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SPD - Selecting Protective Devices

Section 8 - Cost of Ownership, Calculations & Sizing Charts, Pages 237 to 266
Introduction
Selecting Protective Devices Handbook (SPD) Based on the 2008 NEC

Welcome to the Cooper Bussmann Selecting Protective Devices Handbook (SPD). This is a comprehensive guide to electrical overcurrent protection and electrical design considerations. Information is presented on numerous applications as well as the requirements of codes and standards for a variety of electrical equipment and distribution systems.
How to Use:
The SPD is comprised of major sections which are arranged by topic. There are three methods for locating specific information contained within: 1. Table of Contents: The table of contents sequentially presents the major sections and their contents. New or revised sections are noted in red text. 2. Index: The index, found on page 265, is more detailed than the table of contents and is organized alphabetically by topic with corresponding page number references. 3. 2008 NEC Section Index: The NEC Section Index, found on page 264, makes it easy to find information associated with specific National Electrical Code section references.
For other technical resources and product information visit www.cooperbussmann.com.
This handbook is intended to clearly present product data and technical information that will help the end user with design applications. Cooper Bussmann reserves the right, without notice, to change design or construction of any products and to discontinue or limit their distribution. Cooper Bussmann also reserves the right to change or update, without notice, any technical information contained in this handbook. Once a product has been selected, it should be tested by the user in all possible applications. Further, Cooper Bussmann takes no responsibility for errors or omissions contained in this handbook, or for mis-application of any Cooper Bussmann product. Extensive product and application information is available online at: www.cooperbussmann.com. National Electrical Code is a trademark of the National Fire Protection Association, Inc., Batterymarch Park, Quincy, Massachusetts, for a triennial electrical publication. The term, National Electrical Code, as used herein means the triennial publication constituting the National Electrical Code and is used with permission of the National Fire Protection Association, Inc.
2008 Cooper Bussmann
Cooper Bussmann Selecting Protective Devices

Table of Contents (Red indicates NEW or significantly REVISED information)
Cost of Ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237 - 238
Fusible Equipment vs. Circuit Breaker Equipment 237 Preventive Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238
Short Circuit Current Calculations . .239 - 245

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239 Three-Phase Short Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241 Single-Phase Short Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . .242 - 243 Impedance & Reactance Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244 Conductors & Busways "C" Values . . . . . . . . . . . .245
Voltage Drop Calculations . . . . . . . . .246 - 248

Ratings of Conductors and Tables to Determine Volt Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .246 Copper Conductors Ratings & Volt Loss . . . . . .247 Aluminum Conductors Ratings & Volt Loss . . .248
Fuse Diagnostic Sizing Charts . . . . .249 - 253

Ballasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249 Capacitors (NEC 460) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249 Electric Heat (NEC 424) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250 Mains, Feeders, Branches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250 Motor Loads (NEC 430) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251 Solenoids (Coils) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251 Transformers 600V Nominal or Less . . . . . . . . . . .252 Transformers Over 600V Nominal . . . . . . . . . . . . .253 Solid State Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253
Fuse Sizing Guide Building Electrical Systems . . . . . . . . . . .254 Fuse Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255 - 256
Suggestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255 Suggested Fuse and Fusible Equipment Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256
Cooper Bussmann Current-Limiting Fuse Let-Through Data . . . . . . . . . .257 - 261 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262 - 263 Electrical Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263 2008 NEC Section Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265-266 Fuse Cross Reference & Low-Peak Fuse Upgrade . . . . . . . . . .Inside Back Cover
Cost of Ownership
Fusible Equipment vs. Circuit Breaker Equipment
One of the basic requirements in designing an electrical distribution system involves the specification of overcurrent protective devices. Many technical issues must be resolved in order to properly specify fuses and circuit breakers. The following examines a key factor in the evaluation and design process: COST OF OWNERSHIP-FUSIBLE EQUIPMENT VS. CIRCUIT BREAKER EQUIPMENT The evaluation includes:
1. The Initial Cost of the Equipment. (This includes the overcurrent devices as well as the switchgear.) 2. The Preventive maintenance costs of the equipment during its expected life.
480Y/277V 3000A GFP DRAWOUT AIR FRAME CIRCUIT BREAKER 100,000 A.I.R.
Overcurrent Protection Requirements

Before performing the cost of ownership comparison, basic system requirements must be established. These requirements, relative to the overcurrent protective devices are based upon:
1. Voltage Rating 2. Current Rating 3. Interrupting Rating
800A 800A 600A 400A 400A 400A
Figure 2 All feeder CBs have 65,000 A.I.R., insulated case, drawout feature and electronic sensing capabilities.
Circuit Breaker Board Ratings

1. Voltage Rating - 480V 2. Current Rating - 3000 Amp Switchgear 3. Interrupting Rating; (multi-pole) - 100,000 Amps - Main*, (multi-pole) - 65,000 Amps-Feeders*
*Consult manufacturers or Single Pole Interrupting Ratings.
For the systems in Figures 1 and 2, the following ratings are established.
BOLTED PRESSURE SWITCH 480Y/277V GFP BOLTED PRESSURE SWITCHES KRP-C 3000SP 600A & 400A SWITCHES ARE CLASS R
Initial Cost of Equipment

The two industrial grade switchboards illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 represent state-of-the-art specifications for fusible design and circuit breaker design, respectively. Prices from one major switchgear manufacturer, to the end user, would be as indicated below:
LPS-RK 400SP
KRP-C 800SP
KRP-C 800SP
LPS-RK 600SP
LPS-RK 400SP
LPS-RK 400SP
Figure 1. Fusible Design: $26,000**

(Includes Spare Fuses and Acceptance Testing)
Figure 2. Circuit Breaker Design: $47,500**

Figure 1 All switches are rated, with fuses, for use where 200,000 amps or less are available. Fuses, by themselves, are rated for 300,000 AIR.
Fusible Board Ratings

1. Voltage Rating-600V 2. Current Rating-3000 Amp Switchgear 3. Interrupting Rating; 300,000 Amps-Fuses, 200,000 Amps-Switchboard
(Includes Acceptance Testing. Does not include additional bracing of structure if short time delay is used on main CB.) THE INITIAL COST OF THE CIRCUIT BREAKER EQUIPMENT IS 83% HIGHER THAN THE INITIAL COST OF THE FUSIBLE EQUIPMENT. AN ADDITIONAL COST OF $21,500 IS PAID BY THE END USER.
**These costs are typical, and will vary with market conditions and manufacturers pricing.
237
Cost of Ownership
Preventive Maintenance
Preventive maintenance is a planned procedure of inspecting, testing, cleaning, adjusting and lubricating electrical apparatus. A good preventative maintenance program with planned shutdowns maximizes continuity of operation. Through such a program, troubles can be detected in the early stages, and corrective action can be taken before extensive damage occurs. Field surveys of existing overcurrent protection systems have yielded rather alarming statistics. An IEEE paper reported a survey that indicated 40 percent of all breakers tested were found to be faulty. One manufacturer has stated in its field maintenance manual, that many circuit breakers over 5 years old are completely inoperative. Another manufacturer states that Nine times out of ten, circuit breakers fail because of lack of maintenance, cleaning, and lubrication. Only through a thorough, well planned, and well executed preventive maintenance program will overcurrent devices continue to provide optimum protection. Three requirements will help assure a reliable overcurrent protection system. The first requirement in an optimum electrical maintenance program is good apparatus, properly installed. Secondly, properly trained, adequately equipped maintenance personnel are needed. preventive maintenance can be expensive; it requires shop facilities, skilled labor, keeping records and stocking replacement parts. The third requirement is scheduling outages for preventive maintenance and periodic testing of electrical apparatus. When preparing routine maintenance schedules, it must be recognized that too frequent testing is a waste of money, and that insufficient testing places vital equipment and operating personnel in jeopardy. For more information see: www.cooperbussmann.com/apen/topics/reliability.
Circuit Breaker Equipment Annual Maintenance Requirements

Schedule
1-Main LVPCB* 6-Feeder ICCB** Prep Work and Data Retrieval Annual Total Man Hours
Maintenance Hours/Device
4 1.5
# of Devices
1 6
Total Man Hours

4 9 6 19
Assume $80/Hour by a qualified testing/engineering firm.
Total Maintenance Cost - Circuit Breaker Equipment

= $80/Hr x 19 Hrs/Year = $1520/Year
*Low Voltage Power Circuit Breaker, Drawout **Insulated Case Circuit Breaker, Drawout
Total Cost of Ownership

We can expect a minimum 20 year useful life for the fusible and circuit breaker equipment. Life Costs, or Total Cost of Ownership, would be:
Total Cost of Ownership* = Initial Cost + (total annual maintenance cost) 20 yrs. Fusible Equipment Cost of Ownership
Initial Cost + (total Maintenance Cost) 20 = $26,000 + ($1038)(20 Yrs) = $46,760
Circuit Breaker Equipment Cost of Ownership

Initial Cost + (total Maintenance Cost) 20 = $47,500 + ($1520)(20 Yrs) = $77,900 The Cost of Ownership of the circuit breaker equipment is 67% greater than that of the fusible equipment, over the expected 20 year life of the equipment. Additional cost would be incurred if circuit breakers need to be replaced.
*These figures and calculations do not examine the effects of the Time Value of Money. These values can be calculated using a number of methods, i.e., Present Worth, Annual Costs, etc.
Preventive Maintenance Costs

An accurate analysis of Cost of Ownership must also compare the ongoing cost to maintain the equipment, over the life of that equipment.
Fusible Equipment - Annual Maintenance Requirements

Schedule
3-Bolted Pressure Switches 4-Feeder Disconnects Prep Work and Data Retrieval Annual Total Man Hours
Maintenance Hours/Device
1.5 0.5
# of Devices
3 4
Total Man Hours

4.5 2 6 12.5
Other Considerations
This evaluation has not analyzed the other necessary engineering considerations associated with overcurrent protection. These include: Current Limitation Component Protection Selective coordination Multipole vs. Single Pole interrupting Ratings Electrical Safety (for more information see www.cooperbussmann.com)
Assume $80/hour by a qualified testing/engineering firm. Maintenance Cost = $80/Hr x 12.5 Hrs/Year = $1000/Year
Fuse Replacement Costs

Rating
800A & 3000A 400A & 600A Total Replacement
Replace**
1/20 Yrs 2/20 Yrs
Fuse Cost* Each

$490 $135
Fuse Cost Over 20 Years

$490 $270 $760
Conclusions
Cost of Ownership, which includes both initial costs and preventive maintenance costs, is an important part of an engineers decision making process. Good engineering and preventive maintenance is critical for adequate performance during the lifetime of the equipment. Fusible vs. Circuit Breaker design choices involve economic as well as engineering considerations.
Fuse Replacement Cost/Yr = $760/20Yrs = $38/Yr.
Total Maintenance Cost - Fusible Equipment

= Fuse Replacement + maintenance costs = $38 + $1000 + $1038/Year
*Average Cost of Fuse Ratings **Assumes 1 Class L Fuse and 2 Class R Fuses open in 20 Years.
238
Short-Circuit Current Calculations

Introduction
Several sections of the National Electrical Code relate to proper overcurrent protection. Safe and reliable application of overcurrent protective devices based on these sections mandate that a short circuit study and a selective coordination study be conducted. These sections include, among others: 110.9 Interrupting Rating 110.10 Component Protection 240.4 Conductor Protection 250.122 Equipment Grounding Conductor Protection Marked Short-Circuit Current Rating; - 230.82 (3) Meter Disconnect - 409.110 Industrial Control Panels - 430.8 Motor Controllers - 440.4(B) Air Conditioning & Refrigeration Equipment - 670.3(A) Industrial Machinery Selective Coordination - 517.17 Health Care Facilities - Selective Coordination - 517.26 Essential Electrical Systems In Healthcare Systems - 620.62 Selective Coordination for Elevator Circuits - 700.27 Emergency Systems - 701.18 Legally Required Standby Systems - 708.54 Critical Operations Power Systems Compliance with these code sections can best be accomplished by conducting a short circuit study as a start to the analysis. The protection for an electrical system should not only be safe under all service conditions but, to insure continuity of service, it should be selectively coordinated as well. A coordinated system is one where only the faulted circuit is isolated without disturbing any other part of the system. Once the short circuit levels are determined, the engineer can specify proper interrupting rating requirements, selectively coordinate the system and provide component protection. See the various sections of this book for further information on each topic. Low voltage fuses have their interrupting rating expressed in terms of the symmetrical component of short-circuit current. They are given an RMS symmetrical interrupting rating at a specific power factor. This means that the fuse can interrupt the asymmetrical current associated with this rating. Thus only the symmetrical component of short-circuit current need be considered to determine the necessary interrupting rating of a low voltage fuse. For listed low voltage fuses, interrupting rating equals its interrupting capacity. Low voltage molded case circuit breakers also have their interrupting rating expressed in terms of RMS symmetrical amps at a specific power factor. However, it is necessary to determine a molded case circuit breakers interrupting capacity in order to safely apply it. See the section Interrupting Rating vs. Interrupting Capacity in this book. 110.16 now requires arc-flash hazard warning labeling on certain equipment. A flash hazard analysis is required before a worker approaches electrical parts that have not been put into a safe work condition. To determine the incident energy and flash protection boundary for a flash hazard analysis the short-circuit current is typically the first step.
Normally, short circuit studies involve calculating a bolted 3-phase fault condition. This can be characterized as all 3-phases bolted together to create a zero impedance connection. This establishes a worst case (highest current) condition that results in maximum three phase thermal and mechanical stress in the system. From this calculation, other types of fault conditions can be approximated. This worst case condition should be used for interrupting rating, component protection and selective coordination. However, in doing an arc-flash hazard analysis it is recommended to do the arcflash hazard analysis at the highest bolted 3 phase short circuit condition and at the minimum bolted three-phase short circuit condition. There are several variables in a distribution system that affect calculated bolted 3-phase short-circuit currents. It is important to select the variable values applicable for the specific application analysis. In the Point-to-Point method presented in this section there are several adjustment factors given in Notes and footnotes that can be applied that will affect the outcomes. The variables are utility source short circuit capabilities, motor contribution, transformer percent impedance tolerance, and voltage variance. In most situations, the utility source(s) or on-site energy sources, such as on-site generation, are the major short-circuit current contributors. In the Point-to-Point method presented in the next few pages, the steps and example assume an infinite available short-circuit current from the utility source. Generally this is a good assumption for highest worst case conditions and since the property owner has no control over the utility system and future utility changes. And in many cases a large increase in the utility available does not increase the short-circuit currents a great deal for a building system on the secondary of the service transformer. However, there are cases where the actual utility medium voltage available provides a more accurate short circuit assessment (minimum bolted short-circuit current conditions) that may be desired to assess the arcflash hazard. When there are motors in the system, motor short circuit contribution is also a very important factor that must be included in any short-circuit current analysis. When a short circuit occurs, motor contribution adds to the magnitude of the short-circuit current; running motors contribute 4 to 6 times their normal full load current. In addition, series rated combinations can not be used in specific situations due to motor short circuit contributions (see the section on Series Ratings in this book). For capacitor discharge currents, which are of short time duration, certain IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) publications detail how to calculate these currents if they are substantial.
Procedures and Methods

To determine the fault current at any point in the system, first draw a one-line diagram showing all of the sources of short-circuit current feeding into the fault, as well as the impedances of the circuit components. To begin the study, the system components, including those of the utility system, are represented as impedances in the diagram. The impedance tables include three-phase and single-phase transformers, cable, and busway. These tables can be used if information from the manufacturers is not readily available. It must be understood that short circuit calculations are performed without current-limiting devices in the system. Calculations are done as though these devices are replaced with copper bars, to determine the maximum available short-circuit current. This is necessary to project how the system and the currentlimiting devices will perform. Also, multiple current-limiting devices do not operate in series to produce a compounding current-limiting effect. The downstream, or load side, fuse will operate alone under a short circuit condition if properly coordinated. The application of the point-to-point method permits the determination of available short-circuit currents with a reasonable degree of accuracy at various points for either 3 or 1 electrical distribution systems. This method can assume unlimited primary short-circuit current (infinite bus) or it can be used with limited primary available current.
General Comments on Short Circuit Calculations

Sources of short-circuit current that are normally taken under consideration include: - Utility Generation - Local Generation - Synchronous Motors - Induction Motors - Alternate Power Sources Short circuit calculations should be done at all critical points in the system. These would include: - Service Entrance - Transfer Switches - Panel Boards - Load Centers - Motor Control Centers - Disconnects - Motor Starters - Motor Starters
239
Basic Point-to-Point Calculation Procedure

Step 1. Determine the transformer full load amps (F.L.A.) from either the nameplate, the following formulas or Table 1:
At some distance from the terminals, depending upon wire size, the L-N fault current is lower than the L-L fault current. The 1.5 multiplier is an approximation and will theoretically vary from 1.33 to 1.67. These figures are based on change in turns ratio between primary and secondary, infinite source available, zero feet from terminals of transformer, and 1.2 x %X and 1.5 x %R for L-N vs. L-L resistance and reactance values. Begin L-N calculations at transformer secondary terminals, then proceed point-to-point.
Step 5. Calculate "M" (multiplier) or take from Table 2. 1 1 +f Calculate the available short circuit symmetrical RMS current at the point of fault. Add motor contribution, if applicable. M= I S.C. sym. RMS = IS.C. x M Step 6A. Motor short circuit contribution, if significant, may be added at all fault locations throughout the system. A practical estimate of motor short circuit contribution is to multiply the total motor current in amps by 4. Values of 4 to 6 are commonly accepted.
Step 2.
Find the transformer multiplier. See Notes 1 and 2 100 Multiplier = *% Z transformer Step 6.
* Note 1. Get %Z from nameplate or Table 1. Transformer impedance (Z) helps to determine what the short circuit current will be at the transformer secondary. Transformer impedance is determined as follows: The transformer secondary is short circuited. Voltage is increased on the primary until full load current flows in the secondary. This applied voltage divided by the rated primary voltage (times 100) is the impedance of the transformer. Example: For a 480 Volt rated primary, if 9.6 volts causes secondary full load current to flow through the shorted secondary, the transformer impedance is 9.6/480 = .02 = 2%Z. * Note 2. In addition, UL (Std. 1561) listed transformers 25kVA and larger have a 10% impedance tolerance. Short circuit amps can be affected by this tolerance. Therefore, for high end worst case, multiply %Z by .9. For low end of worst case, multiply %Z by 1.1. Transformers constructed to ANSI standards have a 7.5% impedance tolerance (twowinding construction). Step 3. Determine by formula or Table 1 the transformer letthrough short-circuit current. See Notes 3 and 4. IS.C. = TransformerF.L.A. x Multiplier Note 3. Utility voltages may vary 10% for power and 5.8% for 120 Volt lighting services. Therefore, for highest short circuit conditions, multiply values as calculated in step 3 by 1.1 or 1.058 respectively. To find the lower end worst case, multiply results in step 3 by .9 or .942 respectively. Note 4. Motor short circuit contribution, if significant, may be added at all fault locations throughout the system. A practical estimate of motor short circuit contribution is to multiply the total motor current in amps by 4. Values of 4 to 6 are commonly accepted. Step 4. Calculate the "f" factor. 3 Faults 1 Line-to-Line (L-L) Faults See Note 5 & Table 3 1 Line-to-Neutral (L-N) Faults See Note 5 & Table 3 f= 1.732 x L x I 3 C x n x E L-L 2 x L x I L-L C x n x EL-L 2 x L x I L-N C x n x EL-N
Calculation of Short-Circuit Currents at Second Transformer in System

Use the following procedure to calculate the level of fault current at the secondary of a second, downstream transformer in a system when the level of fault current at the transformer primary is known.
MAIN TRANSFORMER
IS.C. primary H.V. UTILITY CONNECTION
IS.C. secondary
IS.C. primary
IS.C. secondary
Procedure for Second Transformer in System

Step A. Calculate the "f" factor (IS.C. primary known)
3 Transformer (I S.C. primary and I S.C. secondary are 3 fault values) 1 Transformer (I S.C. primary and I S.C. secondary are 1 fault values: I S.C. secondary is L-L) I S.C. primary x V primary x 1.73 (%Z) 100,000 x kVA
transformer
f=
f=
f=
Where: L = length (feet) of conductor to the fault. C = constant from Table 4 of C values for conductors and Table 5 of C values for busway. n = Number of conductors per phase (adjusts C value for parallel runs) I = Available short-circuit current in amperes at beginning of circuit. E = Voltage of circuit. Note 5. The L-N fault current is higher than the L-L fault current at the secondary terminals of a single-phase center-tapped transformer. The short-circuit current available (I) for this case in Step 4 should be adjusted at the transformer terminals as follows: At L-N center tapped transformer terminals, IL-N = 1.5 x IL-L at Transformer Terminals.
f=
I S.C. primary x V primary x (%Z) 100,000 x kVA

transformer
Step B.
Calculate "M" (multiplier). M= 1 1 +f
Step C.
Calculate the short-circuit current at the secondary of the transformer. (See Note under Step 3 of "Basic Point-toPoint Calculation Procedure".) I S.C. secondary = Vprimary Vsecondary x M x I S.C. primary
240

Three-Phase Short Circuits
System A
Available Utility Infinite Assumption 1500 KVA Transformer, 480V, 3, 3.5% Z, 3.45% X, 0.56%R I f.l. =1804A 25' - 500kcmil 6 Per Phase Service Entrance Conductors in Steel Conduit 2000A Switch One-Line Diagram
Fault X 1
Step 1. 1500 x 1000 = If.l. = 1804A 480 x 1.732 Multiplier = 100 = 28.57 3.5 IS.C. = 1804 x 28.57 = 51,540A IS.C .
motor contrib
Fault X 2
Step 4. Use I S.C.sym RMS @ Fault X 1 to calculate f f= 1.732 x 50 x 49,803 = 0.4050 22,185 x 480 1 = 0.7117 1 + 0.4050
Step 2. Step 3.
Step 5. Step 6.
M=
= 4 x 1804* = 7216A
IS.C . sym RMS = 49,803 x 0.7117 = 35,445A Isym motor contrib = 4 x 1804* = 7216A Itotal S.C. sym RMS = 35,445 + 7216 = 42,661A
(fault X 2)
Itotal S.C. sym RMS = 51,504 + 7216 = 58,720A Step 4.

1
f=
KRP-C-2000SP Fuse Fault X 1 400A Switch LPS-RK-400SP Fuse
1.732 x 25 x 51,540 = 0.0349 22,185 x 6 x 480 1 = 0.9663 1 + 0.0349
Step 5. Step 6.
M=
IS.C.sym RMS = 51,540 x 0.9663 =49,803A IS.C.motor contrib = 4 x 1804* = 7216A ItotalS.C. sym RMS = 49,803 + 7216 = 57,019A
( fault X 1)
50' - 500 kcmil Feeder Cable in Steel Conduit
Fault X 2 2 Motor Contribution
*Assumes 100% motor load. If 50% of this load was from motors, IS.C. motor contrib. = 4 x 1804 x 0.5 = 3608A
System B
Available Utility Infinite Assumption 1000 KVA Transformer, 480V, 3, 3.5 % Z If.l. = 1203A
One-Line Diagram
Fault X 1
Step 1. If.l. = 1000 x 1000 = 1203A 480 x 1.732 100 = Multiplier = 28.57 3.5 IS.C. = 1203 x 28.57 = 34,370A f= 1.732 x 30 x 34,370 = 0.0348 26,706 x 4 x 480
Fault X 2
Step 4. f = 1.732 x 20 x 33,215 = 0.1049 2 x 11,424 x 480 M= 1 = 0.905 1 + 0.1049
Step 2. Step 3.
Step 5. Step 6.
IS.C.sym RMS = 33,215 x 0.905 = 30,059A
30 - 500 kcmil 4 Per Phase Copper in PVC Conduit
Step 4.
Fault X 3
1600A Switch KRP-C-1500SP Fuse Fault X 1 400A Switch LPS-RK-350SP Fuse 1
Step 5. Step 6.
M=
1 = 0.9664 1 + 0.0348
RMS
Step A.
f=
30,059 x 480 x 1.732 x 1.2 = 1.333 100,000 x 225 1 = 0.4286 1 + 1.333 480 x 0.4286 x 30,059 = 29,731A 208
I S.C.sym
= 34,370 x 0.9664 = 33,215A Step B. M=
Step C.
IS.C. sym RMS =
20 - 2/0 2 Per Phase Copper in PVC Conduit Fault X 2 2
225 KVA transformer, 208V, 3 1.2 % Z Fault X 3 3
241

Single-Phase Short Circuits
Short circuit calculations on a single-phase center tapped transformer system require a slightly different procedure than 3 faults on 3 systems.
1. It is necessary that the proper impedance be used to represent the primary system. For 3 fault calculations, a single primary conductor impedance is only considered from the source to the transformer connection. This is compensated for in the 3 short circuit formula by multiplying the single conductor or single-phase impedance by 1.73. However, for single-phase faults, a primary conductor impedance is considered from the source to the transformer and back to the source. This is compensated in the calculations by multiplying the 3 primary source impedance by two. 2. The impedance of the center-tapped transformer must be adjusted for the halfwinding (generally line-to-neutral) fault condition. The diagram at the right illustrates that during line-to-neutral faults, the full primary winding is involved but, only the half-winding on the secondary is involved. Therefore, the actual transformer reactance and resistance of the half-winding condition is different than the actual transformer reactance and resistance of the full winding condition. Thus, adjustment to the %X and %R must be made when considering line-to-neutral faults. The adjustment multipliers generally used for this condition are as follows:
A B C Primary Secondary
Short Circuit
Primary Secondary Short Circuit L2 N L1
1.5 times full winding %R on full winding basis. 1.2 times full winding %X on full winding basis. Note: %R and %X multipliers given in Impedance Data for Single Phase Transformers Table may be used, however, calculations must be adjusted to indicate transformer kVA/2.
3. The impedance of the cable and two-pole switches on the system must be considered both-ways since the current flows to the fault and then returns to the source. For instance, if a line-to-line fault occurs 50 feet from a transformer, then 100 feet of cable impedance must be included in the calculation. The calculations on the following pages illustrate 1 fault calculations on a singlephase transformer system. Both line-to-line and line-to-neutral faults are considered.
Note in these examples:

a. The multiplier of 2 for some electrical components to account for the single-phase fault current flow, b. The half-winding transformer %X and %R multipliers for the line-to-neutral fault situation, and c. The kVA and voltage bases used in the per-unit calculations.
L1 N Short Circuit L2
50 Feet
Calculate Assembly SCCR with Ease & Confidence

Enhanced Cooper Bussmann OSCAR Software Speeds Code & Standards Compliance www.cooperbussmann.com/oscar
242

Single-Phase Short Circuits
243

Impedance & Reactance Data
Transformers Table 1. Short-Circuit Currents Available from Various Size Transformers
(Based upon actual field nameplate data or from utility transformer worst case impedance)
Full % Short Circuit Load Impedance Amps (Nameplate) Amps kVA 25 104 1.5 12175 37.5 156 1.5 18018 120/240 50 208 1.5 23706 1 ph.* 75 313 1.5 34639 100 417 1.6 42472 167 696 1.6 66644 45 125 1.0 13879 75 208 1.0 23132 112.5 312 1.11 31259 150 416 1.07 43237 120/208 225 625 1.12 61960 3 ph.** 300 833 1.11 83357 500 1388 1.24 124364 750 2082 3.50 66091 1000 2776 3.50 88121 1500 4164 3.50 132181 2000 5552 4.00 154211 2500 6940 4.00 192764 75 90 1.00 10035 112.5 135 1.00 15053 150 181 1.20 16726 225 271 1.20 25088 300 361 1.20 33451 277/480 500 602 1.30 51463 3 ph.** 750 903 3.50 28672 1000 1204 3.50 38230 1500 1806 3.50 57345 2000 2408 4.00 66902 2500 3011 4.00 83628 * Single-phase values are L-N values at transformer terminals. These figures are based on change in turns ratio between primary and secondary, 100,000 KVA primary, zero feet from terminals of transformer, 1.2 (%X) and 1.5 (%R) multipliers for L-N vs. L-L reactance and resistance values and transformer X/R ratio = 3.
** Three-phase short-circuit currents based on infinite primary.
Impedance Data for Single-Phase Transformers

Suggested Normal Range Impedance Multipliers** X/R Ratio of Percent For Line-to-Neutral kVA for Impedance (%Z)* Faults 1 Calculation for %X for %R 25.0 1.1 1.26.0 0.6 0.75 37.5 1.4 1.26.5 0.6 0.75 50.0 1.6 1.26.4 0.6 0.75 75.0 1.8 1.26.6 0.6 0.75 100.0 2.0 1.35.7 0.6 0.75 167.0 2.5 1.46.1 1.0 0.75 250.0 3.6 1.96.8 1.0 0.75 333.0 4.7 2.46.0 1.0 0.75 500.0 5.5 2.25.4 1.0 0.75 * National standards do not specify %Z for single-phase transformers. Consult manufacturer for values to use in calculation. ** Based on rated current of the winding (onehalf nameplate kVA divided by secondary line-to-neutral voltage).
Voltage and Phase
Note: UL Listed transformers 25 kVA and greater have a 10% tolerance on their impedance nameplate. This table has been reprinted from IEEE Std 242-1986 (R1991), IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, Copyright 1986 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. with the permission of the IEEE Standards Department.
. Impedance Data for Single-Phase and Three-Phase TransformersSupplement
kVA 1 10 15 3 %Z 1.2 1.3 75 1.11 150 1.07 225 1.12 300 1.11 333 1.9 500 1.24 500 2.1 These represent actual transformer installations. Suggested X/R Ratio for Calculation 1.1 1.1 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 4.7 1.5 5.5 nameplate ratings taken from field
UL listed transformers 25 KVA or greater have a 10% impedance toler ance. Short-circuit amps shown in Table 1 reflect 10% condition. Transformers constructed to ANSI standards have a 7.5% impedance tolerance (two-winding construction). For example, a 10% increase in system voltage will result in a 10% greater available short-circuit currents than as shown in Table 1.
Fluctuations in system voltage will affect the available short-circuit current.
Note: UL Listed transformers 25kVA and greater have a 10% tolerance on their impedance nameplate.
244

Conductors & Busways "C" Values
Table 4. C Values for Conductors
Copper AWG Three Single Conductors or Conduit kcmil Steel 600V 5kV 15kV 14 389 12 617 10 981 8 1557 1551 6 2425 2406 2389 4 3806 3751 3696 3 4774 4674 4577 2 5907 5736 5574 1 7293 7029 6759 1/0 8925 8544 7973 2/0 10755 10062 9390 3/0 12844 11804 11022 4/0 15082 13606 12543 250 16483 14925 13644 300 18177 16293 14769 350 19704 17385 15678 400 20566 18235 16366 500 22185 19172 17492 600 22965 20567 17962 750 24137 21387 18889 1,000 25278 22539 19923 Aluminum 14 237 12 376 10 599 8 951 950 6 1481 1476 1472 4 2346 2333 2319 3 2952 2928 2904 2 3713 3670 3626 1 4645 4575 4498 1/0 5777 5670 5493 2/0 7187 6968 6733 3/0 8826 8467 8163 4/0 10741 10167 9700 250 12122 11460 10849 300 13910 13009 12193 350 15484 14280 13288 400 16671 15355 14188 500 18756 16828 15657 600 20093 18428 16484 750 21766 19685 17686 1,000 23478 21235 19006 Three-Conductor Cable Conduit Steel 600V 5kV 389 617 982 1559 1557 2431 2425 3830 3812 4820 4785 5989 5930 7454 7365 9210 9086 11245 11045 13656 13333 16392 15890 18311 17851 20617 20052 22646 21914 24253 23372 26980 25449 28752 27975 31051 30024 33864 32689 237 376 599 952 1482 2351 2963 3734 4686 5852 7327 9077 11185 12797 14917 16795 18462 21395 23633 26432 29865 951 1480 2347 2955 3719 4664 5820 7271 8981 11022 12636 14698 16490 18064 20607 23196 25790 29049
Nonmagnetic 600V 5kV 389 617 982 1559 1555 2430 2418 3826 3789 4811 4745 6044 5926 7493 7307 9317 9034 11424 10878 13923 13048 16673 15351 18594 17121 20868 18975 22737 20526 24297 21786 26706 23277 28033 25204 29735 26453 31491 28083 237 376 599 952 1482 2350 2961 3730 4678 5838 7301 9110 11174 12862 14923 16813 18506 21391 23451 25976 28779 951 1479 2342 2945 3702 4632 5766 7153 8851 10749 12343 14183 15858 17321 19503 21718 23702 26109
15kV 2407 3753 4679 5809 7109 8590 10319 12360 14347 15866 17409 18672 19731 21330 22097 23408 24887 1476 2333 2929 3673 4580 5646 6986 8627 10387 11847 13492 14955 16234 18315 19635 21437 23482
15kV 2415 3779 4726 5828 7189 8708 10500 12613 14813 16466 18319 19821 21042 23126 24897 26933 29320 1478 2339 2941 3693 4618 5717 7109 8751 10642 12115 13973 15541 16921 19314 21349 23750 26608
Nonmagnetic 600V 5kV 389 617 982 1560 1558 2433 2428 3838 3823 4833 4803 6087 6023 7579 7507 9473 9373 11703 11529 14410 14119 17483 17020 19779 19352 22525 21938 24904 24126 26916 26044 30096 28712 32154 31258 34605 33315 37197 35749 237 376 599 952 1482 2353 2966 3740 4699 5876 7373 9243 11409 13236 15495 17635 19588 23018 25708 29036 32938 952 1481 2350 2959 3725 4682 5852 7329 9164 11277 13106 15300 17352 19244 22381 25244 28262 31920
15kV 2421 3798 4762 5958 7364 9053 11053 13462 16013 18001 20163 21982 23518 25916 27766 29735 31959 1479 2344 2949 3709 4646 5771 7202 8977 10969 12661 14659 16501 18154 20978 23295 25976 29135
Note: These values are equal to one over the impedance per foot and based upon resistance and reactance values found in IEEE Std 241-1990 (Gray Book), IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Systems in Commerical Buildings & IEEE Std 242-1986 (Buff Book), IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems. Where resistance and reac tance values differ or are not available, the Buff Book values have been used. The values for reactance in determining the C Value at 5 KV & 15 KV are from the Gray Book only (Values for 14-10 AWG at 5 kV and 14-8 AWG at 15 kV are not available and values for 3 AWG have been approximated).
Table 5. C Values for Busway

Busway Plug-In Feeder Copper Aluminum Copper 225 28700 23000 18700 400 38900 34700 23900 600 41000 38300 36500 800 46100 57500 49300 1000 69400 89300 62900 1200 94300 97100 76900 1350 119000 104200 90100 1600 129900 120500 101000 2000 142900 135100 134200 2500 143800 156300 180500 3000 144900 175400 204100 4000 277800 Note: These values are equal to one over the impedance in a survey of industry. 2008 Cooper Bussmann Ampacity High Impedance Aluminum Copper 12000 21300 31300 44100 56200 15600 69900 16100 84000 17500 90900 19200 125000 20400 166700 21700 188700 23800 256400 impedance per foot for
245
Voltage Drop Calculations

Ratings of Conductors and Tables to Determine Volt Loss
With larger loads on new installations, it is extremely important to consider volt loss in mind, otherwise some very unsatisfactory problems are likely to be encountered.
The actual conductor used must also meet the other sizing requirements such as full-load current, ambient temperature, number in a raceway, etc.
Installation in Conduit, Cable or Raceway

NEC Tables 310.16 through 310.19 give allowable ampacities (currentcarrying capacities) for not more than three conductors in a conduit, cable, or raceway. Where the number of conductors exceeds three the allowable ampacity of each conductor must be reduced as shown in the following tables:
Installation in Conduit, Cable or Raceway per 310.15(B)(2)(a)
The Number of Conductors In One Conduit, Raceway Or Cable 4 to 6 7 to 9 10 to 20 21 to 30 31 to 40 41 and over Percentage of Values In Tables 310.16 And 310.18 80% 70% 50% 45% 40% 35%
How to Figure Volt Loss

Multiply distance (length in feet of one wire) by the current (expressed in amps) by the figure shown in table for the kind of current and the size of wire to be used, by one over the number of conductors per phase. Then, put a decimal point in front of the last 6 digitsyou have the volt loss to be expected on that circuit. Example 6 AWG copper wire in 180 feet of iron conduit3 phase, 40 amp load at 80% power factor. Multiply feet by amperes: 180 x 40 = 7200 Multiply this number by number from table for 6 AWG wire threephase at 80% power factor: 7200 x 745 = 5364000 1 1 Multiply by 5364000 x = 5364000 #/phase 1 Place decimal point 6 places to left. This gives volt loss to be expected: 5.364V (For a 240V circuit the % voltage drop is 5.364 x 100 or 2.23%). 240 These Tables take into consideration reactance on AC circuits as well as resistance of the wire. Remember on short runs to check to see that the size and type of wire indicated has sufficient ampere capacity.
Conditions Causing Higher Volt Loss

The voltage loss is increased when a conductor is operated at a higher temperature because the resistance increases. If type RH, RHW, THW, or THWN wire (75C wire) is loaded to near its full rating, or if room temperature is 15C higher than normal, add the following percentages to get the volt loss.
Conditions Causing Higher Volt Loss
Direct Single Or Three PhasePower Factor Wire Size Current 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 14 to 4 AWG 5.0% 5.0% 4.8% 4.7% 4.7% 4.6% 2 to 3/0 AWG 5.0% 5.0% 4.2% 3.8% 3 5% 3.3% 4/0 AWG to 500 kcmil 5.0% 5.0% 3.1% 2.6% 2.4% 2.0% 600 kcmil to 1000 kcmil 5.0% 5.0% 2.5% 2.2% 1.6% 1.3% If type RHH, THHN or XHHW wire (90C. wire) is loaded to near its full rating or if room temperature is 30C higher than normal, add twice the above percentages to get the volt loss.
How to Select Size of Wire

Multiply distance (length in feet of one wire) by the current (expressed in amps), by one over the number of conductors per phase.
Divide that figure into the permissible volt loss multiplied by 1,000,000.
Look under the column applying to the type of current and power factor for the figure nearest, but not above your result you have the size of wire needed.
Example Copper in 180 feet of steel conduit3 phase, 40 amp Ioad at 80% power factorVolt loss from local code equals 5.5 volts. Multiply feet by amperes by 1 1 180 x 40 x = 7200. #/phase 1 Divide permissible volt loss multiplied by 1,000,000 by this number: 5.5 x 1,000,000 = 764. 7200
Room Temperature Affects Ratings

The ampacities (carrying capacities) of conductors are based on a room temperature of 86F or 30C. If room temperature is higher, the ampacities are reduced by using the following multipliers; (for 0-2000 volt, insulated conductors not more than 3 conductors in raceway or direct buried, Table 310.16).
Room Temperature Affects Ratings
Room Temperature C 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 61-70 71-80 TW F 87-95 96-104 105-113 114-122 123-131 132-140 141-158 159-176 Ampacity Multiplier THW, THWN THHN, XHHW* (60C Wire) (75C Wire) .91 .94 .82 .88 .71 .82 .58 .75 .41 .67 .58 .33
Select number from Table, three-phase at 80% power factor, that is nearest but not greater than 764. This number is 745 which indicates the size of wire needed: 6 AWG.
Line-to-Neutral
For line to neutral voltage drop on a 3 phase system, divide the three phase value by 1.73. For line to neutral voltage drop on a single phase system, divide single phase value by 2.
(90C Wire) .96 .91 .87 .82 .76 .71 .58 .41
Open Wiring
The volt loss for open wiring installations depends on the separation between conductors. The volt loss is approximately equal to that for conductors in nonmagnetic conduit. 310.15 offers a method to calculate conductor ampacity.
246

Copper Conductors Ratings & Volt Loss
Conduit Wire Size Ampacity Type T, TW (60C Wire) Direct Current Volt Loss (See explanation prior page.) Three-Phase (60 Cycle, Lagging Power Factor.) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60%
Steel Conduit
NonMagnetic Conduit (Lead Covered Cables or Installation in Fibre or Other NonMagnetic Conduit, Etc.)
14 12 10 8 6 4 3 2 1 0 00 000 0000 250 300 350 400 500 600 750 1000 14 12 10 8 6 4 3 2 1 0 00 000 0000 250 300 350 400 500 600 750 1000
20* 25* 30 40 55 70 85 95 110 125 145 165 195 215 240 260 280 320 335 400 455 20* 25* 30 40 55 70 85 95 110 125 145 165 195 215 240 260 280 320 335 400 455
Type RH, THWN, RHW, THW (75C Wire) 20* 25* 35* 50 65 85 100 115 130 150 175 200 230 255 285 310 335 380 420 475 545 20* 25* 35* 50 65 85 100 115 130 150 175 200 230 255 285 310 335 380 420 475 545
Type RHH, THHN, XHHW (90C Wire) 25* 30* 40* 55 75 95 110 130 150 170 195 225 260 290 320 350 380 430 475 535 615 25* 30* 40* 55 75 95 110 130 150 170 195 225 260 290 320 350 380 430 475 535 615
Single-Phase (60 Cycle, Lagging Power Factor.) 100% 90% 80% 70%
60%
6140 3860 2420 1528 982 616 490 388 308 244 193 153 122 103 86 73 64 52 43 34 26 6140 3464 2420 1528 982 616 470 388 308 244 193 153 122 103 86 73 64 52 43 34 26
5369 3464 2078 1350 848 536 433 346 277 207 173 136 109 93 77 67 60 50 43 36 31 5369 3464 2078 1350 848 536 433 329 259 207 173 133 107 90 76 65 57 46 39 32 25
4887 3169 1918 1264 812 528 434 354 292 228 196 162 136 123 108 98 91 81 75 68 62 4876 3158 1908 1255 802 519 425 330 268 220 188 151 127 112 99 89 81 71 65 58 51
4371 2841 1728 1148 745 491 407 336 280 223 194 163 140 128 115 106 99 90 84 78 72 4355 2827 1714 1134 731 479 395 310 255 212 183 150 128 114 103 94 87 77 72 65 59
3848 2508 1532 1026 673 450 376 312 264 213 188 160 139 129 117 109 103 94 89 84 78 3830 2491 1516 1010 657 435 361 286 238 199 174 145 125 113 104 95 89 80 76 70 63
3322 2172 1334 900 597 405 341 286 245 200 178 154 136 128 117 109 104 96 92 88 82 3301 2153 1316 882 579 388 324 259 219 185 163 138 121 110 102 94 89 82 77 72 66
6200 4000 2400 1560 980 620 500 400 320 240 200 158 126 108 90 78 70 58 50 42 36 6200 4000 2400 1560 980 620 500 380 300 240 200 154 124 104 88 76 66 54 46 38 30
5643 3659 2214 1460 937 610 501 409 337 263 227 187 157 142 125 113 105 94 86 79 72 5630 3647 2203 1449 926 599 490 381 310 254 217 175 147 129 114 103 94 82 75 67 59
5047 3281 1995 1326 860 568 470 388 324 258 224 188 162 148 133 122 114 104 97 91 84 5029 3264 1980 1310 845 553 456 358 295 244 211 173 148 132 119 108 100 90 83 76 68
4444 2897 1769 1184 777 519 434 361 305 246 217 184 161 149 135 126 118 109 103 97 90 4422 2877 1751 1166 758 502 417 330 275 230 201 167 145 131 120 110 103 93 87 80 73
3836 2508 1540 1040 690 468 394 331 283 232 206 178 157 148 135 126 120 111 106 102 95 3812 2486 1520 1019 669 448 375 300 253 214 188 159 140 128 118 109 103 94 90 83 77
* The overcurrent protection for conductor types marked with an (*) shall not exceed 15 amperes for 14 AWG, 20 amperes for 12 AWG, and 30 amperes for 10 AWG copper; or 15 amperes for 12 AWG and 25 amperes for 10 AWG aluminum and copper-clad aluminum after any correction factors for ambient temperature and number of conductors have been applied. Figures are L-L for both single-phase and three-phase. Three-phase figures are average for the three-phase.
247

Aluminum Conductors Ratings & Volt Loss
Conduit Wire Size Ampacity Type T, TW (60C Wire) Type RH, THWN, RHW, THW (75C Wire) 20* 30* 40 50 65 75 90 100 120 135 155 180 205 230 250 270 310 340 385 445 20* 30* 40 50 65 75 90 100 120 135 155 180 205 230 250 270 310 340 385 445 Type RHH, THHN, XHHW (90C Wire) 25* 35* 45 60 75 85 100 115 135 150 175 205 230 255 280 305 350 385 435 500 25* 35* 45 60 75 85 100 115 135 150 175 205 230 255 280 305 350 385 435 500 Direct Current Volt Loss (See explanation two pages prior.) Three-Phase (60 Cycle, Lagging Power Factor.) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% Single-Phase (60 Cycle, Lagging Power Factor.) 100% 90% 80% 70%
60%
Steel Conduit
NonMagnetic Conduit (Lead Covered Cables or Installation in Fibre or Other NonMagnetic Conduit, Etc.)
12 10 8 6 4 3 2 1 0 00 000 0000 250 300 350 400 500 600 750 1000 12 10 8 6 4 3 2 1 0 00 000 0000 250 300 350 400 500 600 750 1000
20* 25 30 40 55 65 75 85 100 115 130 150 170 190 210 225 260 285 320 375 20* 25 30 40 55 65 75 85 100 115 130 150 170 190 210 225 260 285 320 375
6360 4000 2520 1616 1016 796 638 506 402 318 259 200 169 141 121 106 85 71 56 42 6360 4000 2520 1616 1016 796 638 506 402 318 252 200 169 141 121 106 85 71 56 42
5542 3464 2251 1402 883 692 554 433 346 277 225 173 148 124 109 95 77 65 53 43 5542 3464 2251 1402 883 692 554 433 346 277 225 173 147 122 105 93 74 62 50 39
5039 3165 2075 1310 840 668 541 432 353 290 241 194 173 150 135 122 106 95 84 73 5029 3155 2065 1301 831 659 532 424 344 281 234 186 163 141 125 114 96 85 73 63
4504 2836 1868 1188 769 615 502 405 334 277 234 191 173 152 139 127 112 102 92 82 4490 2823 1855 1175 756 603 490 394 322 266 223 181 160 140 125 116 100 90 79 70
3963 2502 1656 1061 692 557 458 373 310 260 221 184 168 150 138 127 113 105 96 87 3946 2486 1640 1045 677 543 443 360 296 247 209 171 153 136 123 114 100 91 82 73
3419 2165 1441 930 613 497 411 338 284 241 207 174 161 145 134 125 113 106 98 89 3400 2147 1423 912 596 480 394 323 268 225 193 160 145 130 118 111 98 91 82 75
6400 4000 2600 1620 1020 800 640 500 400 320 260 200 172 144 126 110 90 76 62 50 6400 4000 2600 1620 1020 800 640 500 400 320 260 200 170 142 122 108 86 72 58 46
5819 3654 2396 1513 970 771 625 499 407 335 279 224 200 174 156 141 122 110 97 85 5807 3643 2385 1502 959 760 615 490 398 325 270 215 188 163 144 132 111 98 85 73
5201 3275 2158 1372 888 710 580 468 386 320 270 221 200 176 160 146 129 118 107 95 5184 3260 2142 1357 873 696 566 455 372 307 258 209 185 162 145 134 115 104 92 81
4577 2889 1912 1225 799 644 529 431 358 301 256 212 194 173 159 146 131 121 111 100 4557 2871 1894 1206 782 627 512 415 342 285 241 198 177 157 142 132 115 106 94 85
3948 2500 1663 1074 708 574 475 391 328 278 239 201 186 168 155 144 130 122 114 103 3926 2480 1643 1053 668 555 456 373 310 260 223 185 167 150 137 128 114 105 95 86
* The overcurrent protection for conductor types marked with an (*) shall not exceed 15 amperes for 14 AWG, 20 amperes for 12 AWG, and 30 amperes for 10 AWG copper; or 15 amperes for 12 AWG and 25 amperes for 10 AWG aluminum and copper-clad aluminum after any correction factors for ambient temperature and number of conductors have been applied. Figures are L-L for both single-phase and three-phase. Three-phase figures are average for the three-phase.
248
Fuse Diagnostic Sizing Charts

Ballasts
Indoor
Fluorescent Consult fixture manufacturer for size and type.
Fuse & Holder Recommendations

Fuse GLR GMF GRF Holder(s) HLR Fuse GLQ GMQ Holder(s) HLQ
All Other (Mercury, Sodium, etc.)
Fuse & Holder Recommendations

Consult fixture manufacturer for size and type. Fuse BAF BAN KTK FNM FNQ FNW Holder(s) HPF HPS Fuse KTK-R FNQ-R LP-CC KTQ BBS Holder(s) HPS-RR HPF-RR Fuse SC 0-15 SC 20 HPS-L HPF-L SC 25-30 Holder(s) HPF-EE HPS-EE HPF-JJ HPS-JJ HPF-FF HPS-FF
Fuse & Holder Recommendations Outdoor

Mercury, Sodium, etc. Consult fixture manufacturer for size and type. Fuse BAF BAN KTK FNM FNQ FNW Holder(s) HEB HEX HPC-D Fuse KTK-R FNQ-R LP-CC Holder(s) HEY
Capacitors (NEC 460)

Protected by Time-Delay Fuses.
150% to 175% of Full Load Current
Fuse Recommendations
Volts 0-250 0-600 0-600 Fuse(s) LPN-RK_SP, FRN-R LPS-RK_SP, FRS-R LPJ_SP, LP-CC, FNQ-R, TCF
Protected by Non-Time-Delay Fuses.
250% to 300% of Full Load Current.
Volts 0-250 0-300 0-600 0-600 0-600 Fuse(s) KTN-R, NON JJN KTS-R, NOS JKS, KTK-R JJS
On Load Side of Motor Running Overcurrent Device.
Protection recommended as shown, but not required.
249

Electric Heat (NEC 424)
Electric Space Heating
Size at 125% or next size larger but in no case larger than 60 amps for each subdivided load.
Fuse Recommendation
Volts 0-250 0-300 0-480 0-600 0-600 0-600 Fuse(s) LPN-RK_SP FRN-R, NON JJN SC 25 to SC 60 LPS-RK_SP FRS-R, NOS JJS LPJ_SP, LP-CC FNQ-R, JKS, KTK-R, TCF, SC 12 to SC 20
Electric Boilers with Resistance Type Immersion Heating Elements in an ASME Rated and Stamped Vessel
Size at 125% or next size larger but in no case larger than 150 amps for each subdivided load.
Mains, Feeders, Branches

Feeder Circuits (600A & Less)
No Motor Load
100% of non-continuous load plus 125% of continuous load.
Volts 0-250 0-300 0-600 0-600 0-600 Fuse(s) LPN-RK_SP, FRN-R JJN LPS-RK_SP, FRS-R JJS LPJ_SP, LP-CC JKS, KTK-R
Combination Motor Loads and Other Loads
150%* of the FLA of largest motor (if there are two or more motors of same size, one is considered to be the largest) plus the sum of all the FLA for all other motors plus 100% of non-continuous, non-motor load plus 125% of continuous, non-motor load.
Volts 0-25O 0-600 0-600 Fuse(s) LPN-RK_SP, FRN-R LPS-RK_SP, FRS-R LPJ- SP, LP-CC
Motor Loads
150%* of the FLA of largest motor (if there are two or more motors of same size, one is considered to be the largest) plus the sum of all the FLA for all other motors. *A max. of 175% (or the next standard size if 175% does not correspond to a standard size) is allowed for all but wound rotor and all dc motors.
Main, Branch & Feeder Circuits (601-6000A)
150% to 225% of full load current of largest motor plus 100% of full load current of all other motors plus 125% of continuous non-motor load plus 100% of non-continuous non-motor load.
Fuse Recommendation
Volts 0-600 Fuse(s) KRP-C_SP
250

Motor Loads (NEC 430)
Fuse Sized For: 600V & Less
Protected by TimeDelay Fuses Backup Overload w/ Motor Starter & Short-Circuit Protection 125% of motor FLA or next size larger.
Volts 0-250 0-600 Volts 0-250 0-600 Fuse(s) FRN-R FRS-R Fuse(s) LPN-RK_SP LPS-RK_SP
130% of motor FLA or next size larger.
Short-Circuit Only
175%* of motor FLA or next size larger. (If 175% does not correspond to a standard size). If this will not allow motor to start, due to higher than normal inrush currents or longer than normal acceleration times (5 sec. or greater), fuse may be sized up to 225% or next size smaller.
Volts 0-250 0-600 0-600 Fuse(s) LPN-RK_SP, FRN-R LPS-RK_SP, FRS-R LPJ_SP, TCF
Protected by Non-Time Delay Fuses & all Class CC Fuses
Short-Circuit Only
Max. of 300%* of motor FLA or next size larger (if 300% does not correspond to a standard size). If this will not allow motor to start due to higher than normal inrush currents or longer than normal acceleration times (5 sec. or greater), fuses through 600 amps may be sized up to 400% or next size smaller.
Volts 0-250 0-300 0-600 0-600 0-600 Fuse(s) KTN-R, NON JJN KTS-R, NOS JJS LP-CC, JKS, KTK-R
*150% for wound rotor and all DC motors. Compare the min. melting time-current characteristics of the fuses with the time-current characteristics of the overload relay curve. The size fuse which is selected should be such that short.circuit protection is provided by the fuse and overload protection is provided by the controller overload relays.
Volts 2400 4800 7200 Fuse(s) JCK, JCK-A, JCH JCL, JCL-A, JCG JCR, 7.2 WKMSJ
Above 600V
Solenoids (Coils)
Fuse Recommendation
Size at 125% or next size smaller. Volts 0-250 0-600 0-600 Fuse(s) Best: LPN-RK_SP FRN-R LPS-RK_SP FRS-R LPJ_SP, LP-CC FNQ-R, TCF
Branch Circuit Fuses
Supplementary Fuses
Size at 125% or next size larger.
Fuse Recommendation
Volts 0-32 0-125 0-250 Fuse(s) MDL 9-30A, FNM 20-30A MDA 25-30A, FNM 12-15A MDL 116-8A, MDA 210-20A, FNM 110-10A, FNW 12-30A, MDQ 1100-7A FNQ 110-30A
0-500
251

Transformers 600V Nominal or Less (NEC 450.3)
Note: Components on the secondary still need overcurrent protection
Optimum Protection
Rated primary current less than 2 amps Rated primary current greater than or equal to 2 amps but less than 9 amps Rated primary current greater than or equal to 9 amps 125% or next size larger
NEC Maximums
Max. 300% or next size smaller (See NEC 430.72(C) for control circuit transformer maximum of 500%
Primary Protection Only
125% or next size larger
Max. 167% or next size smaller
125% or next size larger
Max. of 125% or next larger*
Primary And Secondary Protection
Without Thermal Overload Protection
Rated secondary current less than 9 amps
Rated secondary current 9 amps or greater Transformer Impedance of 6% or Less
With Thermal Overload Protection
C
Primary and secondary fuses at 125% of primary and secondary FLA or next size larger
Rated secondary current 9 amps or greater
% of Primary FLA (or next FLA size smaller) A = 250% B = 250% C = 600% D = 600% E = 400% F = 400% % of Secondary FLA A = 167% or next size smaller B = 125% or next size larger* C = 167% or next size smaller D = 125% or next size larger* E = 167% or next size smaller F = 125% or next size larger*
Transformer Impedance of More Than 6% But Less Than 10%
Rated secondary current 9 amps or greater
F
*When 125% of FLA corresponds to a standard rating, the next larger size is not permitted.
Volts 250V 600V Fuse(s) LPN-RK_SP, FRN-R KRP-C_SP, LPJ_SP, LPS-RK_SP, FNQ-R, FRS-R, TCF
252

Transformers Over 600V Nominal (NEC 450.3)
Supervised Installations
Primary Protection Only Primary at code max. of 250% or next standard size if 250% does not correspond to a standard rating Note: Components on the secondary still need overcurrent protection
Primary and Secondary Protection
Transformer Impedance Less Than or Equal to 6%
Primary at code max. of 300%
Secondary Over 600V
Secondary at code max. of 250%
Secondary 600V or Below
Volts 250V 600V Fuse(s) LPN-RK_SP, FRN-R LPS-RK_SP, LPJ-_SP, KRP-C_SP, FRS-R, FNQ-R, TCF JCD JCX JCW JCE, JCQ, JCY, JCU, 5.5 ABWNA, 5.5 AMWNA, 5.5 FFN 7.2 ABWNA, 7.2 SDLSJ, 7.2 SFLSJ JCZ, JDZ, 8.25 FFN JCN, JDN, JDM, 15.5 CAVH 17.5 CAV, 17.5 SDM 24 SDM, 24 SFM, 24 FFM 36 CAV, 36 SDQ, 36 SFQ 38 CAV
Transformer Impedance Greater Than 6% But Less Than 10%
Primary at code max. of 300%
Secondary Over 600V
2475V 2750V 2750/5500V 5500V
7200V
Unsupervised Installations
Transformer Impedance Less Than or Equal to 6%
Primary at code max. of 300% or next standard size if 300% does not correspond to a standard rating
Secondary Over 600V
Secondary at code max. of 250% or next standard size if 250% does not correspond to a standard rating Secondary at code max. of 125% or next standard size if 125% does not correspond to a standard rating Secondary at code max. of 225% or next standard size if 225% does not correspond to a standard rating Secondary at code max. of 125% or next standard size if 125% does not correspond to a standard rating
8300V 15500V 17500V 24000V 36000V 38000V
Transformer Impedance Greater Than 6% But Less Than 10%
Primary at code max. of 300% or next standard size if 300% does not correspond to a standard rating
Secondary Over 600V
Solid State Devices (Diodes, SCRs, Triacs, Transistors)

Short-Circuit Protection Only Fuse Recommendations
F, S, K, & 170M Series fuses sized up to several sizes larger than full load RMS or dc rating of device. Volts 0-130 0-250 0-500 0-600 0-700 0-1000 Fuse(s) FWA FWX FWH FWC, KAC, KBC FWP, 170M Series, SPP FWJ, 170M Series, SPJ
253
Fuse Sizing Guide

Building Electrical System
General guidelines are given for selecting fuse amp ratings for most circuits. Some specific applications may warrant other fuse sizing; in these cases the load characteristics and appropriate NEC sections should be considered. The selections shown here are not, in all cases, the maximum or minimum amp ratings permitted by the NEC. Demand factors as permitted per the NEC are not included in these guidelines.
Fuse Recommendations 601 to 6000A Low-Peak Time-Delay Fuse KRP-C _SP 1/10 to 600A Low-Peak Dual-Element, Time-Delay Fuses LPN-RK _SP(250V); LPS-RK_ P(600V) or S LPJ_SP (600V) Fusetron Dual-Element Fuses FRN-R (250V); FRS-R(600V)
10. Transformer Primary Fuse (without secondary fuse protection). When transformer primary current is equal to or greater than 9 amps, the dual-element, time-delay fuse should be sized at 125% of transformer primary current or the next size larger. Note: Secondary conductors must be protected from overcurrent damage. 11. Transformer Primary Fuse (with secondary fuse protection). May be sized at 250% of transformer primary current if, 12. The secondary fuse is sized at no more than 125% of secondary full-load current. Note: Secondary conductors must be protected at their ampacities.
Non-Time-Delay and all Class CC Fuses (JKS, KTS-R, KTN-R, JJS, JJN, LP-CC, KTK-R, and FNQ-R)
11
10
Fuse Greater Than 2 600 Amps Motor Starter OverLoads Relays
Feeder With No Motor Load
Feeder With All Motor Load
Feeder With Combination Motor And Non Motor Load
1. Main service. Size fuse according to method in 4. 2. Feeder Circuit With No Motor Loads. The fuse size must be at least 125% of the continuous load plus 100% of the non-continuous load. Do not size larger than the ampacity of the wire.
M Large Motor
12
3. Feeder Circuit With All Motor Loads. Size the fuse at 300% of the full-load current of the largest motor plus the full-load current of all other motors. Do not size fuse larger than the conductor capacity. 4. Feeder Circuit With Mixed Loads. Size fuse at sum of: a. 300% of the full-load current of the largest motor plus b. 100% of the full-load current of all other motors plus c. 125% of the continuous, non-motor load plus d. 100% of the non-continuous, non-motor load. 5. Branch Circuit With No Motor Loads. The fuse size must be at least 125% of the continuous load plus 100% of the non-continuous load. Do not size larger than the ampacity of conductor.* 6. Motor Branch Circuit With Overload Relays. Size the fuse as close to but not exceeding 300% of the motor running full load current. Provides ground fault and short-circuit protection only. 7. Motor Branch Circuit With Fuse Protection Only. Non-time-delay fuses cannot be sized close enough to provide motor running overload protection. If sized for motor overload protection, non-time-delay fuses would open due to motor starting current. Use dual-element fuses.
9 Continuous Non Continuous Loads Loads Lighting Heating
M
Continuous Loads
Power Factor Correction Capacitor
Dual-Element, Time-Delay Fuses (LPJ_SP, LPS-RK_SP, LPN-RK_SP, FRS-R, FRN-R and TCF)
1. Main Service. Size fuse according to method in 4. 2. Feeder Circuit With No Motor Loads. The fuse size must be at least 125% of the continuous load plus 100% of the non-continuous load. Do not size larger than ampacity of conductor*. 3. Feeder Circuit With All Motor Loads. Size the fuse at 150%N of the full load current of the largest motor plus the full-load current of all other motors. 4. Feeder Circuit With Mixed Loads. Size fuse at sum of: a. 150% of the full-load current of the largest motor plus b. 100% of the full-load current of all other motors plus c. 125% of the continuous, non-motor load plus d. 100% of the non-continuous, non-motor load. 5. Branch Circuit With No Motor Load. The fuse size must be at least 125% of the continuous load plus 100% of the non-continuous load. Do not size larger than ampacity of conductor*. 6. Motor Branch Circuit With Overload Relays. Where overload relays are sized for motor running overload protection, the following provide backup, ground fault, and short-circuit protection: a. Size FRS-R and FRN-R, RK5, & LPS-RK_SP and LPN-RK_SP, RK1, fuses at 125% & 130% of motor full-load current respectively or next higher size. 7. Motor Branch Circuit With Fuse Protection Only. Where the fuse is the only motor protection, the following FRS-R and FRN-R, Class RK5, fuses provide motor running overload protection and short-circuit protection: a. Motor 1.15 service factor or 40C rise: size the fuse at 110% to 125% of the motor full-load current. b. Motor less than 1.15 service factor or over 40C rise: size fuse at 100% to 115% of motor full-load current. 8. Large Motor Branch Circuit. Fuse larger than 600 amps. For large motors, size KRP-C_SP Low-Peak time-delay fuse at 175% to 300% of the motor full-load current, depending on the starting method; i.e. part-winding starting, reduced voltage starting, etc. 9. Power Factor Correction Capacitors. Size dual-element fuses as low as practical, typically 150% to 175% of capacitor rated current.
Conductor Ampacity Selection

1. Feeder Circuit And Main Circuit With Mixed Loads. Conductor ampacity at least sum of: a. 125% of continuous non-motor load plus b. 100% of non-continuous non-motor load plus c. 125% of the largest motor full-load current plus d. 100% of all other motors' full-load current. 2. Feeder Circuit With No Motor Load. Conductor ampacity at least 125% of the continuous load plus 100% of the non-continuous load. 3. Feeder Circuit With All Motor Loads. Conductor ampacity at least 125% of the largest motor full-load amps plus 100% of all other motors full-load amps. 4. Feeder Circuit With Mixed Loads. Size according to method 1 above. 5. Branch Circuit With No Motor Load. Conductor ampacity at least 125% of the continuous load plus 100% of the non-continuous load. 6, 7, & 8. Motor Branch Circuits. Conductor ampacity at least 125% of the motor full-load current. 9. Conductor ampacity at least 135% of capacitor rated current. The ampacity of conductors for a capacitor connected to a motor circuit must be 13 the ampacity of the motor circuit conductors. 10, 11. Conductor ampacity minimum 125% of transformer full-load current. 12. Conductor ampacity per 1 above.
100% of the continuous load can be used rather than 125% when the switch and fuse are listed for 100% continuous operation. Most bolted pressure switches and high pressure contact switches 400A to 6000A with Class L fuses are listed for 100% continuous operation. * Where conductor ampacity does not correspond to a standard fuse rating, next higher rating fuse is permitted when 800 amps or less [(240.4(B)]. In many motor feeder applications dual-element fuses can be sized at ampacity of feeder conductors. Available short-circuit current and the clearing time of the overcurrent device must be considered so that the conductors ICEA (P32.382) withstand rating is not exceeded. NEC allows a maximum of 175% or the next standard size if 175% does not correspond with a standard fuse size, for all but wound rotor and DC motors.
254
Fuse Specifications
Suggestions
General
Fuses shall not be installed until equipment is ready to be energized. This measure prevents fuse damage during shipment of the equipment from the manufacturer to the job site, or from water that may contact the fuse before the equipment is installed. Final tests and inspections shall be made prior to energizing the equipment. This shall include a thorough cleaning, tightening, and review of all electrical connections and inspection of all grounding conductors. All fuses shall be furnished and installed by the electrical contractor. All fuses shall be of the same manufacturer. Fuses shall be as follows:
3. Switchboards, Panelboards, Load Centers The manufacturer shall supply equipment utilizing fully rated and listed components. This equipment shall be tested, listed and labeled for the available shortcircuit current.
(Where series-rated fuse/circuit breaker systems are acceptable, the systems shall utilize tested, recognized components. The manufacturer shall supply switchboards, panelboards and load centers which have been tested, listed, and labeled for the available short-circuit current, and those combinations specified on the drawings.)
4. Marking Fuses shall be Low-Peak in color. Low-Peak NOTICE labels to alert the end user of the engineered level of protection of the electrical equipment shall be field installed by the electrical contractor. They shall be marked with the proper fuse rating, per the specifications, and placed in a conspicuous location on the enclosure. These labels are available upon request from Bussmann.
A. Main, Feeder, and Branch Circuit Fuses

1. Circuits 601 through 6000 amps Circuits 601 through 6000 amps shall be protected by current-limiting Cooper Bussmann Low-Peak Time-Delay Fuses KRP-C(amp)SP. Fuses shall be timedelay and shall hold 500% of rated current for a minimum of 4 seconds, clear 20 times rated current in .01 seconds or less, with an interrupting rating of 300,000 amps RMS symmetrical, and be listed by a nationally recognized testing laboratory. Peak let-through currents and I2t let-through energies shall not exceed the values established for Class L fuses. Larger Hp motors shall be protected by these fuses, with ratings as shown on the drawings. 2. Circuits 0 through 600 amps Circuits 0 through 600 amps shall be protected by current-limiting Cooper Bussmann Low-Peak Dual-Element, Time-Delay Fuses LPN-RK(amp)SP/LPSRK(amp)SP (or LPJ(amp)SP. All fuses shall have separate overload and shortcircuit elements. Fuses shall incorporate a spring activated thermal overload element that has a 284 degrees Fahrenheit melting point alloy. The fuses shall hold 500% of rated current for a minimum of 10 seconds (30A, 250V Class RK1 case size may be a minimum of 8 seconds at 500% of rated current) with an interrupting rating of 300,000 amps RMS symmetrical, and be listed by a nationally recognized testing laboratory. Peak let-through currents and I2t let-through energies shall not exceed the values established for Class RK1 or J fuses. Motor Circuits - All individual motor circuits with full-load amp ratings (F.L.A.) of 461 (or 400) amps or less shall be protected by Cooper Bussmann Low-Peak Dual-Element, Time-Delay Fuses LPN-RK(amp)SP/LPS-RK(amp)SP (or LPJ(amp)SP). The following guidelines apply for motors protected by properly sized overload relays: LPN-RK(amp)SP/LPS-RK(amp)SP fuses shall be installed in ratings of 130% (or 150% for LPJ(amp)SP fuses) of motor full-load current (or next size larger if this does not correspond to a fuse size), except where high ambient temperatures prevail, or where the motor drives a heavy revolving part which cannot be brought up to full speed quickly, such as large fans. Under such conditions the fuse may be 175%* of the motor full-load current, or the next standard size larger if 175%* does not correspond to a standard fuse size. If this will not allow the motor to start due to higher than normal inrush currents or longer than normal acceleration times (5 seconds or greater), fuses may be sized up to 225% (or next size smaller). Motor Controllers - NEMA and IEC Style motor controllers shall be protected from short-circuits by Cooper Bussmann Low-Peak Dual-Element, Time-Delay Fuses in order to provide testing agency-witnessed Type 2 coordination for the controller. This provides no damage protection for the controller, under low and high level fault conditions, as required by IEC Publication947-4-1 and UL 508E (Outline of Investigation).
*150% for wound rotor and all DC motors.
B. Supplementary - Light Fixture Protective Fuses

1. Fluorescent fixtures shall be protected by Cooper Bussmann GLR or GMF Fuses in HLR Holders. These fixtures shall have individual protection on the line side of the ballast. A fuse and holder shall be mounted within, or as part of, the fixture. Size and type of fuse to be recommended by the fixture manufacturer. 2. All other ballast-controlled light fixtures shall be protected by Bussmann KTK or FNQ Fuses in HEB HEX, HEY, HPF, or HPS Holders. These fixtures shall have individual protection on the line side of the ballast. Fuse and holder shall be mounted in a location convenient for changing fuses. Holder shall be mounted in protected location or be an in-line waterproof holder (HEB, HEX, or HEY). Size and type of fuse to be recommended by the fixture manufacturer or as indicated on plans.
C. Spares
Upon completion of the building, the electrical contractor shall provide the owner with spare fuses as shown below:
1. 10% (minimum of 3) of each type and rating of installed fuses shall be supplied as spares. 2. Cooper Bussmann spare fuse cabinets - Catalog No. SFC - shall be provided to store the above spares. A supply of Low-Peak NOTICE Labels shall be provided along with the spare fuses in the spare fuse cabinet.
D. Substitution Approvals
The electrical contractors proposal shall be based upon the fuses specified, using the manufacturers catalog numbers as called for in the specification or on the drawings. Coordination and current limitation requirements for protection of each part of the electrical system have been engineered on the basis of the type, class and manufacturer specified. In the event that the electrical contractor wishes to furnish materials other than those specified, a written request, along with a complete short-circuit, component protection and selective coordination study, shall be submitted to the engineer for evaluation at least two weeks prior to bid date. If the engineers evaluation indicates acceptance, a written addendum will be issued listing the other acceptable manufacturer.
255
Fuse Specifications
Suggested Fuse and Fusible Equipment Specifications
Cooper Bussmann provides fuse and fusible equipment specifications available on line at www.cooperbussmann.com/apen/fusible/. The information contained within these documents constitutes what Cooper Bussmann considers to be a complete, comprehensive, performance based construction specification. These documents can be viewed or downloaded in Microsoft Word or PDF format. The specifications are arranged per the recommended CSI MasterFormat Sections. In some cases, the number for these specifications has been left open for the specifier to choose the appropriate number and the title can be adjusted to best suit their project manual. The specifications include:
16011 Electrical System Studies

Short Circuit, Component Protection, Flash Hazard, and Selective Coordination Study
16411 Enclosed Switches

Enclosed Disconnect Switches (Fused and Non-Fused) Elevator Shunt-Trip Fused Disconnect Switches
164XX Open Disconnect Switches

Open Disconnect Switches (Fused and Non-Fused)
16421 Enclosed Controllers

Enclosed Fused Combination Motor Controllers
16441 Switchboards
Fused Main and Distribution Switchboards
16442 Panelboards
Fused Distribution Panelboards Elevator Shunt-Trip Fused Distribution Panel Fused Lighting and Appliance Panelboards
16443 Motor Control Centers

Fused Motor Control Centers
16451 Busway
Busway and Fused Busplugs
16491 Fuses
Fuses
256
Cooper Bussmann Current-Limiting Fuse Let-Through Data
See pages 67 to 69 for current-limiting definition and how to analyze these charts.
Low-Peak Class L Time-Delay Fuses KRP-C_SP

1000000 900000 800000 700000 600000 500000 400000 300000
KRP-C_SP Fuse RMS Let-Through Currents (kA)

Prosp. Short C.C. Fuse Size 601 IRMS 800 IRMS 1200 1600 IRMS IRMS 2000 2500 3000 4000 IRMS IRMS IRMS IRMS 5000 IRMS 6000 IRMS
5,000
6000A 5000A 4000A 3000A 2500A 2000A 1600A 1200A 800A 601A
5 8 9
5 10 12 13 14 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 25 27 29 31
5 10 15 17 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 29 30 34 37 40 43
5 10 15 20 22 24 25 26 28 30 32 33 34 36 41 45 49 52
5 10 15 20 25 27 29 30 32 34 36 38 39 41 47 51 55 59
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 35 37 40 42 44 45 47 54 59 64 68
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 50 49 52 54 56 58 67 73 79 84
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 50 60 62 65 67 70 80 87 94 100
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 50 60 70 76 79 81 93 102 110 117
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 104 114 123 30
10,000 15,000
INSTANTANEOUS PEAK LET THRU CURRENT IN AMPERES
200000
20,000 10 25,000 11 30,000 11 35,000 12 40,000 13 50,000 14 60,000 15 70,000 15 80,000 16 90,000 17 100,000 17 150,000 20 200,000 22 250,000 24 300,000 25
100000 90000 80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000
20000
10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000
A
2000
1000 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 100000 200000 300000
AMPERE RATING
Note: For IRMS value at 300,000 amperes, consult Factory.
PROSPECTIVE SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT - SYMMETRICAL RMS AMPERES
Low-Peak Class J, Dual-Element Time-Delay Fuses LPJ_SP

100000 90000 80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000
LPJ_SP Fuse RMS Let-Through Currents (kA)

Prosp. Short C.C.
600A 400A 200A
Fuse Size 15 IRMS 30 IRMS 60 IRMS 100 IRMS 200 IRMS 400 IRMS 600 IRMS
1,000 3,000 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 80,000 100,000
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5
1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7
1 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 8 9 9 10 11
1 3 5 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 11 12 12 14 16 17 18
1 3 5 8 9 10 10 11 12 12 13 14 15 17 19 21 23 24
INSTANTANEOUS PEAK LET-THROUGH CURRENT IN AMPERES
20000
100A 60A
10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000
30A 15A
AMPERE RATING
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 100000 200000 300000
2000
1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300
200
100
150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000
PROSPECTIVE SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT - SYMMETRICAL RMS AMPERES
Note: For IRMS value at 300,000 amperes, consult Factory. 2008 Cooper Bussmann
257
Low-Peak Class RK1 Dual-Element Time-Delay Fuses LPN-RK_SP

B
400,000 300,000 200,000
LPN-RK_SP RMS Let-Through Currents (kA)

Prosp. Short C.C. Fuse Size 30 IRMS 60 IRMS 100 IRMS 200 IRMS 400 IRMS 600 IRMS
1,000 2,000
100,000 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 6
1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7
1 2 3 3 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 7 8 9 11 11 12
1 2 3 5 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 15 16 17 18
1 2 3 5 9 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 16 16 16 17 17 19 20 21 22
AMPERE RATING
3,000 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000
600A 400A 200A
20,000
100A 60A
10,000 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000
30A
A
2,000
1,000 100,000 200,000 300,000 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 6,000 8,000
Low-Peak Class RK1 Dual-Element Time-Delay Fuses LPS-RK_SP

B
400,000 300,000
LPS-RK_SP RMS Let-Through Currents (kA)

1,000
200,000
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 6
1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7
1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 10 11 12 12
1 2 3 5 7 8 9 9 10 10 10 11 12 13 13 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 2 3 5 10 11 12 12 13 13 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 19 21 22 23
2,000
100,000 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000
AMPERE RATING
3,000 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000
600A 400A 200A 100A 60A
20,000
10,000 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000
30A
A
2,000
1,000 100,000 200,000 300,000 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 6,000 8,000
258
Fusetron Class RK5 Dual-Element Time-Delay Fuses FRN-R

400000 300000 200000 AMPERE RATING
FRN-R RMS Let-Through Currents (kA)

5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000 150,000 200,000
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4
2 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 8
3 4 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 10 11
5 7 8 8 9 10 10 11 11 12 13 13 14 14 16 18
5 10 11 12 13 14 15 15 17 18 19 19 20 21 24 26
5 10 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 29 32
100000 90000 80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000
600A 400A 200A
100A 60A
10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000
30A
A
2000
1000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 100000 20000 30000 40000 200000 1000 2000
Fusetron Class RK5 Dual-Element Time-Delay Fuses FRS-R

400000 300000
FRS-R RMS Let-Through Currents (kA)

5,000 10,000
AMPERE RATING
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4
1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 6
3 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 9 9
4 5 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 11 12 12 13 14 16
5 9 10 11 12 13 13 14 14 15 17 17 17 18 21 23
5 10 14 15 17 18 18 19 20 22 23 23 24 25 27 32
200000
15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 50,000
100000 90000 80000 70000 60000 50000 40000
600A 400A
200A 30000 100A
20000
60A 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 30A
60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000 150,000 200,000
A
2000
1000 3000 4000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 60000 70000 80000 90000 100000 20000 30000 1000 2000 5000 40000 50000 200000
259
Tron Class T Fast-Acting Fuses JJN

INSTANTANEOUS PEAK LET-THROUGH CURRENT IN AMPS
400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 800 600 400 300 200
JJN RMS Let-Through Current (kA)

B Prosp. Short C.C. AMPERE RATING Fuse Size 15 IRMS 30 IRMS 60 IRMS 100 IRMS 200 IRMS 400 IRMS 600 IRMS 800 IRMS 1200 IRMS
500 1,000 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4
1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 7
1 1 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9
1 1 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 13 15
1 1 5 7 9 10 10 11 11 11 12 13 14 15 15 16 17 19
1 1 5 9 10 11 12 13 13 13 15 16 17 17 18 19 22 23
1200 800 600 400 200 100 60 30 15
A
6,000 8,000 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 100 200 300 400 600 800 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 200,000
100,000 1 150,000 1 200,000 2
PROSPECTIVE SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTSYMMETRICAL RMS AMPS
Tron Class T Fast-Acting Fuses JJS

400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 800 600 400 300 200
JJS RMS Let-Through Current (kA)

B AMPERE RATING Prosp. Short C.C. Fuse Size 15 IRMS 30 IRMS 60 IRMS 100 IRMS 200 IRMS 400 IRMS 600 IRMS 800 IRMS
500 1,000 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4
1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 6 6
1 1 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 9
1 1 4 6 7 7 7 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 14 16
1 1 5 8 10 10 11 12 13 13 14 16 17 17 18 19 22 24
1 1 5 9 11 12 13 14 15 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 25 28
800 600 400 200 100 60 30 15
A
6,000 8,000 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 100 200 300 400 600 800 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 200,000
100,000 2 150,000 2 200,000 2
260
Low-Peak Class CC Time-Delay Fuses LP-CC
LP-CC RMS Let-Through Currents (A)

Prosp. Short C.C. Fuse Size 11/4 IRMS 2 8/10 IRMS 15 IRMS 20 IRMS 25 IRMS 30 IRMS
1,000 3,000 5,000 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 200,000
100 140 165 210 260 290 315 340 350 390 420 525
135 210 255 340 435 525 610 650 735 785 830 1100
240 350 420 540 680 800 870 915 1050 1130 1210 1600
305 440 570 700 870 1030 1150 1215 1300 1500 1600 2000
380 575 690 870 1090 1300 1390 1520 1650 1780 2000 2520
435 580 710 1000 1305 1520 1700 1820 1980 2180 2400 3050
Limitron Class J Fast-Acting Fuses JKS

400,000
JKS RMS Let-Through Currents (kA)

B Prosp. Short C.C. Fuse Size 30 IRMS 60 IRMS 100 IRMS 200 IRMS 400 IRMS 600 IRMS
300,000 200,000
5,000
AMPERE RATING
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3
1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5
2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7
3 4 4 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 10
4 6 7 8 9 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 13 13 14 16
5 9 10 11 12 13 13 14 15 16 17 17 18 18 22 24
10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000 150,000 200,000
100,000 80,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000
600 400 200 100 60 30
10,000 8,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000 5,000 6,000
8,000 10,000
80,000 100,000
200,000
20,000
30,000
40,000 50,000 60,000
1,000
261
Glossary
Common Electrical Terminology
Ampere (Amp)
The measurement of intensity of rate of flow of electrons in an electric circuit. An amp is the amount of current that will flow through a resistance of one ohm under a pressure of one volt.
Class T Fuses
An industry class of fuses in 300V and 600V ratings from 1 amp through 1200 amps. They are physically very small and can be applied where space is at a premium. They are fast-acting fuses, with an interrupting rating of 200,000 amps RMS.
Amp Rating
The current-carrying capacity of a fuse. When a fuse is subjected to a current above its amp rating, it will open the circuit after a predetermined period of time.
Classes of Fuses
The industry has developed basic physical specifications and electrical performance requirements for fuses with voltage ratings of 600V or less. These are known as standards. If a type of fuse meets the requirements of a standard, it can fall into that class. Typical classes are K, RK1, RK5, G, L, H, T, CC, and J.
Amp Squared Seconds, l2t

The measure of heat energy developed within a circuit during the fuses clearing. It can be expressed as Melting l2t, Arcing l2t or the sum of them as Clearing l2t. l stands for effective let-through current (RMS), which is squared, and t stands for time of opening, in seconds.
Clearing Time
The total time between the beginning of the overcurrent and the final opening of the circuit at rated voltage by an overcurrent protective device. Clearing time is the total of the melting time and the arcing time.
Arcing Time
The amount of time from the instant the fuse link has melted until the overcurrent is interrupted, or cleared.
Current-Limitation
A fuse operation relating to short-circuits only. When a fuse operates in its currentlimiting range, it will clear a short-circuit in less than 12 cycle. Also, it will limit the instantaneous peak let-through current to a value substantially less than that obtainable in the same circuit if that fuse were replaced with a solid conductor of equal impedance.
Breaking Capacity
(See Interrupting Rating)
Cartridge Fuse
A fuse consisting of a current responsive element inside a fuse tube with terminals on both ends.
Dual-Element Fuse
Fuse with a special design that utilizes two individual elements in series inside the fuse tube. One element, the spring actuated trigger assembly, operates on overloads up to 5 - 6 times the fuse current rating. The other element, the short-circuit section, operates on short-circuits up to its interrupting rating.
Class CC Fuses
600V, 200,000 amp interrupting rating, branch circuit fuses with overall dimensions of 13 32" x 1 12" Their design incorporates a rejection feature that allows them to be inserted into rejection fuse holders and fuse blocks that reject all lower voltage, lower interrupting rating 1332" x 1 12" fuses. They are available from 110 amp through 30 amps.
Electrical Load
That part of the electrical system which actually uses the energy or does the work required.
Class G Fuses
2 - 20A @ 600Vac, 25-604@480Vac, 100,000 amp interrupting rating branch circuit fuses that are size rejecting to eliminate overfusing. The fuse diameter is 1332" while the length varies from 1 5/16" to 2 14". These are available in ratings from 12 amp through 60 amps.
1
Fast Acting Fuse

A fuse which opens on overload and short circuits very quickly. This type of fuse is not designed to withstand temporary overload currents associated with some electrical loads, when sized near the full load current of the circuit.
Class H Fuses
250V and 600V, 10,000 amp interrupting rating branch circuit fuses that may be renewable or non-renewable. These are available in amp ratings of 1 amp through 600 amps.
Fuse
An overcurrent protective device with a fusible link that operates and opens the circuit on an overcurrent condition.
High Speed Fuses

Fuses with no intentional time-delay in the overload range and designed to open as quickly as possible in the short-circuit range. These fuses are often used to protect solid-state devices.
Class J Fuses
These rejection style fuses are rated to interrupt a minimum of 200,000 amps AC. They are labeled as Current-Limiting, are rated for 600Vac, and are not interchangeable with other classes. They are available from 1 through 600 amps.
Inductive Load
An electrical load which pulls a large amount of current an inrush current when first energized. After a few cycles or seconds the current settles down to the full-load running current.
Class K Fuses
These are fuses listed as K-1, K-5, or K-9 fuses. Each subclass has designated I t and lp maximums. These are dimensionally the same as Class H fuses, and they can have interrupting ratings of 50,000, 100,000, or 200,000 amps. These fuses are currentlimiting. However, they are not marked current-limiting on their label since they do not have a rejection feature.
2
Interrupting Capacity
Actual test current an overcurrent device sees during the short circuit test.
Interrupting Rating
The rating which defines a fuses ability to safely interrupt and clear short-circuits. This rating is much greater than the amp rating of a fuse. The NEC defines Interrupting Rating as The highest current at rated voltage that an overcurrent protective device is intended to interrupt under standard test conditions.
Class L Fuses
These fuses are rated for 601 through 6000 amps, and are rated to interrupt a minimum of 200,000 amps AC. They are labeled current-limiting and are rated for 600Vac. They are intended to be bolted into their mountings and are not normally used in clips. Some Class L fuses have designed in time-delay features for all purpose use.
Melting Time
The amount of time required to melt the fuse link during a specified overcurrent. (See Arcing Time and Clearing Time.)
Class R Fuses
These are high performance fuses rated 110 - 600 amps in 250 volt and 600V ratings. All are marked current-limiting on their label and all have a minimum of 200,000 amp interrupting rating. They have identical outline dimensions with the Class H fuses but have a rejection feature which prevents the user from mounting a fuse of lesser capabilities (lower interrupting capacity) when used with special Class R Clips. Class R fuses will fit into either rejection or non-rejection clips.
NEC Dimensions
These are dimensions once referenced in the National Electrical Code. They are common to Class H and K fuses and provide interchangeability between manufacturers for fuses and fusible equipment of given amp and voltage ratings.
262
Glossary
Common Electrical Terminology
Ohm
The unit of measure for electric resistance. An ohm is the amount of resistance that will allow one amp to flow under a pressure of one volt.
Semiconductor Fuses
Fuses used to protect solid-state devices. See High Speed Fuses.
Short-Circuit
Can be classified as an overcurrent which exceeds the normal full load current of a circuit by a factor many times (tens, hundreds or thousands greater). Also characteristic of this type of overcurrent is that it leaves the normal current carrying path of the circuit it takes a short cut around the load and back to the source.
Ohms Law
The relationship between voltage, current, and resistance, expressed by the equation E = IR, where E is the voltage in volts, I is the current in amps, and R is the resistance in ohms.
One Time Fuses

Generic term used to describe a Class H nonrenewable cartridge fuse, with a single element.
Short-Circuit Current Rating

The maximum short-circuit current an electrical component can sustain without the occurrence of excessive damage when protected with an overcurrent protective device.
Overcurrent
A condition which exists on an electrical circuit when the normal load current is exceeded. Overcurrents take on two separate characteristics overloads and shortcircuits.
Single-Phasing
That condition which occurs when one phase of a three-phase system opens, either in a low voltage (secondary) or high voltage (primary) distribution system. Primary or secondary single-phasing can be caused by any number of events. This condition results in unbalanced currents in polyphase motors and unless protective measures are taken, causes overheating and failure.
Overload
Can be classified as an overcurrent which exceeds the normal full load current of a circuit. Also characteristic of this type of overcurrent is that it does not leave the normal current carrying path of the circuit that is, it flows from the source, through the conductors, through the load, back through the conductors, to the source again.
Threshold Current
The symmetrical RMS available current at the threshold of the current-limiting range, where the fuse becomes current-limiting when tested to the industry standard. This value can be read off of a peak let-through chart where the fuse curve intersects the A - B line. A threshold ratio is the relationship of the threshold current to the fuses continuous current rating.
Peak Let-Through Current, lp

The instantaneous value of peak current let-through by a current-limiting fuse, when it operates in its current-limiting range.
Renewable Fuse (600V & below)

A fuse in which the element, typically a zinc link, may be replaced after the fuse has opened, and then reused. Renewable fuses are made to Class H standards.
Time-Delay Fuse
A fuse with a built-in delay that allows temporary and harmless inrush currents to pass without opening, but is so designed to open on sustained overloads and short-circuits.
Resistive Load
An electrical load which is characteristic of not having any significant inrush current. When a resistive load is energized, the current rises instantly to its steady-state value, without first rising to a higher value.
Voltage Rating
The maximum open circuit voltage in which a fuse can be used, yet safely interrupt an overcurrent. Exceeding the voltage rating of a fuse impairs its ability to clear an overload or short-circuit safely.
RMS Current
The RMS (root-mean-square) value of any periodic current is equal to the value of the direct current which, flowing through a resistance, produces the same heating effect in the resistance as the periodic current does.
Withstand Rating
The maximum current that an unprotected electrical component can sustain for a specified period of time without the occurrence of extensive damage.
Electrical Formulas
To Find Single-Phase Two-Phase Three-Phase Direct Current
Amperes when kVA is known Amperes when horsepower is known Amperes when kilowatts are known Kilowatts Kilovolt-Amperes Horsepower Watts
kVA 1000 kVA 1000 E2 E 1.73 HP 746 HP 746 E 2 % eff. pf E 1.73 % eff. pf kW 1000 kW 1000 E 2 pf E 1.73 pf I E 2 pf I E 1.73 pf 1000 1000 IE2 I E 1.73 1000 1000 I E 2 % eff. pf I E 1.73 % eff. pf 746 746 I E 2 pf I E 1.73 pf Energy Efficiency = Load Horsepower 746 Load Input kVA 1000 Power Factor = pf = Power Consumed = W or kW = cos Apparent Power VA kVA
kW = Kilowatts pf = Power Factor kVA = Kilovolt-Amperes
kVA 1000 E HP 746 E % eff. pf kW 1000 E pf I E pf 1000 IE 1000 I E % eff. pf 746 E I pf
Not Applicable HP 746 E % eff. kW 1000 E IE 1000 Not Applicable I E % eff. 746 EI
I = Amperes HP = Horsepower
E = Volts % eff. = Percent Efficiency
263
2008 NEC Section Index

Index of the SPD Handbook Sections Correlated to the 2008 NEC
2008 NEC Section Description
Page
110.3(B) Listed or Labeled Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 110.9 Interrupting Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-10 110.10 Component Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 110.14(C) Electrical Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 110.16 Arc-Flash Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170 110.22 Series Ratings Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 230.95 Ground Fault Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147-149 240.2 Current Limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76-78 240.4(B) Conductor Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 240.4(D) Small Conductor Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 240.6 Standard OCPD Ampere Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 240.10 Supplemental Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 240.12 Selective Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108 240.21 Tap Conductor Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 240.60(C) Fuse Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 240.83 Circuit Breaker Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 240.85 Slash Voltage Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 240.86 Series Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41-46 240.92(B) Tap Conductor Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 250.122 Sizing Equipment Grounding Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 408.36 Panelboard Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 409.110 Industrial Control Panel Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 460.8 Capacitor Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 430 Motor Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171-235 430.8 Motor Controller Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211 430.36 Fuses for Overload and Single-Phasing Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182 430.52 Motor Short-Circuit Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190, 193 430.52(C)(5) Drive Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229 430.53 Group Motor Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231 430.62 Motor Feeder Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232 430.72 Motor Control Circuit Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233-235 430.112 Group Motor Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192 440.4(B) HVAC SCCR Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 450.3 Transformer Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69-72 501.115(A) Class I, Div. 1 Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 501.115(B)(3) Class I, Div. 2 Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 517.26 Healthcare Selective Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 620.51 Elevator Disconnecting Means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145 620.62 Elevator Circuit Selective Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145-146 620.91(C) Elevator Standby Power Disconnecting Means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145 670.3(A) Industrial Machinery Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 690.9(A) Photovoltaic Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 700.27 Emergency Systems Selective Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 701.18 Legally Required Systems Selective Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 708.54 COPS Selective Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
264

Index
Adjustable Speed Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228 Air Conditioners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66-67, 84 Ambient Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15, 64 Ampere Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Appliance Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 Appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 Application Limited Overcurrent Protective Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Arc-Flash Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160-162 Assembly Short-Circuit Current Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87-90 Ballasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86, 249 Blocks:
Fuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 Wire and Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79-81 E Rated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30-31, 71-72 Fast Acting Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 High Speed Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28-29, 228-230 Incident Energy Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . .164-169 Incident Energy Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165-167 Low-Peak Fuse Upgrade . . . . . . . .Inside Back Cover Medium Voltage: - Cooper Bussmann Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30-31 - Diagnostic Sizing Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249-253 - E-Rated Fuses for Small Transformers . . . . . .71-72 - Fuseology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-31 - Motor Circuits, R-Rated Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236 Non-Time-Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Operating Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12-13 Photovoltaic (PV) Fuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 Power Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24-25 R Rated MV Motor Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236 Safety System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16-18 Selection ChartBranch Circuit Fuses . . . . . . . . . .21 Single-Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Supplementary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19-20, 178 Testing Knife-Blade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 TimeCurrent Curves-Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
Conductors:
Allowable Ampacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 Derating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-60, 79-81
Control Circuit Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235 Control Circuit Protection . . . . . . . . . .232-235 Control Transformer Protection . . . . .232-235 Coordination, Selective . . . . . . . . . . . .108-146
Coordination with Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109-115 Coordination with Circuit Breakers . . . . . . . . .116-125 Fuse & Circuit Breaker Choices . . . . . . . . . . .136-137 Fuse & Circuit Breaker Mixture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126 Inspection Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138 Objections & Misunderstandings . . . . . . . . . .139-144 Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 Series Combination Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 System Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131-135 Why Selective Coordination Is Mandatory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128-130
Branch Circuit Overcurrent Protective Devices:

Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16-18, 21-25, 174 Circuit Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17-18
Busway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82-83 C Values for Conductors & Busways . . .245 Cable Limiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 Capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67, 249 Circuit Breakers:
Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116-125 Incident Energy Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . .165-168 Instantaneous Override . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117-118 Instantaneous Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117-120 Interrupting Rating vs Interrupting Capacity . . . .32-36 Motor Circuit Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176, 179 Operation Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116-119 Protecting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41-46 Reading Time-Current Curves . . . . . . . . . . . .118-121 Resetting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180 Series Combination Rating Tables . . . . . . . . . . .47-57 Series Combination Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41-57 Short-Time Delay Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125 Single-Pole Interrupting Capability . . . . . . . . . . .35-40 Slash Voltage Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Unlatching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116-118
Cost of Ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237-238 Cross Reference . . . . . . . . .Inside Back Cover Current-Limitation:

Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Fuse Let-Through Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257-261 Fuse Let-Through ChartsHow to Read . . . . . .77-78 Ground Fault Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156-157
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262-263 Ground Fault Protection . . . . . . . . . . . .147-157

Coordination with OCPDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151-155 Current-Limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156-157 Design Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155 Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147-149
Disconnect Switches . . . . . . . . . . .26, 171-175 Disconnecting Means . . .66, 145-146, 171-175 Dual-Element Fuses:
Cooper Bussmann Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24-25 Operation & Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11-13 Protection of Motor Starters . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209-212
Classes of Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16-18, 21-25 Component Protection . . . . . .76-107, 209-236

NEC110.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 Ballasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 Battery Conductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 Busway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82-83 Circuit Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41-46 Conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58-60 Equipment Grounding Conductors . . . . . . . . . . .79-80 HVAC Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66-67, 87-90 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 Let-Through Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257-261 Let-Through ChartsHow to Read . . . . . . . . . .77-78 Motor Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209-212 Series Combination Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41-57 Small WireNFPA 79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58, 81 Transfer Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 Type 1 Motor Starter Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212 Type 2 Motor Starter Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212 Type 2 No Damage Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213-227
E Rated Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30-31, 71-72 Electric Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67, 250 Electrical Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263 Elevator Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145-146 Equipment Grounding Conductors . . . . .79-80 Equipment Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61-72 Feeder Circuits & Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59, 191, 250, 254 Flash Hazard Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164 Flash Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160-162 Flash Protection Boundary . . . . . . . . . . . . .162 Fuse Holders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27, 171-175 Fuse Panelboards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 Fuses:
Ambient Rerating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Control Circuit Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235 Cross Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Inside Back Cover Current-Limiting Let-Through Charts . . . . . . .257-261 Current-Limiting Let-Through Charts-Using . . . .77-78 Diagnostic Sizing Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249-253 Dimensions-Class CC, R, J, L, T and CUBEFuse22-23 Dual-Element, Time-Delay - Cooper Bussmann Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24-25 - Operations & Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11-13 - Protection of Motor Starters . . . . . . . . . . . . .209-212
Group Motor Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231 Group Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192 HVAC Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66-67, 84 Hazardous Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 Health Care Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127-135 High Speed Fuses . . . . . . . . . . .28-29, 228-230 Incident Energy Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165-167 Industry Control Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . .87-107 Instantaneous Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117-120 Instantaneous Trip Circuit Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116-125 Insulated Case Circuit Breaker . .124-125, 136 Insulation Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181 Integrated Starters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178-179 Interrupting Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26-28 Interrupting Rating:
Circuit Breaker Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 Interrupting Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-8, 26-28 Interrupting Rating vs. Interrupting Capacity . . .26-28 Single-Pole Interrupting Capability . . . . . . . . . . .29-34
Interrupting Rating vs Interrupting Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32-34 Let-Through Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257-261 Let-Through ChartsHow to Use . . . . . .77-78 Lighting Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 Listed or Labeled Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . .65 Low Voltage Power Circuit Breaker . . . . . .125 Manual Motor Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177
265

Index
Medium Voltage:
E-Rated for Small & Potential Transformers . . .71-72 Fuseology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-31 Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24-25 Motor Circuits, R-Rated Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236 Controller Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209-227 TablesFuse, Conductor, Starter . . . . . . . . . .193-207 Type 2 No Damage Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213-227 Panelboards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 Photovoltaic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73-75 Power Electronics For Motor Circuits . . . . . . .228-230 Refrigeration Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66-67, 84 Room Air Conditioners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Semiconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28-29, 228-230, 253 Soft Starters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228 Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . .69-72, 232-235, 252-253 Welders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Short-Circuit Current Rating:

Assembly SCCR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89-104 Common weak link Components . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 HVAC Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66-67 Increasing Assembly SCCR . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105-107 Motor Controller Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211 NEC Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87-88 Umbrella Fuse Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91-93
Mini Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20, 178-179 MMPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177 Mobile Homes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 Molded Case Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176 Motor Circuit Conductor Protection . . . . . . . . . . . .60, 79-81 Motor Circuit Devices Function/Listing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171-180 Motor Circuit Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191 Motor Circuit Protection (see Table of Contents):
Adjustable Speed Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228-230 Basic Explanation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190 Control Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232-235 Controller Protection Explanation . . . . . . . . . .209-212 DevicesFunction/Listing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171-180 Group Fusing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231 Group Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190 Group Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192 MCPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19, 173, 176, 179 Medium Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236 Overload Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188-189 Protection Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193-207 Resetting CBs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180 Single-Phasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181-186 Thermal Magnetic Breakers . . . . . . . . . .176, 179, 188 Type 1 Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212 Type 2 Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212-227 Voltage Unbalancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181-182
Short Circuits:
Calculations of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239-245 Definition of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Impedance and Reactive Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244
Pullout Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175 R Rated Fuses (Medium Voltage) . . .31, 236 Ratings:
Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Interrupting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-10 Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-8
Short-Time Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125 Single Phasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181-186 Sizing of FusesCharts/Tables:

Ambient Rerating Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Based on actual motor current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208 Bus Bracing Required, Minimum . . . . . . . . . . . .82-83 Cable Limiter/Cable Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 Control Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232-235 Current-Limiting Let-Through Charts . . . . . . .257-261 Diagnostic Sizing Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249-253 Incident Energy & Low-Peak Fuses . . . . . . . .165-167 Main, Feeder & Branch Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . .250, 254 Motor Circuit Protection Tables . . . . . . . . . . . .193-207 Selectivity Ratio Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112 Series Combination Rating Charts . . . . . . . . . ..47-57 Small 3 MV Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71-72 Type 2 No Damage Starter Protection . . . . .213-227
Rectifier Circuit Ampere Ratios . . . . . . . .28-29 Refrigeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66-67, 84 Resettability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180 Room Air Conditioners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Safety, Electrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158-170
Arc-Flash Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160-162, 164 Maintenance Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163 Marking Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170 Shock Hazard Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
Safety System, OCPDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16-18 Sami Fuse Covers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 Selection ChartsFuse Type/Brand:
Cable Limiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 Control Circuit Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235 Cross Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Inside Back Cover High Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28-29 Medium Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30-31 Power Distribution, Branch-Circuit . . . . . . . . . . .21-25 See IndexSizing of Fuses Selection Chart, Branch Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
Motor Control Circuit Protection . . . . .232-235 Motor Controller Protection . . . . . . . . .209-212 Motor Circuit Protectors . . . .19, 173, 176, 179 Motor Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181-235 Motor Circuit Protection Tables . . . . . .193-207 Motor Starter Protection:
Analysis, Type 1& 2, & Type 2 Tables . . . . . .209-227 Graphic Explanation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209-212
Slash Voltage Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255-256 Supplementary Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20, 178 Supplementary Protection . . . . .19-20, 65, 178 Supplementary Protectors . . . . . . . . . . . . .178 Terminations:
Causes of Loose Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62-63 Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62-64 Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Selective Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . .108-146

Circuit Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116-125 COPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127-131 Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109-111 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108 Elevator Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145-146 Emergency Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127-131 Fuse Selectivity Ratio Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112 Health Care Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127-131 Inspection Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138 Legally Required Standby Systems . . . . . . . .127-131 NEC Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 Reading TimeCurrent Curves . . . . . . . . . . .109-110 Series Combination Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 System Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131-135 Why Selective Coordination is Mandatory . .127-131
Motor Starting Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187 NFPA 70E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158-170 Non-Time-Delay Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Overcurrent Protection Devices . . . . . . .16-20 Overcurrents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Overloads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6, 209-210 Panelboards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 Photovoltaic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73-75 Power Distribution Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 Protection of:
Air Conditioning Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . .66-67, 84 Appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 Ballasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86, 249 Capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67, 249 Circuit Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41-46 Conductors, Branch Circuits . . . . . . . . . .58-60, 79-81 Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228-230 Electric Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67, 250 Hazardous Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 Mobile Homes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 Motor Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181-235
Thermal Magnetic Circuit Breakers176, 179, 188 Time-Current Curves, Interpretation of . . . . . . . . . . . . .109, 118-126 Time-Delay Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Transfer Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 Transformer Secondary Conductors . . .58-59 Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69-72, 233-235 Type 1 Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212 Type 2 No Damage Fuse/Starter Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213-227
Allen-Bradley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217-218 Cutler-Hammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225-227 General Electric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213-216 Siemens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223-224 Square D Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219-222
Selectivity Ratio Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112 Self-Protected Starters . . . . . . . . .173, 176-177 Series Combination Ratings . . . . . . . . . .41-57 Series Combination Rating Tables . . . . .47-57
Cutler-Hammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49-51 General Electric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52-55 Siemens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56-57 Square D Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47-48
Type 2 Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212-227 Umbrella Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 Unlatching Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118 Voltage Drop Calculations . . . . . . . . . .246-248 Voltage Rating:
Fuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Slash Voltage Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-8
Voltage Unbalance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181-182 Wire & Cable Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79-81

266
267
Cooper Bussmann Cross Reference & Upgrade

The left column represents Cooper Bussmann and competitors part numbers. The right column represents the Cooper Bussmann upgrades.
CLASS CC and MIDGET
Existing Fuse A6Y type 2B ABU AGU ATDR ATM ATMR ATQ BAF BAN BLF BLN CCMR CM CMF CNM CNQ CTK CTK-R FLM FLQ FNM FNQ FNW GGU HCLR KLK KLK-R KTK KTK-R MCL MEN MEQ MOF MOL OTM TRM 6JX ATQR FNQ-R KLDR LOW-PEAK UPGRADE LP-CC
The Cooper Bussmann fuse upgrade offers superior performance while reducing the number of SKUs that need to be in stock. Low-Peak fuses feature a high degree of current limitation, which will provide the best component protection and may reduce the arc-flash hazard. Listings are numerical-alpha by fuse class and fuse catalog symbol. Do you have a part that does not appear in the list? This list is only a consolidated cross-reference to some of our most common products. For a much more extensive database please consult the competitor cross-reference on
CLASS R 600V
Existing Fuse A6D A6K-R A6X type 1 ATS-DE CHR CTS-R DES DES-R DLS DLS-R ECS-R ERS FLS FLS-R FRS FRS-R FTS-R GDS HAS KLS-R KOS KTS-R LES LES-R LES-RK LKS LLS-RK LOS-RK NLS NOS NRS OTS RES RFS RHS RLS SCLR TRS TRS-R 656 10KOTS 50KOTS LOW-PEAK UPGRADE LPS-RK_SP
www.cooperbussmann.com
or contact Customer Satisfaction at (636) 527-3877
CLASS R 250V
Existing Fuse A2D A2D-R A2K A2K-R A2Y type 1 AT-DE CHG CRN-R type 3 CTN-R DEN DLN DLN-R ECN ECN-R ERN FLN FLN-R FRN FRN-R FTN-R GDN HAC-R HB KLN-R KON KTN-R LENRK LKN LLN-RK LON-RK NCLR NLN NON NRN OTN REN RFN RHN RLN TR 655 660 10KOTN 50KOTN LOW-PEAK UPGRADE LPN-RK_SP
LP-CC FNQ-R FNQ-R FNQ-R
LPS-RK_SP
FNQ-R suggested on primary of control transformers
CLASS J
Existing Fuse A4J AJT CJ CJS GF8B HRCXXJ J JA JCL JDL JFL JHC JKS JLS JTD LOW-PEAK UPGRADE LPJ_SP
CLASS L
Existing Fuses A4BQ A4BT A4BY A4BY type 55 CLASS L CLF CLL CLU HRC-L KLLU KLPC KLU KTU L LCL LCU LOW-PEAK UPGRADE KRP-C_SP
LPJ_SP
LPN-RK_SP
KRP-C_SP
The comparative catalog numbers shown were derived from the latest available published information from various manufacturers. Because competitors products may differ from Cooper Bussmann products, it is recommended that each application be checked for required electrical and mechanical characteristics before substitutions are made. Cooper Bussmann is not responsible for misapplications of our products. Overcurrent protection is application dependent. Consult latest catalogs and application literature, or contact our Application Engineering Department at (636) 527-1270.
Cooper Bussmann: Leading the Industry in Downtime Reduction, Workplace Safety & Code Compliance Solutions
Customer Assistance
Customer Satisfaction Team The Cooper Bussmann Customer Satisfaction Team is available to answer questions regarding Cooper Bussmann products and services. Calls should be made Monday Friday, 8:00 a.m. 4:30 p.m. for all US time zones.
Application Engineering Application Engineering assistance is available to all customers. The Application Engineering team is staffed by degreed electrical engineers and available by phone with technical and application support Monday Friday, 8:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m. Central Time. Application Engineering can be reached via: Phone: 636-527-1270 Fax: 636-527-1607 E-mail: fusetech@cooperindustries.com Services Engineering: electrical system review, arc-flash hazards, selective coordination, labeling requirements Training: electrical safety and safety programs, code compliance Testing: component testing for agency certifications Contact us for more information on services: Phone: 636-207-3294 E-mail: services@cooperindustries.com Online Resources Visit www.cooperbussmann.com for the following resources: Product cross reference Arc-flash calculator OSCAR 2.0 compliance software Training modules Selective coordination application materials
The Customer Satisfaction Team can be reached via: Phone: 636-527-3877 Toll-free fax: 800-544-2570 E-mail: busscustsat@cooperindustries.com Emergency and After-Hours Orders To accommodate time-critical needs, Cooper Bussmann offers emergency and after-hours service for next flight out or will call. Customers pay only standard price for the circuit protection device, rush freight charges and a modest emergency fee for this service. Emergency and after-hours orders should be placed through the Customer Satisfaction Team. Call: Monday Friday, 8:00 a.m. 4:30 p.m. Central Time 636-527-3877 After hours 314-995-1342 C3 The Enhanced, Online Cooper Customer Center Providing real time product availability, net pricing, order status and shipment tracking across six Cooper divisions: B-Line, Bussmann, Crouse-Hinds, Lighting, Power Systems & Wiring Devices. Available at: www.cooperc3.com 877-995-5955 for log-in assistance.
51712 54096
2009 Cooper Bussmann St. Louis, MO 63178 636-394-2877 www.cooperbussmann.com
Reorder # 3002
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Based on the 2008 NEC

SPD - Selecting Protective Devices

Selecting Protective Devices Handbook (SPD) Based on the 2008 NEC

For other technical resources and product information visit www.cooperbussmann.com.

2008 Cooper Bussmann

Cooper Bussmann Selecting Protective Devices

Short Circuit Current Calculations . .239 - 245

Voltage Drop Calculations . . . . . . . . .246 - 248

Fuse Diagnostic Sizing Charts . . . . .249 - 253

2008 Cooper Bussmann

Overcurrent Protection Requirements

Circuit Breaker Board Ratings

Initial Cost of Equipment

Figure 1. Fusible Design: $26,000**

Figure 2. Circuit Breaker Design: $47,500**

Fusible Board Ratings

2008 Cooper Bussmann

Circuit Breaker Equipment Annual Maintenance Requirements

Total Man Hours

Assume $80/Hour by a qualified testing/engineering firm.

Total Maintenance Cost - Circuit Breaker Equipment

Total Cost of Ownership

Circuit Breaker Equipment Cost of Ownership

Preventive Maintenance Costs

Fusible Equipment - Annual Maintenance Requirements

Total Man Hours

Fuse Replacement Costs

Fuse Cost* Each

Fuse Cost Over 20 Years

Fuse Replacement Cost/Yr = $760/20Yrs = $38/Yr.

Total Maintenance Cost - Fusible Equipment

2008 Cooper Bussmann

Short-Circuit Current Calculations

Procedures and Methods

General Comments on Short Circuit Calculations

Short-Circuit Current Calculations

Basic Point-to-Point Calculation Procedure

Calculation of Short-Circuit Currents at Second Transformer in System

IS.C. primary H.V. UTILITY CONNECTION

Procedure for Second Transformer in System

I S.C. primary x V primary x (%Z) 100,000 x kVA

Calculate "M" (multiplier). M= 1 1 +f

2008 Cooper Bussmann

Short-Circuit Current Calculations

Itotal S.C. sym RMS = 51,504 + 7216 = 58,720A Step 4.

KRP-C-2000SP Fuse Fault X 1 400A Switch LPS-RK-400SP Fuse

1.732 x 25 x 51,540 = 0.0349 22,185 x 6 x 480 1 = 0.9663 1 + 0.0349

50' - 500 kcmil Feeder Cable in Steel Conduit

Fault X 2 2 Motor Contribution

IS.C.sym RMS = 33,215 x 0.905 = 30,059A

30 - 500 kcmil 4 Per Phase Copper in PVC Conduit

= 34,370 x 0.9664 = 33,215A Step B. M=

IS.C. sym RMS =

20 - 2/0 2 Per Phase Copper in PVC Conduit Fault X 2 2

225 KVA transformer, 208V, 3 1.2 % Z Fault X 3 3

2008 Cooper Bussmann

Short-Circuit Current Calculations

Primary Secondary Short Circuit L2 N L1

Note in these examples:

Calculate Assembly SCCR with Ease & Confidence

2008 Cooper Bussmann