WCDMA Air Interface Training

WCDMA Physical Layer

UMTS and the UTRAN

UTRAN Definitions
RNS (Radio Network Subsystem)
A full or partial network offering access between UE and Core Network Contains one RNC

RNC (Radio Network Controller)

Element of the RNS that controls physical radio resources

Node B
Logical Node controlling transmission and reception from one or more cells

Uu Interface Iu Interface

Interface between UE and Node B Interface between CN and RNS Interface between one RNS and another RNS Interface between RNC and Node B

Iur Interface

Iub Interface

UMTS and the UTRAN

UTRAN Operational Functions (partial)
Functions related to overall system access control
Admission Control, Congestion Control System information broadcasting Radio channel ciphering and deciphering

Functions related to mobility

Handover SRNS Relocation

Functions related to radio resource management and control

Initial (random) access detection and handling Radio resource configuration and operation combining/splitting control Radio bearer connection set-up and release (Radio Bearer Control) Allocation and de-allocation of Radio Bearers Radio protocols function RF power control Radio channel coding Radio channel decoding

UTRAN Model

CTRL
L3

UTRAN OSI Model

USER DATA RRC
Signaling Radio Bearer Radio Bearer

USER DATA RRC

CTRL
L3

L2 L2

RLC MAC PHY

RLC

Logical channels
- grouped by information content - User Data - Control and signaling

RLC MAC PHY

RLC

L2 L2

Transport channels
- grouped by method of transport

L1

L1

Physical channels

UE

Physical Channels Distinguished by: - RF Frequency - Channelization Code - Spreading Code - Modulation (I/Q) Phase (uplink) - Timeslot (TDD mode)

UTRAN

Physical Layer Requirements

Services provided by Physical Layer
Data and RF Processing Functions

FEC encoding/decoding of transport channels Error detection on transport channels and indication to higher layers Rate matching of coded transport channels to physical channels Power weighting and combining of physical channels Closed-loop power control Modulation/demodulation and spreading/de-spreading of physical channels Multiplexing/de-multiplexing of coded composite transport channels Mapping of transport channels on physical channels Macrodiversity distribution/combining

Operational Functions

Cell search functions Synchronization (chip, bit, slot, and frame synchronization) Soft Handover support Radio characteristics measurements including FER, SIR, Interference Power, etc., and indication to higher layers Uplink timing advance (TDD mode)

WCDMA Physical Channels

Channels broadcast to all UE in the cell P-CCPCH- Primary Common Control Physical Channel SCH - Synchronization Channel P-CPICH - Primary Common Pilot Channel S-CPICH - Secondary Common Pilot Channel(s) Paging Channels S-CCPCH - Secondary Common Control Physical Channel PICH - Paging Indicator Channel Random Access and Packet Access Channels

Base Station (BS)

PRACH - Physical Random Access Channel AICH - Acquisition Indicator Channel PCPCH Physical Common Packet Channel AP-AICH - Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel CD/CA-AICH -Collision Detection/Ch.Assignment Indicator Ch. CSICH - CPCH Status Indicator Channel Dedicated Connection Channels DPDCH - Dedicated Physical Data Channel DPCCH - Dedicated Physical Control Channel PDSCH - Physical Downlink Shared Channel

User Equipment (UE)

WCDMA Code Types

Channelization Codes (Orthogonal Codes)
Used to orthogonally code different data channels from BS, UE

Scrambling Codes (Spread Spectrum Codes)

BS Scrambling Codes: UE Scrambling Codes: Used by UE to distinguish the desired BS Used by BS to distinguish the desired UE Fixed 256-bit code Helps UE identify the presence of a WCDMA BS Helps UE achieve Slot Synchronization

Synchronization Codes
Primary Sync. Code:

Secondary Sync. Codes: Group of 256-bit codes Helps UE achieve Frame Synchronization

Pilot Codes
A full-time common Pilot (CPICH) provides coherent reference for UE receiver Pilot data bits are embedded into each timeslot of the Dedicated Data Channel

Random Access Preamble Codes

Preamble Signatures; Used by BS to distinguish between UE making access attempts Preamble Scrambling Codes; Used to identify which BS is being accessed

WCDMA Downlink Physical Layer

WCDMA Downlink (FDD)

Logical Channels (Layers 3+) Transport Channels (Layer 2)
Null Data

Physical Channels (Layer 1)

CPICH Common Pilot Channel P-CCPCH(*) Primary Common Control Physical Ch. S/P Cch 256,0
Gain

Sync Codes(*)
PSC

BCCH Broadcast Control Ch. PCCH Paging Control Ch. CCCH Common Control Ch. CTCH Common Traffic Ch. DCCH Dedicated Control Ch. DTCH Dedicated Traffic Ch. 1

BCH Broadcast Ch. PCH Paging Ch.

Data Encoding Data Encoding

S/P Cch 256,1

Gain

GP SSCi

SCH (Sync Channel)

S-CCPCH Secondary Common Control Physical Ch. FACH Forward Access Ch. Data Encoding CCTrCH DCH Dedicated Ch. DCH Dedicated Ch. Data Encoding Data Encoding M U X DPCH (Dedicated Physical Channel) One per UE

S/P Cch
Gain

GS

Cell-specific Scrambling Code DPDCH (one or more per UE) Dedicated Physical Data Ch. M U X

Downlink RF Out

S/P Cch
Gain

I+jQ

DTCH Dedicated Traffic Ch. N

DCH Dedicated Ch.

Data Encoding Pilot, TPC, TFCI bits DPCCH (one per UE) Dedicated Physical Control Ch. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel AICH (Acquisition Indicator Channel) PICH (Paging Indicator Channel ) AP-AICH (Access Preamble Indicator Channel ) CSICH (CPCH Status Indicator Channel ) CD/CA-ICH (Collision Detection/Channel Assignment ) S/P Cch
Gain

Filter Filter

I/Q Modulator

DSCH Downlink Shared Ch.

Data Encoding

* Note regarding P-CCPCH and SCH Sync Codes are transmitted only in bits 0-255 of each timeslot; P-CCPCH transmits only during the remaining bits of each timeslot

Access Indication data Paging Indication bits Access Preamble Indication bits CPCH Status Indication bits CPCH Status Indication bits

S/P S/P S/P S/P S/P Cch Cch Cch Cch Cch
Gain

Gain

Gain

Gain

Gain

Common Pilot Channel

Downlink CPICH (Common Pilot Channel)
1 timeslot = 2560 Chips = 10 symbols = 20 bits = 666.667 uSec

Pilot Symbol Data (10 symbols per slot)

10

11

12

13

14

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec

If transmit diversity is used, then the pilot symbols are as shown for each antenna: Antenna 1 Symbols

Antenna 2 Symbols

-A -A
Slot 14

-A

-A -A

-A -A

-A -A

-A -A

-A

Slot 0

Slot 1

Sync Channel / Primary Common Control Channel

Downlink SCH / P-CCPCH
BCH Spreading Factor = 256 1 Slot = 0.666 mSec = 18 BCH data bits / slot

SCH
256 Chips

BCH
2304 Chips

PSC SSCi

Broadcast Data (18 bits)

10

11

12

13

14

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec

Secondary Common Control Channel

Downlink S-CCPCH
Spreading Factor = 256 to 4 1 Slot = 0.666 mSec = 2560 chips = 20 * 2k data bits; k = [0..6]

0, 2, or 8 bits

20 to 1256 bits

0, 8, or 16 bits

TFCI or DTX

Data

Pilot

10

11

12

13

14

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec

Paging Indication Channel

Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) Spread with SF=256 Channelization code Each UE looks for a particular paging indicator, PI A paging indicator set to 1 indicates that the UE should read the S-CCPCH of the corresponding frame.

288 bits for paging indication b0 b1

12 bits (undefined) b287 b288 b299

One radio frame (10 ms)

Dedicated Control/Data Channel

Downlink DPCCH/DPDCH Frame
1 Slot = 0.666 mSec = 2560 chips = 10 x 2^k bits, k = [0...7] SF = 512/2k = [512, 256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4]
DPDCH DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH

Data 1

TPC

TFCI

Data 2

Pilot

10

11

12

13

14

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec

The DPDCH carries user traffic, layer 22overhead bits, and layer 33signaling data. The DPDCH carries user traffic, layer overhead bits, and layer signaling data. The DPCCH carries layer 11control bits: Pilot, TPC, and TFCI The DPCCH carries layer control bits: Pilot, TPC, and TFCI Downlink Closed-Loop Power Control steps of 11dB, 0.5 dB Downlink Closed-Loop Power Control steps of dB, 0.5 dB

Downlink DPDCH/DPCCH Slot Formats

Slot Channel Channel SF Format Bit Rate Symbol #i (kbps) Rate (ksps) 0 0A 0B 1 1B 2 2A 2B 3 3A 3B 15 15 30 15 30 30 30 60 30 30 60 7.5 7.5 15 7.5 15 15 15 30 15 15 30 512 512 256 512 256 256 256 128 256 256 128 Bits/ Slot DPDCH Bits/Slot DPCCH Bits/Slot NTFCI NPilot 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 2 4 4 4 4 8 4 8 2 2 4 2 2 4 NData1 NData2 NTPC 10 10 20 10 20 20 20 40 20 20 40 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 8 2 4 14 14 28 12 10 24 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 Transmitted slots per radio frame NTr 15 8-14 8-14 15 8-14 15 8-14 8-14 15 8-14 8-14

Notes: 1) Zero-TFCI slot formats are used when there is only one data service on the DCH. 2) Slot formats A and B are used during compressed mode operation

14 14A 14B 15 15A 15B 16 16A

480 480 960 960 960 1920 1920 1920

240 240 480 480 480 960 960 960

16 16 8 8 8 4 4 4

320 320 640 640 640 1280 1280 1280

56 56 112 120 120 240 248 248

232 224 464 488 480 976 1000 992

8 8 16 8 8 16 8 8

8* 16* 16* 8* 16* 16* 8* 16*

16 16 32 16 16 32 16 16

15 8-14 8-14 15 8-14 8-14 15 8-14

Downlink Data Coding, Multiplexing

Traffic @ 12.2 kbps Traffic @ 12.2 kbps
Traffic data (122x2) Add CRC bits Add Tail bits Conv. Coding R=1/3 Rate matching 1st interleaving #1 344 Radio Frame Segmentation 344 2nd interleaving slot segmentation MUX: Pilot, TPC, TFCI 30 ksps DPCH 420
28 28 28 28 12 12 12 12 28 12

L3 Data @ 2.4 kbps L3 Data @ 2.4 kbps

Layer 3 Control data 96
CRC 16

244
CRC16

244 260 804 688 688

Add CRC bits

Tail 8

96 112 360 304 304

#1 76 #2 76 #3 76

Tail 8

Add Tail bits Conv. Coding R=1/3 Rate matching 1st interleaving
Data from second 244-bit packet

#2 344

#1 344

#2 344

#4 76

76

344 420
28 28 28 28 12 12 12 12

76

344 420

76

344 420

76

28 12

28 28 28 28 12 12 12 12

28 12

28 28 28 28 12 12 12 12

28 12

600 bits (300 symbols) Radio frame FN=4N

600 bits (300 symbols) Radio frame FN=4N+1

600 bits (300 symbols) Radio frame FN=4N+2

600 bits (300 symbols) Radio frame FN=4N+3

Downlink Shared Channel

PDSCH Frame
1 Slot = 0.666 mSec = 2560 chips = 20 x 2^k bits, k = [0...6]
SF = [256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, or 4]

Data (30 kbps to 1920 kbps)

10

11

12

13

14

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec

Notes: Notes: The PDSCH has no embedded Pilot, TFCI, or TPC. Therefore, it must always be associated with an active DPCCH. The PDSCH has no embedded Pilot, TFCI, or TPC. Therefore, it must always be associated with an active DPCCH. The associated DPCCH provides the necessary Pilot, TFCI, and TPC bits for the PDSCH. The associated DPCCH provides the necessary Pilot, TFCI, and TPC bits for the PDSCH. The PDSCH can change its spreading ratio every frame, as indicated by the TFCI on the DPCCH The PDSCH can change its spreading ratio every frame, as indicated by the TFCI on the DPCCH Any orthogonal code under the PDSCH Root Channelization Code may be utilized Any orthogonal code under the PDSCH Root Channelization Code may be utilized Multiple PDSCHs may be assigned to one UE Multiple PDSCHs may be assigned to one UE

CRC Algorithms
0, 8, 12, 16, or 24 parity bits (determined by upper layers) g(CRC24) = D24 + D23 + D6 + D5 + D + 1 g(CRC16) = D16 + D12 + D5 + 1 g(CRC12) = D12 + D11 + D3 + D2 + D + 1 g(CRC8) = D8 + D7 + D4 + D3 + D + 1

FEC Coding Rules

FEC Coding

Transport Channel
BCH PCH RACH

Coding Method
Convolutional Coding Convolutional Coding Convolutional Coding No Coding

Coder Rate
1/2 1/2 1/2

DCH, DSCH, CPCH, FACH

Convolutional Coding Turbo Coding

1/2 or 1/3 1/3

WCDMA Convolutional Code Generators

Rate 1/2, k=9 coder:
Data In

G0 = 5618 , G1 = 7538 D D D D D D

2:1 MUX

Data Out

Rate 1/3 , k=9 coder:

Data In

G0 = 5578 , G1 = 6638 D D D

G2 = 7118 D D D

3:1 MUX

Data Out

Interleaving
Interleaving
1st-Stage Interleaver
Performed prior to service multiplexing Interleaving depth of 1, 2, 4, or 8 columns

2nd-Stage Interleaver
Performed after service multiplexing Interleaving depth of 30 columns

Interleaving
Interleaving
Before Interleaving
(K blocks containing (R x C) bits each)

0, 1, 2, 3, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , (RC - 1) 0 1 C+1 (R-1)(C+1) C1 ------m C+m (R-1)(C+m) Cm ------C-1 2C-1 RC-1 CC-1

Write Data into Matrix Row-wise

C (R-1)C

Permute Matrix Columns

C0

0 Read Data from Matrix Column-wise C (R-1)C C0 After Interleaving

m C+m (R-1)(C+m) Cm

1 C+1 (R-1)(C+1) C1

C-1 2C-1 RC-1 CF-1

0, C, , (R-1)C , m, C+m, (R-1)(C+m) , , 1, C+1 , (R-1)(C+1), .., C-1 , 2C-1 , RC-1

Interleaving
Interleaver Columns Permutations (1st and 2nd Interleavers)
Interleaving Span 10 mSec 20 mSec 1st 40 mSec 80 mSec 4 8 {0213} {04261537}
{ 0, 20 ,10, 5, 15, 25, 3, 13, 23, 8, 18, 28, 1, 11, 21, 6, 16, 26, 4, 14, 24, 19, 9, 29, 12, 2, 7, 22, 27, 17 }

Interleaver

Number Inter-column of Columns Permutation 1 2 None {01}

2nd

10 mSec

30

Downlink Orthogonal Code Allocations

Each data stream is assigned a unique Channelization Code
- User voice / data channels - Layer 3+ Control Channel data

Primary CPICH (Common Pilot) uses Channelization Code C256,0

- One per cell - Phase reference for SCH, Primary CCPCH, AICH, PICH - Scrambled using the Primary Scrambling Code

Secondary CPICH uses any Channelization code of SF=256

- Zero, one, or several per cell - Scrambled using the Primary or Secondary Scrambling Code

P-CCPCH (Broadcast Channel) always uses Code C256,1 S-CCPCH Channelization Code is broadcast over the P-CCPCH Traffic Channel Codes are transmitted over the S-CCPCH

WCDMA Uplink Physical Layer

WCDMA Uplink (FDD)

Logical Channels (Layers 3+)
CCCH Common Control Ch.

Transport Channels (Layer 2)

RACH Random Access Ch. Data Coding

Physical Channels (Layer 1)

PRACH Physical Random Access Ch.

Chd

Gd

RACH Control Part

Chc Chd
DTCH (packet mode) Dedicated Traffic Ch. CPCH Common Packet Ch. Data Coding PCPCH Physical Common Packet Ch.

Gc Gd

PCPCH Control Part

UE Scrambling Code

Uplink RF Out

Chc
Chd,1 Gd

Gc

I+jQ

Filter Filter

I/Q Mod.

CCTrCH DCCH Dedicated Control Ch. DTCH Dedicated Traffic Ch. 1 DCH Dedicated Ch. DCH Dedicated Ch. Data Encoding Data Encoding

DPDCH #1 Dedicated Physical Data Ch. DPDCH #3 (optional) Dedicated Physical Data Ch.

Chd,3

Gd

Chd,5

Gd

M U X

DPDCH #5 (optional) Dedicated Physical Data Ch. DPDCH #2 (optional) Dedicated Physical Data Ch. DPDCH #4 (optional) Dedicated Physical Data Ch. DPDCH #6 (optional) Dedicated Physical Data Ch.

Chd,2

Gd

Chd,4

Gd

DTCH Dedicated Traffic Ch. N

DCH Dedicated Ch.

Data Encoding

Chd,6

Gd

Q
j

Chc

Gd

Pilot, TPC, TFCI bits

DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Ch.

Uplink DPDCH/DPCCH
Uplink DPDCH/DPCCH
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) Slot (0.666 mSec) Coded Data, 10 x 2^k bits, k=06 (10 to 640 bits)

I
FBI TPC

Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) Slot (0.666 mSec) Pilot TFCI

10

11

12

13

14

15

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec

DPCCH: 15 kb/sec data rate, 10 total bits per DPCCH slot PILOT: TFCI: FBI: TPC: Fixed patterns (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 bits per DPCCH slot) Transmit Format Combination Indicator (0, 2, 3, or 4 bits) Feedback Information (0, 1, or 2 bits) Transmit Power Control bits (1 or 2 bits); power adjustment in steps of 1, 2, or 3 dB

Uplink Data Coding, Multiplexing

Traffic @ 12.2 kbps Traffic @ 12.2 kbps
Traffic data (122x2) Add CRC bits Add Tail bits Conv. Coding R=1/3 1st interleaving Frame Segmentation Rate Matching 402 #1a 490
244
CRC16

L3 Data @ 2.4 kbps L3 Data @ 2.4 kbps

Layer 3 Control data Add CRC bits
Tail 8

96
CRC 16

244 260 804 804 402

96 112 360 360

90 90 90

Tail 8

Add Tail bits Conv. Coding R=1/3 1st interleaving Frame Segmentation
Data from second 244-bit packet

90

#2a 490

#1b 490

#2b 490

110

110

110

110

490 2nd interleaving slot segmentation 600

40 40 40 40

110

490 600

110

490 600

110

490 600

110

40

40 40 40 40

40

40 40 40 40

40

40 40 40 40

40

60 kbps DPDCH

600 bits (600 symbols) Radio frame FN=4N

600 bits (600 symbols) Radio frame FN=4N+1

600 bits (600 symbols) Radio frame FN=4N+2

600 bits (600 symbols) Radio frame FN=4N+3

Uplink Channelization Codes for HPSK

Special Restrictions on OVSF Codes on the Uplink (for HPSK)
If only one DPDCH is used: If only one DPDCH is used: SF of 44~~256 may be used SF of 256 may be used OVSF Channelization Code is CSF,K where K = SF/4 OVSF Channelization Code is CSF,K where K = SF/4 If two through six DPDCHs are used: If two through six DPDCHs are used: SF of 44must be used for all six DPDCHs SF of must be used for all six DPDCHs DPDCH_1 , ,DPDCH_2 must use OVSF code C4,1 DPDCH_1 DPDCH_2 must use OVSF code C4,1 DPDCH_3 , ,DPDCH_4 must use OVSF code C4,3 DPDCH_3 DPDCH_4 must use OVSF code C4,3 DPDCH_5 , ,DPDCH_6 must use OVSF code C4,2 DPDCH_5 DPDCH_6 must use OVSF code C
4,2

C4,0 C2,0 1 C1,0 1 C2,1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 C4,1 1 -1 -1 C4,2 1 -1 C4,3 -1 1

DPDCH 3, 4 DPDCH 5, 6 DPDCH 1, 2

DPCCH

Uplink Scrambling Code

Uplink Scrambling Code (38,400 chips of 225 Gold Code)
Clong 1,n
MSB LSB
w0 = {1 1} w0 = {1 -1}

I Cscr

Clong 2,n
Y
Decimate 1:2

Note: c2 (quadrature component) is a 16,777,232 chip delayed version of the code, c1 Code n is created using a 24-bit key [n0 ... n23] for the initial conditions: xn(0) = n0
;

xn(1) = n1 , xn(23) = n23 ; xn(24)=1

y(0) = y(1) = = y(23) = y(24) = 1

Uplink Scrambling Code

Uplink Scrambling Code Type depends on the Application

Random Access, Packet Access

Cell-specific Scrambling Code(s) Code(s) are assigned by UTRAN Code(s) are conveyed to UE via the BCH or FACH 8,192 PRACH codes 32,768 PCPCH codes Code allocation corresponds to the cells DL scrambling code group

Dedicated Traffic Connection

UE-specific Scrambling Code(s) Code(s) are assigned by UTRAN Code(s) are conveyed to UE via the FACH 224 possible codes

Note: Note: Short (256) Scrambling Codes may be used in place of the Short (256) Scrambling Codes may be used in place of the long scrambling codes. This is to support operation of long scrambling codes. This is to support operation of advanced BS receivers (e.g., multi-user detection receivers). advanced BS receivers (e.g., multi-user detection receivers). See TS25.213 Section 4.3.2 See TS25.213 Section 4.3.2