectivity a news story must not carry the personal opinions of the reporter. He must report the event from a detached point of view with honesty and impartiality. To achieve objectivity, a report should present both sides of an issue.

Most Important Facts Important Facts Least Important Facts

Pitch is the highness/ loudness or lowness of one voice. Accent / Stress is the force emphasis given to the syllable of a wind. Intonation is the time in melody given to the syllable of a word which is done by making the voice rise and fall.

Third Grading Period

Philippine Poetry

Poetry: [poh-i-tree]
- The art of rhythmical composition, written or spoken for exciting pleasure by beautiful, imaginative, or elevated thoughts. Poetry (from the [Greek] 'poiesis'/ [poieo/], a making: a forming, creating, or the art of poetry, or a poem) is a form of literary art in which language is used for its aesthetic and evocative qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its apparent meaning. Poetry may be written independently, as discrete poems, or may occur in conjunction with other arts, as in poetic drama, hymns, lyrics, or prose poetry. It is published in dedicated magazines (the longest established being Poetry and Oxford Poetry), individual collections and wider anthologies. Poetry and discussions of it have a long history. Early attempts to define poetry, such as Aristotle's Poetics, focused on the uses of speech in rhetoric, drama, song, and comedy. Later attempts concentrated on features such as repetition, verse form and rhyme, and emphasized the aesthetics which distinguish poetry from more objectively informative, prosaic forms of writing, such as manifestos, biographies, essays, and novels . From the mid-20th century, poetry has sometimes been more loosely defined as a fundamental creative act using language. Poetry often uses particular forms and conventions to suggest alternative meanings in the words, or to evoke emotional or sensual responses. Devices such as assonance, alliteration, onomatopoeia, and rhythm are sometimes used to achieve musical or incantatory effects. The use of ambiguity, symbolism, irony, and other stylistic elements of poetic diction often leaves a poem open to multiple interpretations. Similarly, metaphor, simile, and metonymy create a resonance between otherwise disparate imagesa layering of meanings, forming connections previously not perceived. Kindred forms of resonance may exist, between individual verses, in their patterns of rhyme or rhythm. Some forms of poetry are specific to particular cultures and genres, responding to the characteristics of the language in which the poet writes. While readers accustomed to identifying poetry with Dante, Goethe, Mickiewicz and Rumi may think of it as being written in lines based upon rhyme and regular meter, there are traditions, such as Biblical poetry, that use other approaches to achieve rhythm and euphony. Much of modern British and American poetry is to some extent a critique of poetic tradition, playing with and testing (among other things) the principle of euphony itself, to the extent that sometimes it deliberately does not rhyme or keep setting rhythms at all. In today's globalized world poets often borrow styles, techniques and forms from diverse cultures and languages. Elements of Poetry 1.) Voice when we read a poem, we perceive the voice of a speaker. - This voice conveys tone, the poems implied attitude towards its subject. - We extrapolate the tone of a poem by interpreting the details of the poems language. 2.) Imagery an image is a representation of a sensory, impression, feeling or idea. - Imagery refers to a pattern of related images in a poem. - Imagery is often symbolic or metaphorical, in that it conveys meaning beyond the literal. 3.) Figurative Language when a poet uses language figuratively rather than literally, he/she means something other than the actual, denotative meaning of his/her words. - A poet often uses figures of speech to indicate he/she is using language figuratively and not a literal way. 4.) Symbolism is an object or action that represents something beyond itself. - I the use of symbols/ symbolic system in a piece of writing. 5.) Sound the way we perceive a poem aurally. 6.) Rhythm refers particularly to the way a line is voiced. - The flow of words within each meter and stanza.

Feature of Poem
- Poem has meaning. -Poems have sounds. - Poems have images. -Poems have lines. -Poems have patterns.

Narrative Poetry 1.) Epic a long narrative poem which deeds of more or less fabulous adventures of mythological hero. 2.) Ballad a poem that tells a story similar to a folk tale or legend and often has repeated refrain. 3.) Metrical Romance a narrative poem that tells about the stories of knights and religious pursuits. 4.) Metrical Tale - is a relatively long poem which tells a completely developed story in verse. Metrical tales can be the length of a short story or of a complete novel. Degrees of Comparison In English grammar the degree of comparison of an adjective or adverb that describes the relational value of one thing with something in another clause of a sentence. An adjective may simply describe a quality, (the positive); it may compare the quality with that of another of its kind (comparative degree); and it may compare the quality with many or all others (superlative degree). In other languages it may describe a very large degree of a particular quality (in Semitic linguistics, called an elative). The degree of comparison may be expressed morphologically, or syntactically. In English, for example, most monosyllabic and some disyllabic adjectives have morphological degrees of comparison: green (positive), greener (comparative), greenest (superlative); pretty, prettier, prettiest; while most polysyllabic adjectives use syntax: complex, more complex, most complex. 1. The positive degree is the most basic form of the adjective, positive because it does not relate to any superior or inferior qualities of other things in speech. 2. The comparative degree denotes a greater amount of a quality relative to something else. The phrase Anna is taller than her father means that Anna's degree of tallness is greater than her father's degree of tallness. 3. The superlative degree denotes the most, the largest, etc., by which it differs from other things. Rhetorical use of unbalanced comparatives

In some contexts, such as advertising or political speeches, absolute and relative comparatives are intentionally employed in a way that invites a comparison, and yet the basis of comparison is not established. This is a common rhetorical device used to create an implication of significance where one may not actually be present. Although such usage is common, it is sometimes considered ungrammatical.

For example:

* Always! * Why pay more? * We work harder. * We sell for less!

55 Types of Poetry

This article contains 51 types of poetry. These include all known (at least to my research) forms a poem may take. If you wish to read more about poetry, these articles might interest you: poetry technique and poetry definition ABC A poem that has five lines that create a mood, picture, or feeling. Lines 1 through 4 are made up of words, phrases or clauses while the first word of each line is in alphabetical order. Line 5 is one sentence long and begins with any letter. Acrostic Poetry that certain letters, usually the first in each line form a word or message when read in a sequence. Ballad A poem that tells a story similar to a folk tail or legend which often has a repeated refrain. Read more about ballads. Ballade Poetry which has three stanzas of seven, eight or ten lines and a shorter final stanza of four or five. All stanzas end with the same one line refrain. Blank verse A poem written in unrhymed iambic pentameter and is often unobtrusive. The iambic pentameter form often resembles the rhythms of speech. Bio A poem written about one self's life, personality traits, and ambitions. Burlesque Poetry that treats a serious subject as humor. Canzone Medieval Italian lyric style poetry with five or six stanzas and a shorter ending stanza. Carpe diem Latin expression that means 'seize the day.' Carpe diem poems have a theme of living for today. Cinquain Poetry with five lines. Line 1 has one word (the title). Line 2 has two words that describe the title. Line 3 has three words that tell the action. Line 4 has four words that express the feeling, and line 5 has one word which recalls the title. Read more about cinquain poetry. Classicism Poetry which holds the principles and ideals of beauty that are characteristic of Greek and Roman art, architecture, and literature. Concrete Also known as "size poetry". Concrete poetry uses typographical arrangements to display an element of the poem. This can either be through re-arrangement of letters of a word or by arranging the words as a shape. Couplet A couplet has rhyming stanzas made up of two lines.

Dramatic monologue A type of poem which is spoken to a listener. The speaker addresses a specific topic while the listener unwittingly reveals details about him/herself. Elegy A sad and thoughtful poem about the death of an individual. Epic An extensive, serious poem that tells the story about a heroic figure. Epigram A very short, ironic and witty poem usually written as a brief couplet or quatrain. The term is derived from the Greek epigramma meaning inscription. Epitaph A commemorative inscription on a tomb or mortuary monument written to praise the deceased. Epithalamium (Epithalamion) A poem written in honor of the bride and groom. Free verse (vers libre) Poetry written in either rhyme or unrhymed lines that have no set fixed metrical pattern. Found Poetry created by taking words, phrases, and passages from other sources and reframing by adding spaces, lines, or by altering the text with additions or subtractions. Ghazal A short lyrical poem that arose in Urdu. It is between 5 and 15 couplets long. Each couplet contains its own poetic thought but is linked in rhyme that is established in the first couplet and continued in the second line of each pair. The lines of each couplet are equal in length. Themes are usually connected to love and romance. The closing signature often includes the poet's name or allusion to it. Haiku A Japanese poem composed of three unrhymed lines of five, seven, and five morae, usually containing a season word. Horatian ode Short lyric poem written in two or four-line stanzas, each with its the same metrical pattern, often addressed to a friend and deal with friendship, love and the practice of poetry. It is named after its creator, Horace. Iambic pentameter One short syllabel followed by one long one five sets in a row. Example: la-LAH la-LAH la-LAH la-LAH la-LAH Idyll (Idyl) Poetry that either depicts a peaceful, idealized country scene or a long poem telling a story about heroes of a bye gone age. Irregular (Pseudo-Pindaric or Cowleyan) ode Neither the three part form of the pindaric ode nor the two or four-line stanza of the Horatian ode. It is characterized by irregularity of verse and structure and lack of coorespondence between the parts.

Italian sonnet A sonnet consisting of an octave with the rhyme pattern abbaabba followed by six lines with a rhyme pattern of cdecde or cdcdcd. Lay A long narrative poem, especially one that was sung by medieval minstrels. Limerick A short sometimes vulgar, humorous poem consisting of five anapestic lines. Lines 1, 2, and 5 have seven to ten syllables, rhyme and have the same verbal rhythm. The 3rd and 4th lines have five to seven syllables, rhyme and have the same rhythm. List A poem that is made up of a list of items or events. It can be any length and rhymed or unrhymed. Lyric A poem that expresses the thoughts and feelings of the poet. Memoriam stanza A quatrain in iambic tetrameter with a rhyme scheme of abba -- named after the pattern used by Lord Tennyson. Name Poetry that tells about the word. It uses the letters of the word for the first letter of each line. Narrative A poem that tells a story. Ode A lengthy lyric poem typically of a serious or meditative nature and having an elevated style and formal stanza structure. Pastoral A poem that depicts rural life in a peaceful, romanticized way. Petrarchan A 14-line sonnet consisting of an octave rhyming abbaabba followed by a sestet of cddcee or cdecde Pindaric ode A ceremonious poem consisting of a strophe (two or more lines repeated as a unit) followed by a an antistrophe with the same metrical pattern and concluding with a summary line (an epode) in a different meter. Named after Pindar, a Greek professional lyrist of the 5th century B.C. Quatrain A stanza or poem consisting of four lines. Lines 2 and 4 must rhyme while having a similar number of syllables. Rhyme A rhyming poem has the repetition of the same or similar sounds of two or more words, often at the end of the line. Rhyme royal A type of poetry consisting of stanzas having seven lines in iambic pentameter.

Romanticism A poem about nature and love while having emphasis on the personal experience. Rondeau A lyrical poem of French origin having 10 or 13 lines with two rhymes and with the opening phrase repeated twice as the refrain. Senryu A short Japanese style poem, similar to haiku in structure that treats human beings rather than nature: Often in a humorous or satiric way. Sestina A poem consisting of six six-line stanzas and a three-line envoy. The end words of the first stanza are repeated in varied order as end words in the other stanzas and also recur in the envoy. Shakespearean A 14-line sonnet consisting of three quatrains of abab cdcd efef followed by a couplet, gg. Shakespearean sonnets generally use iambic pentameter. Shape Poetry written in the shape or form of an object. This is a type of concrete poetry. Sonnet A lyric poem that consists of 14 lines which usually have one or more conventional rhyme schemes. Sound Intended primarily for performance, sound poetry is sometimes referred to as "verse without words". This form is seen as the bridging between literary and musical composition in which the phonetics of human speech are used to create a poem. Tanka A Japanese poem of five lines, the first and third composed of five syllables and the other seven. Terza Rima A type of poetry consisting of 10 or 11 syllable lines arranged in three-line tercets. Verse A single metrical line of poetry. Villanelle A 19-line poem consisting of five tercets and a final quatrain on two rhymes. The first and third lines of the first tercet repeat alternately as a refrain closing the succeeding stanzas and joined as the final couplet of the quatrain. Visual The visual arrangement of text, images, and symbols to help convey the meaning of the work. Visual poetry is sometimes referred to as a type of concrete poetry.

In the words of William Wordsworth, one of the greatest poets of all time, all good poetry is a spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility. Poetry is a beautiful manifestation of the spontaneous emotions of a poet. A poem is created when emotions find the right words to express themselves. A poem often begins in an abstract idea that is developed by the means of concrete words, without letting the idea lose its abstractness! Those of you with a poetic mind will agree with me on this, I am sure. Poetry has a long and elaborate history. The earliest forms of poetry were recited and sung. With the passing years, it obtained a structured form that later evolved into a free verse format. Poets dealing with different subjects and presenting their ideas in different ways gave rise to various kinds of poetry. Let us look at the different types of poetry. Acrostic: In acrostic poems, the first letters of each line of the poem are aligned vertically to form a word. Generally, the word formed thus, is the subject of the poem. Ballad: Ballads are narrative poems that are supposed to be sung. The narrator usually starts with a dramatic scene and relates the narrative with dialog and actions. Canzone: The word canzone, which means, a song, signifies any simple song-like composition. It is an Italian song or ballad. Cinquain: Cinquain poems are five lines long. They do not rhyme. Concrete: In this kind of poetry, the topographical arrangement of words supports the meaning conveyed by the poem. The poems form a picture of the topic on which they are centered. Couplet: It is a very simple form of a verse, which contains two rhyming lines. Diamante: This type of poetry is one of the simplest ones to write. The first line of a diamante is a single word; the second line consists of two adjectives describing that word, third line contains three words about the subject while the fourth line contains four. The fifth line and the lines that follow consist of a similar pattern of words describing the idea opposite to the subject of the poem. It seems this kind of poetry writing is simple and interesting. Doesnt it? Dramatic Poetry: A drama that is written in the form of verses to be recited or sung refers to the dramatic genre of poetry. This form of poetry has evolved from Greek and Sanskrit literature. Epic Poetry: This genre of poetry is a type of narrative literature that narrates stories of mythological heroes. Homers Iliad and Odyssey and the great Indian epics of Mahabharata and Ramayana are a few of the noteworthy examples of epic poetry. Free Verse: Free verses refer to the different styles of poetry, wherein the poems do not carry a specific meter. Free verses are a poets expressions, which are free from any rules or restrictions pertaining to the rhyme schemes of the poem. Ghazal: This form of poetry is popular in the Arabic, Persian, Urdu and Bengali literature. It is characterized by five to fifteen couplets that have a refrain at the end of every second line. Each couplet of a ghazal can stand individually as each represents a distinct thought. Haiku: It is an unrhymed form of poetry that is native to Japan. It contains three sections that can be written in a single line, but are written in three lines instead. The way it is broken into, is in essence the poetic effect of this poetic form. This kind of poetry contains a cutting word, which is known as a kireji and a season word, known as a kigo. Iambic Pentameter: It is a relatively complex form of poetry that uses syllables to bring in a musical element to the poems. Jintishi: Native to China, Jintishi is a poetic form based on tonal patterns consisting of the four tones of the classical Chinese language in every couplet. Jintishi is composed of eight lines in four couplets, wherein two couplets depict contrasting ideas but similar grammatical patterns. Du Fu, a poet of the 8th century was an important name in the world of Jintishi. Limerick: Limerick is one of the very popular kinds of poetry. A limerick is a funny little poem with a rhyme scheme of aabba. Lyric Poetry: Lyric poetry is of a personal nature, wherein a poet expresses his/her perceptions and ideas through poetry. Lyric poems deal with subjects like love, peace, loss and grief. T. S. Eliot is one of the prominent names in lyric poetry. Minnesang: It refers to the German tradition of writing lyrics and songs. It became widely popular in the 12th century and continued until the 14th century. The poems belonging to this kind of poetry revolve around the subject of love. Narrative Poetry: This is a genre of poetry that involves story-telling and is one of the very old forms of poetry. The content of these types of poems is intended to appeal the masses. Ovid, William Langland, Alexander Pope and Shakespeare are some of the notable figures in the field of narrative poetry. Nursery Rhymes: It is one of the most popular types of poetry, especially a favorite of most of the kids. Nursery rhymes are short poems written for children and are usually handed over from one generation to another. Ode: Originally developed by the Greek and Latin poets, Odes soon began to appear in different cultures across the world. Odes possess a formal poetic diction and deal with a variety of different subjects. Pantoum: It is composed of quatrains, where the second and fourth lines of each verse are repeated as the first and third lines of the next stanza. Pastourelle: It refers to an old French lyrical form. The poems in this category have the romance of a shepherdess as their central idea. Prose Poetry: This genre of poetry blends prose and poetry. It is very similar to a short story. However, its concise nature and the use of metaphor in it are sufficient to classify it as a poetical form. Rondeau: It consists of fifteen lines, which make use of two rhymes. It was a French form of poetry.

Rubai: This form of poetry is written as a four-line verse. It is written by the poets in Arabia and Persia. Satirical Poetry: Sarcasm serves as a very powerful means of expressing criticism. An insult can most strongly be expressed through poetry. Romans have been using satirical poetry for political purposes. Sestina: In this kind of poetry, there are six stanzas, each consisting of six lines without an element of rhyme. The words that appear at the end of the lines in the first stanza are repeated in other stanzas. A concluding stanza of three lines wherein the repeating words reappear in a peculiar way is an important characteristic of Sestina. Sijo: It is a musical lyric popular among the Korean poets. It is written in three lines with a pause in the middle of every line. Sonnet: Derived from Occitan and Italian words meaning a little song, Sonnet was originally a fourteen-line song that was based on a strict rhyme scheme and structure. Shakespeare, who wrote 154 sonnets, was one of the most important figures in the field of sonnets. Stave: see Stev Stev: It is a form of lyrical poetry that is prominent in Scandinavia. Stave is the English version of this kind of poetry. Tanka: It is an unrhymed kind of poetry that originated in Japan. It came up as a shorter version of the Japanese formal poetry and the poems of this type were primarily based on personal themes. The emergence of Tanka dates back to the Nara period. It became popular in the 13th century and is continues being practiced till today. Verse Fable: The poems that belong to this genre of poetry consist of stories set into verses. Fables involving natural elements and inanimate objects carrying a moral or message for the masses are expressed through verses. Verse fables use different types of rhyming schemes. Villanelle: The poems of this type consist of nineteen lines made up by five triplets and a concluding quatrain. This form of poetry has received impetus since the late 19th century, giving rise to poets like Elizabeth Bishop and Dylan Thomas. With this, we covered a detailed list of the different kind of poetry as also the various genres of poetry. Let us now have a glimpse of the different types of poetry categorized on the basis of the subjects they deal with. Baby Poems: Babies are the sweetest creations of nature. Buzzle brings you a collection of baby poems. Poems on Birth and Death: Birth signifies a brand new beginning while death marks the end of life; the end of everything. See what these poets have to say through their poems about life and their birth and death poems. Break Up Poems: Breaking a relationship is always painful. It takes moments to say "hello" but ages to bid goodbye. Here are some break up experiences some poets have shared through their break up poems. Children and Teen Poetry: For you kids and teenagers out there, here are separate sections of poems just for you all! Go through the childrens poems and teen poetry. Dark Poetry: Life is beautiful. But the negativities like hatred, loneliness, depression and pain eclipse lifes beauty. Here are some portraits of dark emotions, which poets from around the world have sketched through their dark poetry and sad poems. Dream Poetry: Poets are dreamers. They weave poems from their world of dreams. Go through some good poems on dreams and fantasy. Family Poems: Your family means the world to you. Doesnt it? Go through some family poems by some budding poets from the different parts of the world. Funeral Poems: Here is a collection of funeral poems and articles about funeral poetry. Death ends life, leaving behind memories of the dead. See the poets on Buzzle put across this emotion through their poems in loving memory. Funny Poems: Tickle your funny bone by going through the funny poems. Laughs are good for health! Goodbye Poems: Take a look at the collection of goodbye poems. Love Poems: Love is one of the most wonderful feelings. Here are some love poems by poets on Buzzle. Share their experiences of being in love. Nature Poems: The beauties of nature have always interested poetic minds. These nature poems by some budding poets around the world are worth a read. Poems about Life: Some say that life is a journey while others call it an adventure. Here is what some poets have to say about life through their poems on life. Poems for Special Occasions: Here is Buzzles collection of some beautiful poems for those special occasions in life. I am sure you will enjoy reading these birthday poems as well as these wedding poems. Here is a collection of some poetic expressions on Christmas. Go through Christmas poems. Poems on War and Peace: Wars personify grief and destruction. Peace is what we yearn for. Listen to what these poets have to say through their poems on war and peace. Relationship Poems: Relationships form a crucial aspect of life. It is these relationships that make life worth living. Here is a collection of some relationship poems. Friendship is one of the most beautiful relationships in life.Friendship Poems are worth a read! When it comes to relationships, how can you forget Valentines Day poems? Rite of Passage and Identity Poems: Life is a continuous process of learning. Life is about learning to live and knowing yourself. Go through these poems on identity and rite of passage.

Fourth Grading Period

Philippine Essay

Essay- is a short piece of writing which is often written from an authors personal point of view. Essays can consist of a number of elements including: literary criticism, political manifestos, learned arguments, observations of daily life and recollections of the author. The definition of an essay is vague, overlapping with those of an article and short story. -In some countries (e.g., in the United States), essays have become a major part of formal education. Secondary students are taught structured essay formats to improve their writing skills, and admission essays are often used by universities in selecting applicants and, in the humanities and social sciences, as a way of assessing the performance of students during final exams. The concept of an "essay" has been extended to other mediums beyond writing. A film essay is a movie that often incorporates documentary film making styles and which focuses more on the evolution of a theme or an idea. A photographic essay is an attempt to cover a topic with a linked series of photographs; it may or may not have an accompanying text or captions. An essay has been defined in a variety of ways. One definition is a "prose composition with a focused subject of discussion" or a "long, systematic discourse". It is difficult to define the genre into which essays fall. Aldous Huxley, a leading essayist, gives guidance on the subject. He notes that "[l]ike the novel, the essay is a literary device for saying almost everything about almost anything, usually on a certain topic. By tradition, almost by definition, the essay is a short piece, and it is therefore impossible to give all things full play within the limits of a single essay". He points out that "a collection of essays can cover almost as much ground, and cover it almost as thoroughly, as can a long novel"--he gives Montaigne's Third Book as an example. Huxley argues on several occasions that "essays belong to a literary species whose extreme variability can be studied most effectively within a threepoled frame of reference". -Essay derives from the French infinitive Essayer to try or to attempt. In English essay first meant a trial or an attempt, and this is still or alternative meaning. Father of Essay Francis Bacon (1561 1626) ELEMENTS OF AN ESSAY INTRODUCTION Introductions serve a number of purposes. As it is the first part of your essay your reader will encounter, and as you will want your reader to continue reading, choose introductions that grab attention. Certainly introductions serves to introduce your reader to the central ideas expressed in your essay. In this regard, good introductions will provide the background information necessary for making sense of the argument provided in the body of your paper. Most importantly, introductions serve to frame the argument that the essay proposes. Good introductions will impart to your reader the main point of your paper. So. . . a good introduction will: 1. 2. 3. get your reader's attention, provide background information, and state a thesis.

BODY In the body of your essay you will provide the defense for claims offered in your introduction. There are two issues to keep in mind here: transition and organization. Making outlines will help you keep a logical organization for your paper. When you have a number of points to make in an essay, you should consider the order in which you present those points--this order is the outline of your paper. Equally important, as you move from idea to idea, you will want to keep your reader's attention focused on why the information you present is relevant to the main point of your essay. Transitional sentences do this. When you move to a new idea, start your paragraph with a sentence or two informing your reader (1) the content of the new subject and (2) why this information is important to your thesis. A good body will: 1. 2. defend the central claim of your essay and use transitional sentences

CONCLUSION Of course, the conclusion will be last thing your reader will encounter. Because too many of us have short attention spans, and because you want your reader to learn something from having read your essay, you will want to adopt conclusions that drive home the central idea of your essay. Good conclusions, then, will: 1. 2. be memorable and restate your thesis.

IN GENERAL All essays will contain the preceding components. How you choose to address these components, however, will change from essay to essay. In the essay descriptions, I provide some specific tips on how to write the introduction, body, and conclusion to your paper.

Different Types of Essay Critical essay type This essay is an analysis of a certain reading and basically it is a summary of the point of view presented in this reading and an evaluation of this work. The process of writing a critical essay can become a challenge for any student in case of inappropriate usage of criticism in the paper. Persuasive essay ...convince the audience and make it accept the arguments of the essay as well as the conclusions. Reveal the arguments that support the thesis statement of the work. Evaluate the made statements and the given arguments. College Application Essay List of reasons why the person is applying to a college or any other establishment. The applicant is supposed to indicate how he will benefit from becoming a student of a given college or university and what is that he can contribute to Narrative essay type Writing a story connected with personal experiences. The key element of a narrative essay is a defined point of view presented in the paper and delivered through sharing emotions and sensory details with the reader. Argumentative Essay The author through proper reasoning, inducting and making conclusions, must prove the assertions or the theories of the argumentative essay. If the author fails to apply the reasons and conclusions to the topic of the essay such essay is considered to be an unsubstantiated opinion. Descriptive type of essay The author basically describes what he observes and perceives. The main message is the reason the author wants to share this experience with the reader. A descriptive essay is to make the reader believe as if he has seen and experienced something on his own. Compare and Contrast Essay ...is basically a composition, which is concentrated on two points. The compare and contrast essay reveals the differences and the similarities of these two points, things, situations, etc. The main task of any writer is to find as many similarities and a difference, as it is possible. Cause and effect Essay It is concentrated on the ability of the writer to connect the reasons the things happen and the consequences they might have. In other words it is the connection between the causes of events and the effects this cause have on any analyzed aspect. Expository Essay type ... is aimed to explain some subject by presenting a very clear and complete picture of other peoples views on this certain situation or event. It may also be in a form of a report. The main idea of any expository essay is to present a certain event or situation in detail to the reader. Personal Essay This type of essay has a purpose of revealing the personality of the applicant for a graduate education in a certain field of study. Ordinarily, the applicant is expected to include his personal history and experiences that were vital for this specific educational choice. Definition type of Essay Definition essay is an essay concentrated on the explanation of the meaning of a definite term. The term may be analyzed from the position of one and only meaning and also from the position of subjectivity of the person defining the term.

Application Essay Application essay reveals the true motivation of the applicant or in other words indicated his interest and his true purpose to apply. The applicants ability to objectively describe himself and predict his behavior in different possible future situations is crucial. A good college application essay never includes irrelevant personal details Reflective essay type Reflect a personal event or experience of the essay author. The main condition is that it has to be a certain personal experience on which the author has his very own perception. This experience or even is revealed in the essay in order to demonstrate its importance for understanding social relations and the essence of people. Process essay Describtion of a definite process through a series of steps or stags. The procedure is ordinarily described inside out. The title of a process essay needs to be informative and tell the reader what kind of process will be analyzed in it. It is also vital to make the accent on the most important fixed steps of the process. Comparison type of essay This type is focused on the comparison of things, people, facts or events. Its basic purpose it to find the most significant similarities or the differences of specific things, facts, events, etc. First is described the less significant points and up to the conclusion the most significant point is revealed. In this type of essay ordinarily analyze either only the similarities or only the differences Five paragraph essay A 5-paragraph essay is on of the classic essay forms. It is an essay type, which deals with the analysis of any given topic. One of the key elements of how to write a 5-paragraph essay is to make a draft of thought Classification essay type it deals with the Classification of organizing the logical connections in it. The author of a classification essay is supposed to organize or sort the arguments of the essay in categories. An important thing to mention is that the categories are to fully resemble the essence of the essays topic. Interview essay This type of essay is created on the basis of an interview conducted by the author of the paper. Therefore it is vital to understand how to conduct an interview and what questions are crucial for a good interview essay. This essay type has the aim of revealing the personality of the interviewed person to the reader and this is the reason the questions should be concentrated on the persons main life positions, opinions, interests and preferred activities. It is basically a response to some work by the author. This is a personal reaction and attitude to the specific ideas revealed in a certain work and their application of the authors life. The expressed arguments always have a very subjective character and correspond to the authors critical abilities. Observation essay This type of essay permits the reader view the described experience with his own eyes. Here, the essay author becomes a film, which only grabbed the scenery for the reader, and he is the only one to analyze it. The author in this type of essay is nothing but a technical device to deliver the observations. Exploratory type of essay The author basically begins writing the work without having a definite position or attitude to the analyzed subject. This is a flow essay as the conclusions come to the author in the Exploratory of writing. It is different from other essays as it is not aimed to reveal the authors knowledge on the topic but the ability to learn throughout the Exploratory of writing.

Teachers' Day One day every year, we celebrate Teachers' Day in honour of the teachers who spend so much time teaching us so many things. This year, Teachers' Day began with a school assembly in the hall where the headmaster delivered a speech. After that we adjourned to our classes, not to have lessons, but to enjoy ourselves. My classmates gave a small party for the teachers who taught us. Each of us contributed a small sum of money to buy cakes, drinks and other titbits. On that day we arranged the chairs and desks so that they surrounded an empty space in the middle of the classroom. So began a round of eating, drinking and playing games with the teachers. Most of the teachers were very sporting and we thoroughly enjoyed ourselves. It was so different from having lessons. The other classes gave parties too. So the teachers had to move from class to class and participate in the fun. I would think that this was quite tiring on the part of the teachers but they managed it. After all it was their day to enjoy and have fun. One class even gave a short play for their teachers. I did not get to watch it as I was busy tidying up the classroom after the party. All in all it was a great day. The whole school was immersed in an atmosphere of gaiety. So when the school bell rang for dismissal I felt a little sad that it should end, but end it must. The day was over and we went home tired but happy. adjourn to somewhere to finish doing something and go somewhere, usually for a drink and some food a small piece of interesting information, or a small item of pleasant-tasting food to become completely involved in something

titbit/tidbit

immerse

A journal (through French from Latin diurnalis, daily) has several related meanings: a daily record of events or business; a private journal is usually referred to as a diary. a newspaper or other periodical, in the literal sense of one published each day. many publications issued at stated intervals, such as magazines, or scholarly pacific journals, academic journals, or the record of the transactions of a society, are often called journals. Although journal is sometimes used, erroneously, as a synonym for "magazine", in academic use, a journal refers to a serious, scholarly publication, most often peer-reviewed. A non-scholarly magazine written for an educated audience about an industry or an area of professional activity is usually[citation needed] called a professional magazine. The word "journalist" for one whose business is writing for the public press has been in use since the end of the 17th century.

Open access Open access journals are scholarly journals that are available to the reader without financial or other barrier other than access to the internet itself. Some are subsidized, and some require payment on behalf of the author. Subsidized journals are financed by an academic institution or a government information center. Public journal A public journal is a record of day-by-day events in a Parliament or Congress. It is also called minutes or records. Business The term "journal" is also used in business: Journal is the book in which the transactions are entered the first time they are processed.

a book in which an account of transactions is kept prior to a transfer to the ledger in the process of bookkeeping; with narrations or An equivalent to a ship's log, as a record of the daily run, such as observations, weather changes, or other events of daily importance.

An outline is a list of the main features of a given topic, often used as a rough draft or summary of the content of a document. A hierarchical outline is a list arranged To show hierarchical relationships, and is a type of tree structure. Writers of fiction and creative nonfiction, such as Jon Franklin], may use outlines to establish plot sequence, character development and dramatic flow of a story, sometimes in conjunction with free writing. Merriam-Webster's manual for writers and editors (1998, p. 290) recommends that the section headings of an article should, when read in isolation, combine to form an outline of the article content. Garson (2002) distinguishes a 'standard outline', presented as a regular table of contents from a refined tree-like 'hierarchical outline', stating that "such an outline might be appropriate, for instance, when the purpose is taxonomic (placing observed phenomena into an exhaustive set of categories). ... Hierarchical outlines are rare in quantitative writing, and the researcher is well advised to stick to the standard outline unless there are compelling reasons not to. Different Types of Outline The most common type of outline is called the Alphanumeric Outline. Alpha as in alphabet and Numeric as in Numerals - it's the one that uses a combination of numbers and letters to organize your thoughts. I. Start with Roman Numbers for Largest Headings A. Then use Capital Letters 1. Then use Arabic Numbers a. Then use small letters II. Continue In This Fashion Until The Outline Is Finished You can then further divide this into Full-Sentence or Topic types. Full-sentence outlines, as the term suggests, use complete sentences on each line of the outline. These can take longer to write, but they do give a much more thorough idea of what is going to be in the final paper. Topic outlines list the main topic or idea of each line, but do not make complete sentences. Sample alphanumeric outline Thesis statement: E-mail and internet monitoring; is it really an invasion of the employees' rights in the workplace? :: I. Why do over 80% of today's companies monitor their employees? ::: A. To prevent fraudulent activities, theft, and other workplace related violations. B. To more efficiently monitor employee productivity. C. To prevent any legal liabilities due to harassing or offensive communications. II. What are the employees privacy rights when it comes to EM/S (Electronic Monitoring and Surveillance) in the workplace? A. American employees have basically no legal protection from mean and snooping bosses. 1. There are no federal or State laws protecting employees 2. Employees may assert privacy protection for their own personal effects. Note that each category above has at least two subcategories. Some call the Roman numerals above a-heads, the capitalized letters, b-heads, and so on. Some writers also prefer to insert a blank line between the a-heads and b-heads (N.B. these people keep the b-heads and c-heads together, though).

A less common type of outline is the Decimal Outline. This uses numbers, and each sub-heading has the number of the heading as part of it. This outline is used if you have a long, complicated outline and need to instantly be able to tell exactly where each section goes in the whole picture. 1. Main Topic 1.1 Subheading 1.2 Subheading 1.3 Etc. Sample decimal outline Thesis statement: --1.0 Introduction 1.1 Brief history of Liz Claiborne 1.2 Corporate environment 2.0 Career opportunities 2.1 Operations management 2.1.1 Traffic 2.1.2 International trade and corporate customs 2.1.3 Distribution ......... Family Tree outline Family Tree outlines are used to show people, their spouses and their children in chronological order. 1. Gregory CURIOUS :: A. Patricia JONES (1st marriage) ::: :::: 1. Chloe CURIOUS :::: 2. Lola CURIOUS B. Katie HOGLEG (2nd marriage) :::: 3. Jenny CURIOUS A. Paul SMITH (1st marriage) :::: 1. John SMITH 2. Jill SMITH 3. Vincent CURIOUS Here you can see that Gregory had two wives (Patricia and Katie) and 4 children (Chloe, Lola, Jenny and Vincent) and you can see who he had each child with. You can also see his son-in-law (Paul Smith) and his 2 grandchildren who are Jenny's and Paul's. This is very useful in graphing descendants rather than ancestors. Outlining stories Outline is also a name for a prose telling of a story to be turned into a screenplay. Sometimes called a one page (one page synopsis, about 1 3 pages). It is generally longer and more detailed than a standard synopsis (1 - 2 paragraphs), but shorter and less detailed than a treatment or a step outline. There are different ways to do these outlines and they vary in length. Location outlines Plot outlines In comics, an outline--often pluralised as outlines--refers to a stage in the development where the story has been broken down very loosely in a style similar to storyboarding in film development. The pencils will be very loose (i.e., the sketch rough), the main aim being to lay out the flow of panels across a page, ensure the story successfully builds suspense and to work out points of view, camera angles and character positions within panels. This can also be referred to as a plot outline or a layout.

How to Write an Outline

What is it? An outline is a general plan of the material that is to be presented in a speech or a paper. The outline shows the order of the various topics, the relative importance of each, and the relationship between the various parts. Order in an Outline There are many ways to arrange the different parts of a subject. Sometimes, a chronological arrangement works well. At other times, a spatial arrangement is best suited to the material. The most common order in outlines is to go from the general to the specific. This means you begin with a general idea and then support it with specific examples. Thesis Statement of Summarizing Sentence All outlines should begin with a thesis statement of summarizing sentence. This thesis sentence presents the central idea of the paper. It must always be a complete, grammatical sentence, specific and brief, which expresses the point of view you are taking towards the subject. Types of Outlines The two main types of outlines are the topic outline and the sentence outline. In the topic outline, the headings are given in single words or brief phrases. In the sentence outline, all the headings are expressed in complete sentences. Rules for Outlining 1. Subdivide topics by a system of numbers and letters, followed by a period. Example: I. A. B. 1. 2. a. b. II. A. B. 2. Each heading and subheading must have at least two parts. 3. Headings for parts of the paper of speech such as, Introduction and Conclusion, should not be used. 4. Be consistent. Do not mix up the two types of outlines. Use either whole sentences of brief phrases, but not both. Examples Topic Outline Choices in College and After Thesis: The decisions I have to make in choosing college courses depend on larger questions I am beginning to ask myself about my lifes work. I. Two decisions described A. Art history or chemistry 1. Professional considerations 2. Personal considerations B. A third year of French? 1. Practical advantages of knowing a foreign language 2. Intellectual advantages 3. The issue of necessity II. Definition of the problem A. Decisions about occupation B. Decisions about a kind of life to lead III. Temporary resolution of the problem A. To hold open a professional possibility: chemistry B. To take advantage of cultural gains already made: French Sentence Outline Choices in College and After Thesis: The decisions I have to make in choosing college courses depend on larger questions I am beginning to ask myself about my lifes work. I. I have two decisions to make with respect to choosing college courses in the immediate future. A. One is whether to elect a course in art history or in chemistry. 1. One time in my life, I planned to be a chemical engineer professionally. 2. On the other hand, I enjoy art and plan to travel and see more of it. B. The second decision is whether to continue a third year of French beyond the basic college requirement. 1. French might be useful both in engineering and travel. 2. Furthermore, I am eager to read good books which are written in French. 3. How necessary are these considerations in the light of other courses I might take instead? II. My problem can be put in the form of a dilemma involving larger questions about my whole future. A. On the one hand I want to hold a highly-trained position in a lucrative profession. B. On the other hand I want to lead a certain kind of life, with capacities for values not connected with the making of money. III. I will have to make a decision balancing the conflicting needs I have described. A. I will hold open the professional possibilities by electing chemistry. B. I will improve and solidify what cultural proficiency in another language I have already gained, by electing French.

Damon and Pythias

(Friendship)

According to the Greek story, Damon and Pythias grew up in Sicily, and they were always best friends. One day when the two of them were visiting a nearby city Pythias said some things against the king there, and the king got very angry. The king had Pythias arrested and he was going to kill Pythias (PIH-thee-ahs). Pythias said, "Couldn't I just go home and tell my family what happened and get ready before I am killed?" But the king said, "Oh sure, and then you would never come back again to be killed." Damon said, "I will stay with you while Pythias goes home to say goodbye. If he doesn't come back, you can kill me instead." The king couldn't believe anyone would trust their friend so much. He thought this was really dumb. But he agreed to let Pythias go. He was supposed to be back in one month. If he wasn't back by the end of the month, the king would kill Damon instead. Pythias went home, and said goodbye to his family, and left to come back to the city and be killed. He wouldn't leave Damon to be killed! But on the way back, his ship was attacked by pirates. Pythias tried to explain to the pirates, but they just threw him overboard. Pythias swam to shore, but then he didn't have any moneyor any horse or any way of getting back to Damon. He was so worried that Damon would be killed! He started to run as fast as he could towards the king's palace. Meanwhile the king was telling Damon, "See! Pythias has abandoned you. I told you he'd never come back." But Damon knew his friend would never leave him to be killed. Damon knew Pythias would come back to be killed himself. On the last day, the king had Damon tied up and took him outside into the courtyard of the palace to be killed. But Damon was still not worried. He knew Pythias would come. And sure enough, just as Damon was about to be killed, Pythias came running in. He was filthy dirty and his clothes were all in rags from swimming in the ocean. And he had lost his shoes and had to run barefoot the whole way, and his feet were all bloody. But he was so happy to have come on time! He cried out, "See! I have come back. Let Damon go! I am ready to be killed now." And he put his own head on the block. But the king was so impressed by this great friendship that he did not kill Pythias after all. Instead, he kept both the friends at his court so they could give him good advice.

Dedication

To our dearest teacher, Mrs. Consolacion Baluyot, I thank for the effort, support, teachings and many more. You may find me sometimes active then to silent mode then vice versa because I want to answer it correctly as much as possible, I may call myself as a perfectionist even do Im not a perfect person because at this times, failure must be avoided as much as possible for the race of life but its included to our life to fail for it is a solution for being a better winner at achieving a goal or your star. Everyday we had to learn from something, problems, news, research and etc., we had to live curious, if there is no curiosity then our life is meaningless, the Lord give us this to think you realize, if you realize it, you feel it, all of this are from our Lord for we should thank for it, English is a gift from God for us to communicate, to correct our grammar, and many more, such word means a lot, so its like every dime is important as the last minute of your life.

Hope you like it Maam..

Language may refer either to the specifically human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of communication, or to a specific instance of such a system of complex communication. The scientific study of language in any of its senses is called linguistics. The approximately 30006000 languages that are spoken by humans today are the most salient examples, but natural languages can also be based on visual rather than auditive stimuli, for example in sign languages and written language. Codes and other kinds of artificially constructed communication systems such as those used for computer programming can also be called languages. A language in this sense is a system of signs for encoding anddecoding information. The English word derives from Latin lingua, "language, tongue." This metaphoric relation between language and the tongue exists in many languages and testifies to the historical prominence of spoken languages.[1] When used as a general concept, "language" refers to the cognitivefaculty that enables humans to learn and use systems of complex communication. The human language faculty is thought to be fundamentally different from and of much higher complexity than those of other species. Human language is highly complex in that it is based on a set of rules relating symbols to their meanings, thereby forming an infinite number of possible utterances from a finite number of elements. Language is thought to have originated when early hominids first started cooperating, adapting earlier systems of communication based on expressive signs to include a theory of other minds and shared intentionality. This development is thought to have coincided with an increase in brain volume. Language is processed in many different locations in the human brain, but especially in Brocas and Wernickes areas. Humans acquire language through social interaction in early childhood, and children generally speak fluently when they are around three years old. The use of language has become deeply entrenched in human culture and, apart from being used to communicate and share information, it also has social and cultural uses, such as signifying group identity, social stratification and for social grooming and entertainment. The word "language" can also be used to describe the set of rules that makes this possible, or the set of utterances that can be produced from those rules. All languages rely on the process of semiosis to relate a sign with a particular meaning. Spoken and signed languages contain a phonological system that governs how sounds or visual symbols are used to form sequences known as words or morphemes, and a syntactic system that governs how words and morphemes are used to form phrases and utterances. Written languages use visual symbols to represent the sounds of the spoken languages, but they still require syntactic rules that govern the production of meaning from sequences of words. Languages evolve and diversify over time, and the history of their evolution can be reconstructed by comparing modern languages to determine which traits their ancestral languages must have had for the later stages to have occurred. A group of languages that descend from a common ancestor is known as a language family. The languages that are most spoken in the world today belong to the Indo-European family, which includes languages such as English, Spanish, Russian and Hindi; the Sino-Tibetan languages, which include Mandarin Chinese, Cantonese and many others; Semitic languages, which include Arabic and Hebrew; and the Bantu languages, which include Swahili, Zulu, Xhosa and hundreds of other languages spoken throughout Africa.

Mi Ultimo Adios Jose Rizal

Salud! ah que es hermoso caer por darte vuelo, Morir por darte vida, morir bajo tu cielo,

Y cuando en noche oscura se envuelva el cementerio Y solos slo muertos queden velando all, No turbes su reposo, no turbes el misterio Tal vez acordes oigas de citara salterio, Soy yo, querida Patria, yo que te canto ti.

Adios, Patria adorada, region del sol querida, Perla del Mar de Oriente, nuestro perdido Eden! A darte voy alegre la triste mustia vida, Y fuera ms brillante ms fresca, ms florida, Tambien por t la diera, la diera por tu bien.

Y en tu encantada tierra la eternidad dormir.

Si sobre mi sepulcro vieres brotar un dia Entre la espesa yerba sencilla, humilde flor, Acrcala a tus labios y besa al alma ma, Y sienta yo en mi frente bajo la tumba fra De tu ternura el soplo, de tu hlito el calor. Deja que la are el hombre, la esparza con la azada, Y mis cenizas antes que vuelvan la nada, Deja la luna verme con luz tranquila y suave; Deja que el alba enve su resplandor fugaz, Deja gemir al viento con su murmullo grave, Y si desciende y posa sobre mi cruz un ave Deja que el ave entone su cantico de paz. Entonces nada importa me pongas en olvido, Tu atmsfera, tu espacio, tus valles cruzar, Vibrante y limpia nota ser para tu oido, Aroma, luz, colores, rumor, canto, gemido Deja que el sol ardiendo las lluvias evapore Constante repitiendo la esencia de mi f. Y al cielo tornen puras con mi clamor en pos, Deja que un sr amigo mi fin temprano llore Y en las serenas tardes cuando por mi alguien ore Mi Patria idolatrada, dolor de mis dolores, Querida Filipinas, oye el postrer adios. Ahi te dejo todo, mis padres, mis amores. Voy donde no hay esclavos, verdugos ni opresores, Donde la f no mata, donde el que reyna es Dios. Ora por todos cuantos murieron sin ventura, Por cuantos padecieron tormentos sin igual, Por nuestras pobres madres que gimen su amargura; Por hurfanos y viudas, por presos en tortura Y ora por t que veas tu redencion final. Adios, queridos sres morir es descansar. Adios, padres y hermanos, trozos del alma ma, Amigos de la infancia en el perdido hogar, Dad gracias que descanso del fatigoso da; El polvo de tu alfombra que vayan formar.

Y cuando ya mi tumba de todos olvidada No tenga cruz ni piedra que marquen su lugar,

En campos de batalla, luchando con delirio Otros te dan sus vidas sin dudas, sin pesar; El sitio nada importa, ciprs, laurel lirio, Cadalso campo abierto, combate cruel martirio, Lo mismo es si lo piden la patria y el hogar.

Yo muero cuando veo que el cielo se colora Y al fin anuncia el da trs lbrego capuz; Si grana necesitas para teir tu aurora, Vierte la sangre ma, derrmala en buen hora Y drela un reflejo de su naciente luz.

Mis sueos cuando apenas muchacho adolescente, Mis sueos cuando joven ya lleno de vigor, Fueron el verte un da, joya del mar de oriente Secos los negros ojos, alta la tersa frente, Sin ceo, sin arrugas, sin manchas de rubor.

Ora tambien, Oh Patria, por mi descanso Dios!

Ensueo de mi vida, mi ardiente vivo anhelo, Salud te grita el alma que pronto va partir!

Adios, dulce extrangera, mi amiga, mi alegria,

My Last Farewell (translation adapted

from one by Edwin Lozada)

Farewell, beloved Country, treasured region of the sun, Pearl of the sea of the Orient, our vanquished Eden! To you I gladly surrender this melancholy life; And were it brighter, fresher, gaudier, Even then Id give it to you, to you alone would then I give.

To your health! Oh how beautiful to fall to give you flight, To die to give you life, to rest under your sky, And in your enchanted land forever sleep.

And there alone, only the departed remain in vigil, Disturb not their rest, nor their secrets, And should you hear chords from a zither or harp, 'Tis I, O land beloved, 'tis I, to you I sing !

If upon my grave one day you may behold, Amidst the dense grass, a simple lowly flower, Place it upon your lips, and my soul youll kiss, And on my brow may I feel, under the cold tomb,

And when my grave, then by all forgotten, has not a cross nor stone to mark its place, Let men plow and with a spade disperse it, And before my ashes return to nothing, May they be the dust that carpets your fields.

In fields of battle, deliriously fighting, Others give you their lives, without doubt, without regret; Where theres cypress, laurel or lily, Let the moon see me in soft and tranquil light, On a plank or open field, in combat or cruel martyrdom, If the home or country asks, it's all the same-it matters not. Let the dawn burst forth its fleeting radiance, Let the wind moan with its gentle murmur, And should a bird descend and rest on my cross, Let it sing its canticle of peace. The tenderness of your touch, the warmth of your breath.

Then nothing matters, cast me in oblivion. Your air, your space, your valleys I will cross. I will be vibrant music to your ears, Aroma, light, colors, murmur, moan, and song, Ever echoing the essence of my faith.

I die when I see the sky unfurls its colors And at last after a cloak of darkness announces the day; If you need scarlet to tint your dawn, Paint with my blood, pour it as the moment comes, And may it be gilded by a reflection of the heavens new-born light.

Let the burning sun evaporate the rain, And with the struggle behind, towards the sky may they turn pure; Let a friend mourn my early demise, And in the serene afternoon, when someone prays for me, O Country, pray that God will also grant me rest!

Land that I love, sorrow of my sorrows, Adored Filipinas, hear my last good-bye. There I leave you all, my parents, my beloved. I go where there are no slaves, hangmen nor oppressors, Where faith does not kill, where the one who reigns is God.

My dreams, even as a child, My dreams, when a young man in the prime of life, Were to see you one day, jewel of the eastern seas, Dry those dark eyes, raise that forehead high, Without frown, without wrinkle, without stain of shame.

Pray for all the unfortunate ones who died, For all who suffered torment unequaled,

Goodbye, dear parents, brother and sisters, fragments of my soul, Childhood friends in the home now gone,

For grieving mothers who in bitterness cry, For orphans and widows, for prisoners in torture, And for yourself to see your redemption at last. Give thanks that I rest from this wearisome day; Goodbye, sweet stranger, my friend, my joy; Farewell, loved ones. To die is to rest.

My lifelong dream, my deep burning desire, Is for this soul that will soon depart to cry out: Salud!

And when the burial ground is shrouded in dark night,