Translating specific Indonesian texts

Methods of translation by Newmark (1988b) :

O Word-for-word translation: in which the SL word order is preserved and the words
translated singly by their most common meanings, out oI context.
O iteral translation: in which the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their
nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly, out oI context.
O aithful translation: it attempts to produce the precise contextual meaning oI the original
within the constraints oI the TL grammatical structures.
O $emantic translation: which diIIers Irom 'IaithIul translation' only in as Iar as it must take
more account oI the aesthetic value oI the SL text.
O daptation: which is the Ireest Iorm oI translation, and is used mainly Ior plays
(comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture
is converted to the TL culture and the text is rewritten.
O ree translation: it produces the TL text without the style, Iorm, or content oI the
original.
O diomatic translation: it reproduces the 'message' oI the original but tends to distort
nuances oI meaning by preIerring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in
the original.
O ommunicative translation: it attempts to render the exact contextual meaning oI the
original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and
comprehensible to the readership (1988b: 45-47).

Methods of translations by Ted. 1 Thrasher :

O iteral or Highly iteral. This is where the exact words, word order and syntax are as
literally Iollowed and translated into English as possible. Many oI the interlinears, such
as errys nterlinear are examples oI this method oI translation. Youngs iteral
Translation is another example oI this method oI translation.
O ormal Equivalence, orm-Oriented or Modified iteral. This is where the actual
words are translated and then adjusted slightly in order and syntax to conIorm to the
target language. This method respects the verbal inspiration oI the Scriptures. It Iocuses
on the Iorm or the very words oI the text and translates them. It is based upon the
philosophy that each and every word oI the text is important and carries a meaning oI its
own which is possible to express in another language.
O unctional Equivalence, Context-Oriented, Idiomatic or Dynamic Equivalence. This
method oI translation departs Irom the Iormal equivalence method in two areas: (1) It is
concerned with the thought oI the writer, (as iI they knew!) and (2) The reaction oI the
translated message by the person reading it (as iI they could predict it). It is based on the
underlying theory that communication takes place, not in word Iorm, but in sentence
Iorm or that the sentence is the smallest unit oI communication. (Although we recognize
that the deIinition oI words must be considered in their context, this does not mean that
words have no meaning oI themselves or do not communicate themselves. Just yell "Fire"
real loud in a crowded place sometime and see iI a single word can communicate. Or
whisper "Shop" or "Sale" to a woman and see what happens next).
O !araphrase or Unduly ree. This method is hardly worthy oI being called a method oI
translation, since it is not concerned with the words or sometimes not even the meaning
oI the original. It is so loose that it will allow excess words, whole sentences or even
paragraphs to be inserted into the text without any justiIication other than the
paraphraser's belieI that he is producing a product which is easier to understand than the
Word oI God. Most are nothing but commentaries and very poor ones at that, since they
are packed with the Ialse doctrines oI the author oI such works.


Methods Of Translation - !resentation Transcript
O There are eight types oI translation: word-Ior-word translation, literal translation, IaithIul
translation, semantic translation, adaptive translation, Iree translation, idiomatic
translation, and communicative translation.
O Word For Word translation:
4 The SL word order is preserved and the words translated by their most common
meanings. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use oI this method is
either to understand the mechanics oI the source language or to construe a
diIIicult text as pre-translation process.
O Literal translation:
4 The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents
but the lexical items are again translated out oI context. As pre-translation
process, it indicates problems to be solved.
O FaithIul translation:
4 It attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning oI the original within the
constraints oI the TL grammatical structures. It transIers cultural words and
preserves the degree oI grammatical and lexical deviation Irom SL norms. It
attempts to be completely IaithIul to the intentions and the text-realisation oI the
SL writer.
O Semantic translation:
4 It diIIers Irom IaithIul translation only in as Iar as it must take more account oI
the aesthetic value oI the SL text, compromising on 7meaning where appropriate
so that no assonance, word play or repetition jars in the Iinished version. It does
not rely on cultural equivalence and makes very small concessions to the
readership. While `IaithIul' translation is dogmatic, semantic translation is more
Ilexible.
O Communicative translation:
4 It attempts to render the exact contextual meaning oI the original in such a way
that both language and content are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the
readership.
O Idiomatic translation:
4 It reproduces the message oI the original but tends to distort nuances oI meaning
by preIerring colloquialisms and idioms.
O Free translation:
4 It reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the Iorm oI
the original. Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the original.
O Adaptation:
4 This is the Ireest Iorm oI translation mainly used Ior plays and poetry: themes/
characters/ plots preserved, SL culture converted to TL culture & text is rewritten.
(From A Textbook oI Translation by P. Newmark)