MCA - Semester 4 MC0076 - Management Information Systems

Assignment Set - 2 Roll No.

1

MAY 2011
Master of Computer App||cat|on (MCA) Semester 4
MC0076 Management Informat|on Systems 4 Cred|ts
(8ook ID 80901)
Ass|gnment Set 2 (60 Marks)

1 L|st and d|scuss the d|fferent |eve| of organ|zat|on by wh|ch |nformat|on needed
Ans 1
Organization Level
?our organlzaLlon level alerLs vlslLors Lo wheLher you are an lndlvldual such as an arLlsL or Leacher or
lf Lhe proflle Lhey are vlewlng belongs Lo a group such as a band or a larger enLlLy such as an ad
agency gallery or museum

?ou can only choose one organlzaLlon level ulfferenL organlzaLlon levels have dlfferenL
requlremenLs lor example lndlvlduals and 1eachers are noL permlLLed Lo have a company name
mosL nonlndlvldual accounLs requlre a company name Lelephone number and sLreeL address as
well as requlrlng your address and Lelephone number Lo be llsLed on Lhe publlc accounL proflle

1he Manager's Iob |n a G|oba| Lnv|ronment
Management and Managers ManagemenL ls Lhe process of achlevlng organlzaLlonal goals by
plannlng organlzlng leadlng and conLrolllng organlzaLlonal resources WhaL does a Lyplcal
managers [ob look llke and whaL lnformaLlon does he or she need Lo perform LhaL [ob? Managers
face a varleLy of challenges ln performlng Lhelr work ln a global envlronmenL 1hey musL deal wlLh
lncreaslng compeLlLlon decreaslng resources and rapldly changlng Lechnology 1hey musL
undersLand and respond Lo dramaLlc culLural dlfferences lmposlng legal consLralnLs and dynamlc
cusLomer requlremenLs

ueallng globally lncreases Lhe llkellhood LhaL managers wlll have unrellable lnformaLlon and
lnLenslfles any exlsLlng deflclencles ln Lhe lnformaLlon h boLh dlsLance and culLural dlverslLy affecLs
lnformaLlon quallLy llrsLllne supervlsors may experlence delays ln recelvlng upLodaLe lnformaLlon
from Lhelr bosses who musL dlrecLlves from a dlsLanL corporaLe headquarLers Managers perform a
greaL quanLlLy of work aL an unrelenLlng pace 1hls level of acLlvlLy lnvolves a managers conLlnually
seeklng and Lhen qulckly processlng large amounLs of lnformaLlon generally wlLhouL Llme for
lelsurely reflecLlon Managers also parLlclpaLe ln a varleLy of brlef acLlvlLles LhaL resulL ln slgnlflcanL
fragmenLaLlon of Lhelr Llme

Informat|on and Leve|s of Management
Informat|on needed by d|fferent |eve|s of management Managers aL dlfferenL hlerarchlcal
levels ln Lhe organlzaLlon have speclal concerns AL Lhe hlghesL level managers are concerned wlLh
seLLlng longLerm goals and dlrecLlons for Lhe organlzaLlon AL Lhe lowesL level managers are
concerned wlLh supervlslng Lhe conducL of dayLoday acLlvlLles As one moves up Lhe corporaLe
MCA - Semester 4 MC0076 - Management Information Systems
Assignment Set - 2 Roll No.

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ladder declslons have a longer Lerm and wlder ranglng lmpacL on Lhe organlzaLlon 1hese
dlfferences affecL Lhe characLerlsLlcs of managers lnformaLlon needs AL all levels managers cope
wlLh lessLhanperfecL lnformaLlon ln an unconLrollable envlronmenL 1hey use lnformaLlon sysLems
Lo help Lhem brlng as much order and compleLeness Lo Lhe avallable lnformal posslble

Lxecut|ve Management 1oplevel managers esLabllsh Lhe overall dlrecLlon of an organlzaLlon by
seLLlng lLs sLraLegy and pollcles 1hey may declde LhaL cosL cuLLlng requlres reduclng Lhe number of
employees or LhaL lnLroduclng a new producL llne calls for hlrlng more workers 1hey Lyplcally
develop a mlsslon reflecLed ln a mlsslon sLaLemenL LhaL deflnes Lhe baslc characLer and
characLerlsLlcs of Lhe organlzaLlon LhaL ls who Lhe organlzaLlon ls why Lhe organlzaLlon ls ln
buslness and whaL Lhe organlzaLlon ls ln Lhe buslness Lo do

Conslder Lhe [ob of a senlor markeLlng manager ln Lhe halrcare producLs dlvlslon of a large
company now compare her lnformaLlon needs wlLh Lhose of a senlor flnanclal manager or even
wlLh Lhose of a senlor markeLlng manager ln a compuLer sofLware flrm

M|dd|e Management unllke Lop execuLlves mlddle managers focus prlmarlly on lmplemenLlng Lhe
pollcles and sLraLegles seL by Lop managemenL lanL managers reglonal sales managers dlrecLors
of sLafflng and oLher mlddle managers usually deal wlLh lnLernal organlzaLlonal lssues such flndlng
ways Lo lncrease producLlvlLy proflLablllLy and servlce Mlddle managers musL meeL producLlon
schedules and budgeLary consLralnLs whlle sLlll acLlng lndependenLly

1hey all parLlclpaLe acLlvely ln varlous personnel declslons lncludlng Lhe hlrlng Lransfer promoLlon
or LermlnaLlon of employees Mlddle managers serve as Lhe lnLerface beLween execuLlves aL flrsL
llne supervlsors 1hey dlssemlnaLe Lop managemenLs dlrecLlves Lo lower levels of organlzaLlon and
communlcaLe problems or excepLlonal clrcumsLances up Lhe hlerarchy

1he manager musL know each Leam member's [ob responslblllLles as well as Lhe members skllls
ablllLles and knowledge 1he manager musL also have lnformaLlon abouL Lhe lndlvlduals group
organlzaLlon and lLs envlronmenL Lo help ln leadlng moLlvaLlng resolvlng confllcLs and coordlnaLlng
acLlvlLles

lor example charged flve managerlal Leams around Lhe world wlLh ensurlng employee reLenLlon ln
Lhelr areas Lhey use conferenclng by Lelephone Lo share ldeas

I|rst||ne Superv|s|on llrsLlevel managers have Lhe mosL dlrecL responslblllLy for ensurlng Lhe
effecLlve conducL of Lhelr organlzaLlons dally acLlvlLles 1he supervlsor of longdlsLance Lelephone
operaLors handles any problems LhaL arlse ln servlclng cusLomers Lhe cusLomer servlces manager ln
an lnsurance company oversees Lhe lnLeracLlons beLween cusLomer servlce represenLaLlves and
pollcy holders Such supervlsors mlghL plan work schedules modlfy a subordlnaLes [ob duLles Lraln
a new worker or generally handle problems employees encounLer

WhaL lnformaLlon does she need Lo solve an undersLafflng or absenLeelsm problem? uoes she need
Lhe same lnformaLlon Lo answer quesLlons abouL admlnlsLraLlon of medlcaLlons or dellvery of meals
Lo paLlenLs on Lhe floor? 1he nlghLshlfL supervlsor ln a manufacLurlng planL mlghL requlre
comparable lnformaLlon abouL Lhe Lasks workers and equlpmenL

Informat|on kequ|red for the rocess of Management CollecLlng and dlssemlnaLlng lnformaLlon
serve as Lhe cornersLone of managemenL acLlvlLy 1he manager gaLhers lnformaLlon from Lhe
envlronmenL lnslde or ouLslde Lhe organlzaLlon Pe or she revlews wrlLLen lnformaLlon abouL Lhe
company and lLs lndusLry aLLends meeLlngs LhaL presenL lnformaLlon abouL Lhe organlzaLlon or
MCA - Semester 4 MC0076 - Management Information Systems
Assignment Set - 2 Roll No.

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parLlclpaLes ln Lask forces or commlLLees LhaL provlde addlLlonal lnformaLlon abouL organlzaLlonal
funcLlonlng

1he manager musL have lnformaLlon abouL Lhe envlronmenL ln whlch Lhe organlzaLlon funcLlons Lhls
lnformaLlon may lnclude daLa abouL lndusLry Lrends Lechnologlcal developmenLs and markeL
requlremenLs lor example Lhe man may glve bad news Lo subordlnaLes and superlors ln dlfferenL
ways AL Lhe same Llme manager musL conslder hls or her own lnformaLlon needs ln performlng Lhe
four baslc managemenL funcLlons of plannlng organlzlng leadlng and conLrolllng

2 Lxp|a|n the contro| |ssues |n management |nformat|on systems
Ans 2
Contro|
Contro| ls Lhe process Lhrough whlch manager assures LhaL acLual acLlvlLles are accordlng Lo
sLandards leadlng Lo achlevlng of common goals 1he conLrol process conslsLs measuremenL of
progress achlevlng of common goals and deLecLs Lhe devlaLlons lf any ln Llme and Lakes correcLlve
acLlon before Lhlngs go beyond conLrol also deLecLs goes beyond 1he baslc sLeps ln conLrol process
are should ln Lhe followlng flgure















Why do we need Lo conLrol managemenL lnformaLlon sysLem?
lnformaLlon sysLems operaLe ln real world slLuaLlons whlch are always changlng and Lhere are loLs of
problems lnformaLlon sysLems are vulnerable Lo varlous LhreaLs and abuses Some of Lhe polnLs are
memory communlcaLlons llnks mlcrowave slgnal Lelephone llnes eLc

Secur|ty Contro|
1he resources of lnformaLlon sysLems llke hardware sofLware and daLa need Lo be proLecLed
preferably by bulld ln conLrol Lo assure Lhelr quallLy and securlLy
Establish
standard oI
perIormance
Measure
perIormanc
e
Corrective
Action
Corrective
Action
Actual
Vs
Standard
MCA - Semester 4 MC0076 - Management Information Systems
Assignment Set - 2 Roll No.

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1ypes of Secur|ty Contro|
1 AdmlnlsLraLlve conLrol
2 lnformaLlon sysLems conLrol
3 rocedural conLrol
4 hyslcal faclllLy conLrol

Adm|n|strat|ve contro|
SysLems analysLs are acLually responslble for deslgnlng and lmplemenLlng buL Lhese people need Lhe
help of Lhe Lop managemenL ln execuLlng Lhe conLrol measure 1op execuLlves provlde leadershlp ln
seLLlng Lhe conLrol pollcy WlLhouL Lhelr full supporL Lhe conLrol sysLem cannoL achleve lLs goal ln
addlLlon Lo Lhls managers musL be lnvolved ln funcLlons such as effecLlng a conLrol pollcy selecLlng
and asslgnlng personnel flxlng responslblllLles preparlng [ob descrlpLlon seLLlng sLandards
preparlng a sLraLeglc lnformaLlon plan and acqulrlng adequaLe lnsurance

Informat|on system contro|
lnformaLlon sysLem conLrol assures Lhe accuracy valldlLy and proprleLary of lnformaLlon sysLem
acLlvlLles ConLrol musL be Lhere Lo ensure proper daLa enLry processlng Lechnlques sLorage
meLhods and lnformaLlon ouLpuL Accordlngly managemenL lnformaLlon sysLem conLrol are deslgned
Lo see or monlLor and malnLaln quallLy securlLy of Lhe lnpuL process ouLpuL and sLorage acLlvlLles of
an lnformaLlon sysLem

Input Contro|
As we know whaLever we glve Lo compuLer Lhe compuLer processes LhaL and reLurns Lhe resulL Lo us
8ecause of Lhls very facL Lhere ls a need Lo conLrol Lhe daLa enLry process 1he Lypes of lnpuL
conLrol are

l 1ransact|on Codes 8efore any LransacLlon can eb lnpuL lnLo Lhe sysLem a speclflc code should be
asslgned Lo lL 1hls alds ln lLs auLhorlzaLlon
ll Iorms a source documenL or screen forms should be used Lo lnlpuL daLa and such forms musL
adhere Lo cerLaln rules
lll Ver|f|cat|on Source documenL prepared by one clerk can be verlfled by anoLher clerk Lo lmprove
accuracy
lv Contro| tota|s uaLa enLry and oLher sysLem acLlvlLles are frequenLly monlLored by Lhe use of
conLrolLoLal
lor example record counL ls a conLrolLoLal LhaL conslsL of counLlng Lhe LoLal
number of source documenLs or oLher lnpuL records and compare Lhem aL oLher sLage of daLa enLry
lf LoLals do noL maLch Lhen a mlsLake ls lndlcaLed
v Check d|g|t 1hese are used for checklng lmporLanL codes such as cusLomer number Lo verlfy Lhe
correcLness
vl Labe|s lL conLalns daLa such as flle name and daLe of creaLlon so LhaL a check can be made LhaL
correcL flle ls used for processlng
vll Character and f|e|d check|ng CharacLers are checked for proper mode numerlc alphabeLlc
alphanumerlc flelds Lo see lf Lhey are fllled ln properly
MCA - Semester 4 MC0076 - Management Information Systems
Assignment Set - 2 Roll No.

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rocess|ng Contro|
lnpuL and processlng daLa are so lnLerrelaLed LhaL we can Lake Lhem as flrsL llne of defense Cnce
daLa ls fed lnLo Lhe compuLer conLrols are embedded ln varlous compuLer programs Lo help deLecL
noL only lnpuL errors buL also processlng errors rocesslng conLrols are lncluded Lo check
arlLhmeLlc calculaLlons and loglcal operaLlons 1hey are also used Lo ensure LhaL daLa are noL losL or
do noL go unprocessed rocesslng conLrol ls furLher dlvlded lnLo hardware and sofLware conLrol



l) Pardware ConLrol 1hey are bullL ln Lhe hardware lLself Lo verlfy Lhe accuracy of processlng

2) SofLware conLrol 1hey are deslgned Lo assure LhaL rlghL daLa ls belng processed Checklng
lnLernal flle labels aL Lhe beglnnlng and aL Lhe end of Lhe magneLlc Lape and dlsk flles ls an example
of sofLware conLrol

Cutput Contro| 1hese are developed Lo ensure LhaL processed lnformaLlon ls correcL compleLe
and ls LransmlLLed Lo auLhorlzed user ln a Llmely manner 1he ouLpuL conLrol are mosLly of same klnd
as lnpuL conLrol Lg CuLpuL documenLs and reporLs are Lhoroughly and vlsually verlfled by compuLer
personnel and Lhey are properly logged and ldenLlfled wlLh rouL sllps ConLrol LoLal aL ouLpuL sLage
are compared wlLh conLrol LoLal aL boLh lnpuL and processlng level A hard copy of llsLlng ls
malnLalned for evldence 1he end user are conLracLed for feedback abouL Lhe quallLy of lnformaLlon

Storage Contro| ConLrol responslblllLy of flles of compuLer programs and daLabases ls glven Lo
llbrarlan or daLabase admlnlsLraLor 1hey are responslble for malnLalnlng and conLrolllng access Lo
Lhe lnformaLlon 1he daLabases and flles are proLecLed from unauLhorlzed users are accldenLal users
1hls can be achleved wlLh Lhe help of securlLy monlLor 1he meLhod lncludes asslgnlng Lhe accounL
code password and oLher ldenLlflcaLlon codes A llsL of auLhorlzed users ls provlded Lo compuLer
sysLem wlLh deLalls such as Lype of lnformaLlon Lhey are auLhorlzed Lo reLrleve or recelve from lL
A Lhree level password sysLem ls also used ln whlch flrsLly Lhe user has Lo glve hls or her unlque lu

LasLly many flrms also use backup flles whlch are Lhe dupllcaLe flles of daLa or programs posslble
sLore somewhere else llles are also proLecLed by flle reLenLlon measures whlch lnvolves coples of
flles from prevlous perlods lf currenL flle ls corrupLed Lhen Lhey are used Lo reconsLrucL a new flle
usually several generaLlon of flles are kepL for conLrolllng

rocedura| Contro| 1hese meLhods provlde maxlmum securlLy Lo operaLlon of Lhe
lnformaLlon sysLem Some of Lhe examples are SeparaLlon of duLles Lach acLlvlLy relaLed Lo
compuLerlzed lnformaLlon sysLem llke sysLems developmenL compuLer operaLlon and conLrol of
daLa and program flles ls asslgned Lo dlfferenL groups of persons SysLem analysLs and programmers
are noL allowed Lo flles are malnLalned ln Lhe llbrary and Lhe responslblllLy ls glven Lo u8A llnally a
producLlon conLrol sysLem may monlLor Lhe progress of lnformaLlon processlng daLa enLry and Lhe
quallLy of lnpuL daLa SLandard procedures are developed and malnLalned ln manual and bullL ln
sofLware help dlsplay so LhaL every one knows whaL Lo do

AuLhorlzaLlon requlremenLs Lhe formal revlew musL Lake place before auLhorlzaLlon ls glven on
geLLlng a requesL for some sysLem developmenL changes or sysLem converslon lor example lf
program change ls done by malnLenance programmer lL should be approved by Lhe affecLed
deparLmenLs manger as well as form Lhe manager of programmlng and manager of compuLer
operaLlon 1hus converslon Lo new hardware and sofLware lnsLallaLlon of newly developed
MCA - Semester 4 MC0076 - Management Information Systems
Assignment Set - 2 Roll No.

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lnformaLlon sysLem or change Lo exlsLlng program ls sub[ecL Lo a formal noLlflcaLlon so LhaL accuracy
and lnLegrlLy of lnformaLlon processlng operaLlon can be malnLalned


hys|ca| Iac|||ty Contro|
hyslcal faclllLy conLrol are meLhods LhaL proLecL physlcal faclllLles and Lhelr conLenLs from loss and
desLrucLlon CompuLer cenLers are prone Lo many hazards such as accldenLs LhefLs flre naLural
dlsasLers saboLage vandallzaLlon unauLhorlzed used lndusLrlal esplonage desLrucLlons eLc
1herefore physlcal safeguards and varlous conLrol procedures are requlred Lo proLecL Lhe hardware
sofLware and vlLal daLa resources of compuLer uslng organlzaLlon
hys|ca| protect|on contro|
Many Lype of conLrolllng Lechnlques such as one ln whlch only auLhorlzed personnel are allowed Lo
access Lo Lhe compuLer cenLre exlsL Loday Such Lechnlques lnclude ldenLlflcaLlon badges of
lnformaLlon servlces personnel's elecLronlc door locks
securlLy alarm securlLy pollcy closed clrculL 1v and oLher deLecLlon sysLems flre deLecLlon and
exLlngulshlng sysLem flre proof sLorage vaulLs for Lhe proLecLlon of flles emergency power sysLems
humldlLy LemperaLure and dusL conLrol eLc are lnsLalled Lo proLecL Lhe compuLer cenLre

1e|ecommun|cat|on Contro|s
1he LelecommunlcaLlon processor and conLrol sofLware play a vlLal role ln conLrol of daLa
communlcaLlon acLlvlLy uaLa can eb LransmlLLed ln coded from and lL ls decoded ln Lhe compuLer
cenLre lLself 1he process ls called as encrypLlon

Computer Ia||ure Contro|s
CompuLers can fall for several reasons llke power fallures elecLronlc clrculLry malfuncLlons
mechanlcal malfuncLlons of perlpheral equlpmenL and hldden programmlng errors 1o proLecL from
Lhese fallure precauLlon any measure wlLh auLomaLlc and remoLe malnLenance capablllLles may be
requlred AdequaLe elecLrlcal supply humldlLy conLrol alr condlLlonlng and flre prevenLlon
sLandards musL also be seL

laulL LoleranL compuLer sysLems may be lnsLalled Lo ensure agalnsL compuLer fallure
lnsurance AdequaLe lnsurance coverage should be secured Lo proLecL Lhe compuLerlzed
lnformaLlon sysLem uslng buslness flrms llnanclal losses are very huge ln amounL

3 D|scuss the funct|on for manager
Ans 3
Iunct|ons of Managers
(a)|ann|ng
Managers engage ln a varleLy of plannlng acLlvlLles LhaL occur over shorL medlum and longLerm
perlods urlven ln parL by Lhe need Lo respond Lo compeLlLlon Lhe changlng envlronmenL and
cusLomer demands managers develop Lhe organlzaLlons mlsslon goals and Lhe means Lo
accompllsh Lhem |ann|ng usually refers Lo boLh Lhe speclflc of goals and Lhe blueprlnL for achlevlng
Lhem lL can occur aL Lhe lndlvldual group organlzaLlonal or exLraorganlzaLlonal level Managers
may engage ln sLraLeglc LacLlcal or operaLlonal plannlng
MCA - Semester 4 MC0076 - Management Information Systems
Assignment Set - 2 Roll No.

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1he Lop managers aL LlC of lndla for example llkely declde whlch lnsurance producLs and how Lo sell
Lhem as parL of Lhelr sLraLeglc plannlng Lhe longLerm plannlng for accompllshlng Lhe organlzaLlons
mlsslon lnformaLlon abouL LlC's capablllLles lLs compeLlLors compeLencles and cusLomer demands
ls essenLlal for deLermlnlng Lhe organlzaLlons goals and lLs sLraLeglc planlongLerm acLlvlLles Lhe
organlzaLlon musL underLake Lo accompllsh lLs mlsslon

ln mosL organlzaLlons mlddle managers more ofLen engage ln medlum or shorLLerm plannlng known
as LacLlcal plannlng 1acLlcal ob[ecLlves descrlbe whaL unlLs wlLhln an organlzaLlon musL do Lo
accompllsh sLraLeglc ob[ecLlves and LacLlcal plans refer Lo Lhe sLeps for aLLalnlng Lhe LacLlcal
ob[ecLlves
1he program chalrperson musL schedule Lhe parLlcular evenLs LhaL compose Lhe naLlonal meeLlng of
Lhe Academy of ManagemenL ln each case Lhese managers requlre an array of lnformaLlon abouL
Lhelr subordlnaLes Lhelr cllenLs and Lhelr [obs Lo deslgn Lhe operaLlonal plan WhaL lnformaLlon
does Lhe publlc works dlrecLor need for example Lo meeL Lhe ob[ecLlve of resculng people as Lhe
level of waLer ls ralslng ln Lhe rlver due Lo conLlnuous ralnfall?

1ypes of |ann|ng
SLraLeglc Long Lerm
locus on organlzaLlons mlsslon 1op execuLlve lnvolvemenL
MedlumLerm locus on organlzaLlons LacLlcal ob[ecLlves MlddlemanagemenL
lnvolvemenL
ShorLLerm locus on lmplemenLaLlon
MlddlemanagemenL or flrsLlevel supervlsory lnvolvemenL

1o plan effecLlvely managers ofLen need forecasLs abouL llkely fuLure condlLlons lor example
prevalllng lnLeresL raLes may affecL wheLher a company should ralse cash Lhrough Lhe sale of debL or
equlLy 1he Llmlng of a companys planL openlng can affecL wheLher Lhe company wlll purchase a
componenL of lLs producL from a wholesaler or wheLher lL wlll manufacLure Lhe componenL lLself
1he forecasLed markeL share of a compeLlLors produce should lnfluence a companys producLlon
levels and posslbly affecL hlrlng and capaclLy declslons

ueclslon maklng also lnvolves slgnlflcanL lnformaLlon needs Managers requlre lnformaLlon abouL
lndlvlduals groups and organlzaLlons lnvolved ln or affecLed by Lhe problem slLuaLlon 1hey need
lnformaLlon abouL Lhe alLernaLlves avallable and Lhe cosLs and beneflLs assoclaLed wlLh each
Managers as change agenLs also need daLa abouL workers and managemenLs aLLlLudes Loward
change Lhe resources avallable for Lhe change and Lhe consequences of slmllar changes ln oLher
slLuaLlons

(b) Crgan|z|ng
Managers musL sLrucLure Lhelr organlzaLlon and coordlnaLe Lhe organlzaLlons resources Lo
accompllsh lLs goals Crganlzlng generally means esLabllshlng a formal reporLlng sLrucLure and a
sysLem of accounLablllLy among workers lL means formlng employees lnLo meanlngful work groups
wlLh approprlaLe supervlslon ueflnlng Lhe hlerarchy of auLhorlLy deLermlnlng Lhe locaLlon of
declslon maklng and provldlng for coordlnaLlon all conLrlbuLe Lo Lhe organlzlng process llrsLllne
MCA - Semester 4 MC0076 - Management Information Systems
Assignment Set - 2 Roll No.

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supervlsors and mlddle managers generally esLabllsh a neLwork of conLacLs wlLhln and even ouLslde
Lhe organlzaLlon Lo gaLher lnformaLlon 1he manager may use lnLeracLlons wlLh coworkers or
colleagues ln oLher organlzaLlons Lo lmprove Lhelr [ob performance

Managers musL also undersLand Lhe asseLs and llablllLles of varlous sLrucLural forms such as
funcLlonal sLrucLures pro[ecL sLrucLures alllances or neLworks 1he opLlons for organlzlng become
lncreaslngly complex as managers deal lnLernaLlonally

(c) Lead|ng
Leadlng generally refers Lo Laklng acLlons LhaL dlrecL and moLlvaLe employees Lo accompllsh
personal and organlzaLlonal goals 1op execuLlves mlddle managers and flrsLllne supervlsor help
subordlnaLes develop Lhe skllls knowledge maLerlals equlpmenL and Llme Lo perform Lhelr [obs
1hey offer guldance Lo subordlnaLes abouL Lhe besL way Lo perform varlous [ob relaLed acLlvlLles
Managers also evaluaLe Lhelr subordlnaLes and someLlmes even peers and superlors as parL of Lhelr
leadershlp responslblllLles

1he manager acqulres lnformaLlon abouL how lndlvlduals vlew Lhe goals Lhe manager has seL and
seeks lnformaLlon abouL whaL would encourage subordlnaLes Lo accepL Lhese goal and work hard Lo
achleve Lhem 1he manager mlghL need daLa abouL Lhe employees sklll level and aLLlLude Lhe [obs
requlremenLs and any [obrelaLed goals seL 1he manager mlghL also need lnformaLlon abouL
unusual facLors such as famlly lllness or defecLlve equlpmenL LhaL mlghL have affecLed Lhe workers
performance 1he manager mlghL also need lnformaLlon abouL Lralnlng programs ln whlch Lhe
worker has parLlclpaLed


(d) Contro|||ng
Managers musL also monlLor Lhe quallLy and lmpacL of managerlal acLlons ConLrolllng means
ensurlng LhaL performance meeLs esLabllshed sLandards LhaL workers acLlvlLles occur as planned
and LhaL Lhe organlzaLlon proceeds Loward lLs esLabllshed goals

ConLrolllng requlres comparaLlve lnformaLlon abouL Lhe opLlmal way Lo lmplemenL organlzaLlonal
processes and Lhelr acLual lmplemenLaLlon ln Lhe conLrol process managers esLabllsh sLandards and
meLhods for measurlng performance assess performance and Lhen compare performance wlLh Lhe
sLandards 1hey requlre lnformaLlon abouL Lhe organlzaLlons funcLlonlng Lo help Lhem anLlclpaLe
and handle organlzaLlonal problems and challenges

Managers commonly use lnformaLlon provlded ln budgeLs and flnanclal conLrols Lo gulde and
consLraln organlzaLlonal acLlvlLles 1hey also use cosL lnformaLlon Lo malnLaln proflLablllLy








" a Describe business pIan Vs MIS pIan
Ans 4 a
MCA - Semester 4 MC0076 - Management Information Systems
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MIS PIan is Linked to the Business PIan
MS goals and objectives: t is necessary to develop the goals and objectives for the MS which will
support the business goals. The MS goals and objectives will consider management philosophy,
policy constraints, business risks, internal and external environment of the organization and the
business.

The goals and the objectives of the MS would be so stated that they can be measured.

The typical statements of the goals are as under:

Provide on-line information on the stocks, markets and the accounts balances.
The query processing should not exceed more than three seconds.
The focus of the system will be on the end user computing and access facilities.
nformation support will be the first in the strategic areas of management such as marketing or
service or technology.

Table: Business Plan versus MS Plan

Such statements of the goals and objectives enable the designer to set the direction and design
implementation strategies for the MS.

Strategy for the plan achievement: The designer has to take a number of strategic decisions for the
achievement of the MS goals and objectives. They are:

a. evelopment strategy: An online, a batch, a real time.

b. System evelopment Strategy: An approach to the system development Operational
versus Functional; Accounting versus Analysis; atabase versus Conventional Approach;
istributed versus ecentralized processing; one atabase versus Multiple database
SSA vs. OOT.

c. Resource for System evelopment: n-house versus external, customized development
versus the use of packages.

b What are the d|fferent c|asses of |nformat|on
1here ls a quallLaLlve change ln Lhe MlS deslgn due Lo Lhe complexlLy of Lhe buslness operaLlons and
Lhe rlsk lnvolved ln handllng Lhe buslness 1he managemenL focus ls shlfLlng from Lhe funcLlon Lo Lhe
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process le Lhe managemenL requlres Lhe lnformaLlon supporL ln Lhe process managemenL and noL
ln Lhe funcLlon managemenL

1he process deflnlLlon now goes beyond Lhe organlzaLlons boundary lL connecLs Lhe organlsaLlon Lo
oLher agencles 1he emphasls on Lhe auLomaLlon of processes wlLh a sLrong lnformaLlon 1echnology
lmplemenLaLlon 1he MlS ls now requlred Lo maxlmlze Lhe process producLlvlLy and performance
1he declslon maklng supporL ls requlred for Lhe process opLlmlzaLlon

1he L8 soluLlon caLers Lo Lhls requlremenL very easlly 1he L8 soluLlon ls an lnLegraLed soluLlon
1he soluLlon operaLlon ls seamless dlsregardlng Lhe hardware or Lhe sofLware plaLform 1he L8
soluLlon Lakes care of daLa lnLegrlLy and conslsLency across Lhe organlsaLlon whlch may have
mulLlple locaLlons

1he L8 deslgn provldes Lransparency Lo Lhe users of lnformaLlon glvlng Lhem an access Lo Lhe
senslLlve lnformaLlon Lo locaLe deflne and resolve Lhe problems 1he L8 enables Lhe work group
managemenL efflclenLly and effecLlvely 1he effecLlve uses of Lhe varleLy of Lools llke Lhe daLa
repllcaLlon Lhe work flow auLomaLlon Lhe Lul/Lmall Lhe daLa warehouslng Lhe LlS Lhe bar codlng
and Lhe paglng sysLems are bullL ln L8 1he effecLlve use of Lhese varleLy of Lools also speeds up
processlng cuLs down Lhe operaLlon cycle Llme and ralses Lhe ablllLy of Lhe managemenL Lo Lake
declslons Cnce Lhe L8 ls bullL ln Lhe organlzaLlon lL Lakes care of Lhe daLa Lhe lnformaLlon and lLs
sLorage and Lherefore provldes Lhe capablllLy Lo modlfy Lhe ManagemenL lnformaLlon SysLem from
Llme Lo Llme as per Lhe changlng lnformaLlon needs

All Lhe L8 soluLlons use Lhe cllenLserver archlLecLure ln Lhe soluLlon where Lhe daLa processlng
and Lhe appllcaLlon level processlng loglc ls Laken care ln Lhe server level glvlng freedom Lo Lhe user
as a cllenL Lo deflne Lhe problem and evolve Lhe soluLlon uslng Lhe fronLend Lools 1he fronLend
hardware and Lhe Lools are so powerful LhaL an lndlvldual can develop hls own MlS based on hls
declslon maklng lnformaLlon needs beslde Lhe usual MlS llke corporaLe funcLlonal eLc 1he declslon
maker can operaLe as an lndlvldual ln lsolaLlon from Lhe oLhers lf need be

MCA - Semester 4 MC0076 - Management Information Systems
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I|g LMS Mode| Structure ko|e Cb[ect|ves
The ERP through such an MS design, improves the decision making skills of the individuals very
effectively. t provides autonomy in global system operations. With the ERP, the MS design is more
flexible highly decision intensive and efficient.ERP along with other systems becomes an EMS, MS
design uses ERP which in turn uses other systems for inputs in terms of data capture, transaction
processing and data base creation, MS in ERP environment is a sophisticated design serving the
needs of the organization.

S Lxp|a|n the var|ous cogn|t|ve sty|e as |dent|f|ed by Iames Mck|nney and eter keen

1he success of a managemenL lnformaLlon sysLem ln supporLlng a declslon maker depends heavlly
on cerLaln characLerlsLlcs of Lhe lndlvldual Some of Lhese are dlfferences ln Lhe aLLlLudes of sysLem
users oLhers concern lndlvldual cognlLlve behavlor
Much of Lhe research regardlng lndlvldual dlfferences has been summarlzed by 8oberL Zmud
lndlvlduals who Lend Lo access lnformaLlon Lo a greaLer degree exhlblL a low degree of dogmaLlsm a
hlgher rlskLaklng propenslLy an lnLernal locus of conLrol and low Lolerance for amblgulLy
lL has been recognlzed LhaL people do noL necessarlly undersLand Lhelr own lnformaLlon
requlremenLs 1hls underscores Lhe need for MlS speclallsLs Lo brlng Lhese requlremenLs Lo llghL and
Lhe lmporLance of uslng Lechnlques such as proLoLyplng of lnformaLlon sysLems
ueclslon maklng ls a cognlLlve acLlvlLy as are oLher phenomena such as learnlng or undersLandlng
language ln general human cognlLlon ls human lnformaLlon processlng eople dlsplay dlsLlncL
cogn|t|ve sty|es ln Lhe ways Lhey gaLher and evaluaLe lnformaLlon ln Lhelr analysls of how managers
mlnds work !ames Mcklnney and eLer keen have classlfled Lhe lnformaLlon relaLed modes of
LhoughL along Lwo dlmenslons lnformaLlon gaLherlng and lnformaLlon evaluaLlon
MCA - Semester 4 MC0076 - Management Information Systems
Assignment Set - 2 Roll No.

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1he lnformaLlongaLherlng dlmenslon focuses on percepLlon on Lhe way a person organlzes Lhe
verbal and vlsual sLlmull he or she encounLers ercepLlve lndlvlduals brlng Lo bear concepLs
(precepLs) Lo fllLer lncomlng sLlmull from Lhe framework of Lhese concepLs Lhey look for speclflc
conformlLles wlLh or devlaLlons from Lhe concepLs Lhey have already formed keceptlve declslon
makers focus on deLalls raLher Lhan on a paLLern and aLLempL Lo form a general plcLure of Lhe
slLuaLlon from Lhese deLalls (a characLerlsLlc of lnducLlve Lhlnklng)

lnformaLlon evaluaLlon relaLes Lo Lhe way an lndlvldual brlngs lnformaLlon Lo bear ln Lhe process of
declslon maklng A systemotlc (or analyLlc) declslon maker approaches a problem by sLrucLurlng lL
and applylng a welldeflned meLhod expecLed Lo lead Lo a soluLlon An lotoltlve lndlvldual applles
heurlsLlcs (rules of Lhumb) and shorLcuLs and uses Lrlal and error Lo flnd a soluLlon Lhese people are
more wllllng Lo go wlLh Lhelr guL feellng abouL Lhe problem Mcklnney and keen sLress LhaL all of
Lhese modes of LhoughL are approprlaLe ln cerLaln slLuaLlons and some comblnaLlons of Lhem are
parLlcularly flL ln cerLaln occupaLlons

Whlle Lhe lmporLance of lndlvldual cognlLlve sLyle ln Lhe deslgn of MlS has been conLesLed Lhe facL
LhaL slgnlflcanL dlfferences exlsL among lndlvldual declslonmaklng processes should lnform Lhe way
sysLems are deslgned ln parLlcular developers of lnformaLlon sysLems Lend Lo be sysLemaLlc
lndlvlduals and Lhus Lend Lo assume LhaL Lhe users are (or should be) Lhe same Lnduser sysLem
developmenL and a number of avallable packages have addressed Lhe needs of lnLulLlve (or
heurlsLlc) declslon maklng

1hese sysLems allow Lhe user Lo play ouL a varleLy of scenarlos Lhe user ls able Lo ldenLlfy and LesL
new alLernaLlves Such sysLems should noL lmpose a preseL processlng order buL raLher allow Lhe
user Lhe freedom Lo seL Lhls order as he or she ls worklng lL ls deslrable LhaL Lhe sysLem allow an
easy shlfL back and forLh beLween summarlzed and deLalled daLa (needed by recepLlve lndlvlduals)
A varleLy of Labular and graphlcal ouLpuL formaLs should also be avallable Much of Lhls wlsh llsL ls
now fulfllled ln welldeslgned uSS and LlS

Creat|v|ty |n dec|s|on mak|ng by |nd|v|dua|s and groups
lndlvldual creaLlvlLy ls Lhe cornersLone of good declslon maklng? CornersLones however do noL
houses make and organlzaLlonal deparLures from raLlonal declslon maklng as we dlscussed are a
frequenL reason for Lhe demlse of creaLlve problem solvlng
CreaLlve Lhlnklng offers new approaches Lo ofLen llldeflned problems LhaL are worLh solvlng 1he
creaLlve process requlres culLlvaLlon and much of lL can be learned A wellregarded approach Lo
creaLlvlLy ln buslness ls descrlbed ln a book wlLh LhaL LlLle by Mlchael 8ay and 8ochelle Myers 8ay
and Myers posLulaLe LhaL creaLlvlLy conslsLs ln learnlng Lo release Lhe human poLenLlal presenL ln all
of us !ames Adams sees Lhe road Lo lndlvldual creaLlvlLy as a process of overcomlng Lhe followlng
obsLacles
r ercepLual blocks sLereoLyplng preconcelved noLlons lnablllLy Lo see a problem from varlous
vlewpolnLs
r LmoLlonal blocks fear of Laklng rlsks deslre for orderllness lack of a sense of challenge

MCA - Semester 4 MC0076 - Management Information Systems
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r CulLural blocks avoldance of fanLaslzlng and reL1ecLlon feellng bound by LradlLlon fear of rlghL
bralned Lhlnklng (because we have been Lralned Lo belleve LhaL analyLlcal Lhlnklng ls superlor Lo
lnLulLlve or quallLaLlve [udgmenLs)

r LnvlronmenLal blocks lack of supporL wlLhln Lhe organlzaLlon

r lnLellecLual blocks lack of lnformaLlon lnL1exlble use of problemsolvlng sLraLegles lnadequaLe
skllls ln expresslng ldeas (for example verbally maLhemaLlcally or vlsually)
As soon as we have classlfled obsLacles ln Lhls fashlon we can ldenLlLy our prlnclpal lnadequacles
and deal wlLh Lhem llndlng new assoclaLlons beLween ldeas underlles creaLlve Lhlnklng 8ecenL
analyses lndlcaLe LhaL much creaLlve declslon maklng ln organlzaLlons ls performed or sLlmulaLed by
groupsfrom a work Leam Lo Lhe chlef execuLlves cablneL

eople ln a group are able Lo brlng dlverse backgrounds experLlse and cognlLlve sLyles Lo bear on a
problem lL ls someLlmes sald ln [esL LhaL Lhe camel ls a horse deslgned by a commlLLee we may noLe
LhaL Lhe commlLLee seems Lo have come up wlLh an anlmal LhaL has conLrlbuLed lmmensely Lo
human clvlllzaLlon Croup work has Lo be carefully organlzed cerLaln lndlvlduals do noL perform well
ln group seLLlngs

Software that ass|sts your creat|v|ty
ldea llsher a raLher elaboraLe program developed by llsher ldea SysLems has Lhe capaclLy Lo come
up wlLh new assoclaLlons beLween ldeas for you WlLh a knowledge base of 673000 words and
phrases and a naLurallanguage user lnLerface Lhe program helps you Lhlnk Lhrough a concepL
LeL us say you are preparlng a markeLlng campalgn ldea llsher wlll flrsL gulde you Lhrough a serles of
quesLlons Lo help you clarlfy your goal (for example WhaL symbollc meanlngs does Lhe ob[ecL
have? or WhaL ls lLs purpose or funcLlon?) 1he program can glve you Lens or hundreds of
assoclaLlons wlLh Lhe Loplc you selecL lor example Lhe caLegory red wlll brlng ouL among oLhers
crlmson LlLLle 8ed 8ldlng Pood lobsLer 8ed Square communlsm red alerL hoL and red sky aL
nlghL ?ou can Lhen cull from Lhe llsL Lhe noLlons you may wanL Lo use ln your campalgn noL LhaL
you dld noL know mosL of Lhese concepLsLhey slmply may noL have sprung Lo your mlnd when you
needed Lhem 1o use a Lerm we dlscuss ln Lhe chapLer ldeallsher does Lhe olostomloq for you
robably Lhe besL known among group problemsolvlng Lechnlques ls bralnsLormlng orlglnaLed by
Alex Csborn (1933) a founder of one of Lhe mosL successful uS adverLlslng agencles 1he goal of a
bralnsLormlng sesslon ls Lo generaLe ldeas 1hls ls of use aL several sLages of Lhe declslonmaklng
process when Lhe group ls framlng Lhe problem or ldenLlfylng Lhe perLlnenL lnformaLlon and
parLlcularly when Lhey are generaLlng alLernaLlve soluLlons A group of flve Lo Len people
parLlclpaLes wlLh one of Lhe members acLlng as a recorder llsLlng ldeas as Lhey are presenLed 1he
ground rules of bralnsLormlng are
r no crlLlclsmgroup members make no evaluaLlon of ldeas as Lhey are freely generaLed
r AnyLhlng goeswlld ldeas are encouraged and agaln lnLernal [udgmenL by parLlclpanLs
should be suspended
r 1he more Lhe beLLerLhe more ldeas Lhe group generaLes Lhe greaLer Lhe llkellhood of
comlng up wlLh several good alLernaLlves
r 8ulld on Lhe ldeas of oLhersparLlclpanLs should feel free Lo comblne or modlfy ldeas generaLed by
oLhers and Lhus come up wlLh superlor ldeas
8ralnsLormlng alms aL fluency ln Lhe ldeageneraLlng process fluency LhaL should resulL ln slgnlflcanL
ouLpuL AnoLher Lechnlque for creaLlve problem solvlng Lhe synecLlcs process ls more selecLlveonly
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Lhe besL ldeas are furLher consldered as Lhe process progresses SynecLlcs encourages Lhlnklng by
analogy (for example whaL can your experlence playlng baseball Leach you abouL Lhe way your
pro[ecL Leam should be organlzed?) 1he nomlnal group Lechnlque addresses Lhe needs of groups ln
whlch broad dlfferences of goals and oplnlons are cerLaln Lo lead Lo anLagonlsm and argumenLaLlon
large parLs of Lhe sesslons are spenL by parLlclpanLs worklng alone and Lhelr ldeas are Lhen
clrculaLed and evaluaLed
Croups can also consLraln lndlvldual creaLlvlLy some of Lhe analyLlcal work explorlng Lhe reasons for
Lhls ls clLed by nunamaker 1he opposlLe of creaLlve work ln a group ls qooptblok a Lerm colned by
lrvlng L !anls of ?ale unlverslLy meanlng dysfuncLlonal declslonmaklng behavlor ln a group

6 8r|ng out the tab|e that |nd|cate the var|ous c|asses of |nformat|on

Ascerta|n|ng the c|ass of |nformat|on
AscerLalnlng Lhe lnformaLlon needs of Lhe managemenL for Lhe buslness execuLlon ls a complex Lask
1he complexlLy can be handled lf Lhe lnformaLlon ls classlfled on Lhe basls of lLs appllcaLlon and Lhe
user whlch becomes Lhe basls for Lhe ascerLalnmenL 1he classlflcaLlon could be as shown ln Lable
below
Class xomp/e of informotion user
CrganlsaLlonal 1he number of employees producLs
servlces locaLlons Lhe Lype of buslness
Lurnover and varleLy of Lhe deLalls of each
one of Lhese enLlLles
Many users aL all Lhe
levels
luncLlonal urchases sales producLlon sLocks
recelvables payables ouLsLandlng budgeLs
sLaLuLory lnformaLlon
luncLlonal heads
knowledge 1he Lrends ln sales producLlon Lechnology
1he devlaLlons from Lhe budgeLs LargeLs
norms eLc CompeLlLor s lnformaLlon
lndusLry and buslness lnformaLlon plan
performance and LargeL and lLs analysls
Mlddle andLhe 1op
ManagemenL
ueclslon supporL SLaLus lnformaLlon on a parLlcular aspecL
such as uLlllsaLlon proflLablllLy sLandard
requlremenL versus avallablllLy lnformaLlon
for problem solvlng and modelllng
CuanLlLaLlve lnformaLlon on Lhe buslness
sLaLus nonmovlng lnvenLory overdue
Mlddle ManagemenL
and CperaLlons
ManagemenL
MCA - Semester 4 MC0076 - Management Information Systems
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paymenLs and recelvables
CperaLlonal lnformaLlon on Lhe producLlon sales
urchase despaLches consumpLlons eLc ln
Lhe form of planned versus acLual 1he
lnformaLlon for monlLorlng of execuLlon
schedules
CperaLlonal and
ManagemenL
Supervlsor SecLlon
offlcer
1he deslgn of Lhe MlS should conslder Lhe class of lnformaLlon as a whole and provlde sulLable
lnformaLlon sysLem archlLecLure Lo generaLe Lhe lnformaLlon for varlous users ln Lhe organlzaLlon
LeL us now proceed Lo ascerLaln Lhe lnformaLlon needs of each class

Crgan|zat|ona| Informat|on
Cne can deflne Lhe organlzaLlonal lnformaLlon as Lhe lnformaLlon requlred by a number of
personnel deparLmenLs and dlvlslons or Lhe funcLlons ln Lhe
organlzaLlon Such lnformaLlon can
be deLermlned by consLrucLlng a
maLrlx of lnformaLlon versus user
as shown ln Lhe Lable below
lnformaLlon enLlLy
Manager
(personnel)
Manager
(producLlon)
Manager
(AdmlnlsLraL
lon)
Manager
(AccounLs)
Lmployees aLLendance x x x
Salary wages overLlme x x x x
Puman resource lnformaLlon x x x

lL can be observed from Lhe Lable LhaL Lhe lnformaLlon enLlLy ls one buL lLs usages are dlfferenL lor
example Lhe employee aLLendance lnformaLlon would be used by Lhe personnel deparLmenL for
legal compllance of malnLalnlng Lhe musLer recommended by Lhe lacLory lnspecLor

1he producLlon manager would use lL for schedullng reschedullng and loadlng of Lhe [obs on Lhe
shop floor dependlng upon Lhe persons presenL 1he corporaLe plannlng and admlnlsLraLlon wlll use
lL for manpower assessmenL and conLrol and manpower forecasLlng

Slnce Lhe usage of Lhe organlzaLlonal lnformaLlon ls aL dlfferenL levels for dlfferenL purposes lL ls
advlsable Lo sLore Lhe daLa ln Lhe form of Lhe daLabase whlch wlll be used by Lhe users for
generaLlng Lhelr respecLlve lnformaLlon needs 1he deLermlnaLlon of Lhe lnformaLlon can be done by
Laklng each buslness funcLlon such as ersonnel Sales MarkeLlng roducLlon Commerclal eLc and
develop Lhe lnformaLlon versus Lhe user maLrlx

Iunct|ona| Informat|on
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1he funcLlonal lnformaLlon ls deflned as a seL of lnformaLlon requlred by Lhe funcLlonal head ln
conducLlng Lhe admlnlsLraLlon and managemenL of Lhe funcLlon 1hls lnformaLlon ls purely local Lo
LhaL funcLlon and by deflnlLlon does noL have a use elsewhere 1hls lnformaLlon ls used by a
manager Lo plan and conLrol hls funcLlon

luncLlonal lnformaLlon ls largely facLual sLaLlsLlcal and deLalled ln mulLldlmenslons of Lhe funcLlon
lor example lf you Lake Lhe sales lnformaLlon lL can be processed ln seven ways vlz Lhe producL
Lhe producL groups Lhe markeL segmenL Lhe geographlc zones locaLlons Lhe cusLomer and Lhe
sales organlzaLlon sLrucLure

1he funcLlonal lnformaLlon ls normally generaLed aL equal Llme lnLervals say monLhly quarLerly eLc
for undersLandlng Lhe Lrend and maklng comparlsons agalnsL Lhe Llme scale Such an lnformaLlon ls
used for plannlng budgeLlng and conLrolllng Lhe operaLlons of Lhe funcLlon

Work Des|gn
lor example for Lhe cusLomer order scruLlny Lhe avallable sLock Lhe prlce Lhe Lerms of paymenL
and Lhe probable dellvery ls an lnformaLlon seL evolved ouL of Lhe work deslgn of cusLomer order
processlng 1he procedure of Lhe order processlng requlres Lhls lnformaLlon
kespons|b|||ty
1he managers ln Lhe funcLlonal areas of managemenL are responslble for achlevlng Lhe LargeLs and
accompllshlng Lhe goals and ob[ecLlves lL ls Lherefore necessary Lo lnform and updaLe Lhe
lnformaLlon on LargeLs aL regular lnLervals Lo enable hlm Lo make or change declslons ln domaln of
operaLlons MosL of Lhese LargeLs are buslness LargeLs such as Lhe Lurnover producLlon uLlllzaLlon
sLocks and so on
lor example Lhe markeLlng manager has a monLhly LargeL of 8s 1 mllllon order booklng half a
mllllon lnvolclng and noL more Lhan Lwo monLhs recelvables Slnce he ls responslble for achlevlng
Lhe LargeLs lL would be necessary Lo lnform hlm on Lhese aspecLs aL regular lnLervals

Iunct|ona| ob[ect|ves
Lach funcLlon has lLs own ob[ecLlve whlch ls derlved ouL of Lhe corporaLe goals lor example Lhe
overall buslness plan ob[ecLlves glves rlse Lo Lhe ob[ecLlves for each buslness funcLlon Some of Lhe
buslness plan ob[ecLlves are glven below based on whlch each funcLlon ln Lhe organlsaLlon derlves lLs
ob[ecLlves

r 1oLal sales per monLh ls 8s 10 mllllon
r llnlshed goods lnvenLory noL Lo exceed 8s 1 mllllon
r CuLsLandlng more Lhan slx monLhs noL Lo exceed 8s 02 mllllon
r CapaclLy uLlllsaLlon should be mlnlmum 83 per cenL
r Lmployee aLLendance per monLh should be 99 per cenL
luncLlonal goals and ob[ecLlves are necessary Lo achleve overall corporaLe achlevemenLs MosL of
such goals and ob[ecLlves are poLenLlally achlevable wlLhln Lhe managerlal and physlcal resources
LhaL Lhe manager has aL hls dlsposal lL ls Lherefore necessary Lhe manager on Lhe achlevemenLs of
Lhese LargeLs on a conLlnuous basls
1o summarlze Lhe funcLlonal lnformaLlon would emanaLe from Lhe work deslgn and procedures Lhe
managerlal responslblllLy accounLlng and wlLh reference Lo Lhe funcLlonal goals and ob[ecLlves lL
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would be deLermlned by sLudylng Lhe work deslgn and procedures and Lhe responslblllLy whlch Lhe
manager holds for Lhe buslness performance

know|edge Informat|on
knowledge lnformaLlon creaLes an awareness of Lhose aspecLs of buslness where manager ls forced
Lo Lhlnk declde and acL Such an lnformaLlon shows Lhe Lrend of Lhe acLlvlLy or a resulL agalnsL Lhe
Llme scale Conslderlng an example wheLher Lhe sales are decllnlng and Lhe Lrend ls llkely Lo
conLlnue ln Lhe quarLer 1he producL ls falllng conLlnuously on one aspecL and Lhe reason of fallure ls
Lhe process of manufacLurlng Such lnformaLlon plnpolnLs Lhe area or enLlLy and forces Lhe
managers Lo acL lL hlghllghLs Lhe devlaLlons from Lhe norm or sLandard and also any abnormal
developmenLs whlch are noL ln congruence wlLh forecasLs or expecLaLlons

1he acLlon or declslon may fall ln oLher funcLlonal areas of buslness operaLlons 1he declslon may fall
ln Lhe domaln of Lop managemenL or Lhe mlddle managemenL 1he knowledge lnformaLlon ls
requlred by Lhe mlddle and Lhe Lop managemenL as Lhey are Lhe ones who have concelved planned
and lmplemenLed Lhe buslness plan Pence Lhe knowledge lnformaLlon supporLs Lhe funcLlons of
Lhe mlddle and Lhe Lop managemenL knowledge lnformaLlon ls Lracked conLlnuously and reporLed
ln a flxed formaL for conslsLency and aL flxed lnLervals for updaLlng Lhe knowledge base

Dec|s|on Support Informat|on
MosL of Lhe lnformaLlon requlred by Lhe mlddle and Lhe Lop managemenL ls for declslon maklng 1he
lnformaLlon does noL acL as a dlrecL lnpuL Lo Lhe declslon maklng procedure or formula buL supporLs
Lhe manager ln Lhe efforLs of declslon maklng lnformaLlon ls used ln a declslon supporL sysLem for
model bulldlng and problem solvlng 1he supporL may acL ln Lwo ways one for [usLlfylng Lhe need of
a declslon and Lhe oLher as an ald Lo declslon maklng

lor example Lhe lnformaLlon on Lhe nonmovlng lnvenLory [usLlfles Lhe declslon of lLs dlsposal aL a
Lhrowaway prlces 1he demand forecasLs lnformaLlon alds ln Lhe declslon on deLermlnlng Lhe
economlc order quanLlLy for producLlon or a sale

1he declslon supporL lnformaLlon can be deLermlned for Lhe company aL Lhe enLlLy level leavlng lLs
use Lo Lhe declslon makers ln a sulLable manner 1he source of Lhls lnformaLlon could be lnLernal or
exLernal Lo Lhe organlsaLlon

Cperat|ona| Informat|on
1hls lnformaLlon ls requlred by Lhe operaLlonal and Lhe lower levels of Lhe managemenL 1he maln
purpose of Lhls lnformaLlon ls facL flndlng and Laklng such acLlons or declslons whlch wlll affecL Lhe
operaLlons aL a mlcro level 1he declslons may be Lo sLay on overLlme draw addlLlonal maLerlal
change Lhe [ob from one machlne Lo Lhe oLher send a remlnder Lo Lhe suppller for Lhe supply of
maLerlal 1hese declslons are such LhaL Lhey make Lhe rouLlne admlnlsLraLlon of Lhe buslness smooLh
and efflclenL 1hese declslons do noL fall ln Lhe caLegory of Lhe managerlal declslons