1. 1. SECTIONS OF SOLIDS. SECTIONS OF SOLIDS.

2. 2. DEVELOPMENT. DEVELOPMENT.
3. 3. INTERSECTIONS. INTERSECTIONS.
ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS
OF OF
THE PRINCIPLES THE PRINCIPLES
OF OF
PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDES. PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDES.
STUDY CAREFULLY STUDY CAREFULLY
THE ILLUSTRATIONS GIVEN ON THE ILLUSTRATIONS GIVEN ON
NEXT NEXT SIX SIX PAGES ! PAGES !
8ECTONNG A 8OLD. 8ECTONNG A 8OLD.
An object ( here a solid ) is cut by An object ( here a solid ) is cut by
some imaginary cutting plane some imaginary cutting plane
to understand internal details of that object. to understand internal details of that object.
The action of cutting is called The action of cutting is called
SECTIONING SECTIONING a solid a solid
& &
The plane of cutting is called The plane of cutting is called
SECTION PLANE. SECTION PLANE.
Two cutting actions means section planes are recommended Two cutting actions means section planes are recommended. .
A) Section Plane perpendicular to Vp and inclined to Hp. A) Section Plane perpendicular to Vp and inclined to Hp.
( This is a deIinition oI an Aux. Inclined Plane i.e. A.I.P.) ( This is a deIinition oI an Aux. Inclined Plane i.e. A.I.P.)
NOTE: NOTE: This section plane appears This section plane appears
as a straight line in Fv. as a straight line in Fv.
) Section Plane perpendicular to Hp and inclined to Vp. ) Section Plane perpendicular to Hp and inclined to Vp.
( This is a deIinition oI an Aux. Vertical Plane i.e. A.V.P.) ( This is a deIinition oI an Aux. Vertical Plane i.e. A.V.P.)
NOTE: NOTE: This section plane appears This section plane appears
as a straight line in Tv. as a straight line in Tv.
Remember: Remember:
1. After launching a section plane 1. After launching a section plane
either in Fv or Tv, the part towards observer either in Fv or Tv, the part towards observer
is assumed to be removed. is assumed to be removed.
2. As far as possible the smaller part is 2. As far as possible the smaller part is
assumed to be removed. assumed to be removed.
OBSERVER OBSERVER
ASSUME ASSUME
UPPER PART UPPER PART
REMOVED REMOVED
OBSERVER OBSERVER
ASSUME ASSUME
LOWER PART LOWER PART
REMOVED REMOVED
(A) (A)
() ()
ILLUSTRATION SHOWING ILLUSTRATION SHOWING
IMPORTANT TERMS IMPORTANT TERMS
IN SECTIONING. IN SECTIONING.
xx yy
TRUE SHAPE TRUE SHAPE
Of SECTION Of SECTION
SECTION SECTION
PLANE PLANE
SECTION LINES SECTION LINES
(45 (45
00
to XY) to XY)
Apparent Shape Apparent Shape
of section of section
SECTIONAL T.V. SECTIONAL T.V.
For TV For TV
Section Plane Section Plane
Through Apex Through Apex
Section Plane Section Plane
Through Generators Through Generators
Section Plane Parallel Section Plane Parallel
to end generator. to end generator.
Section Plane Section Plane
Parallel to Axis. Parallel to Axis.
Triangle Triangle
Ellipse Ellipse
Hyperbola Hyperbola
Ellipse Ellipse
Cylinder through Cylinder through
generators. generators.
Sq. Pyramid through Sq. Pyramid through
all slant edges all slant edges
Trapezium Trapezium
TypicaI Section PIanes TypicaI Section PIanes
& &
TypicaI Shapes TypicaI Shapes
Of Of
Sections Sections..
EVELOPMENT OF SURFACES OF SOLIS. EVELOPMENT OF SURFACES OF SOLIS.
MEAAIAC: MEAAIAC:- -
ASSUME OECT HOLLOW AND MADE ASSUME OECT HOLLOW AND MADE- -UP OF THIN SHEET. CUT OPEN IT FROM ONE SIDE AND UP OF THIN SHEET. CUT OPEN IT FROM ONE SIDE AND
UNFOLD THE SHEET COMPLETELY. THEN THE UNFOLD THE SHEET COMPLETELY. THEN THE SHAPE OF THAT UNFOLDED SHEET IS CALLED SHAPE OF THAT UNFOLDED SHEET IS CALLED
EVELOPMENT OF LATERLAL SUEFACES EVELOPMENT OF LATERLAL SUEFACES OF THAT OECT OR SOLID. OF THAT OECT OR SOLID.
LATERLAL SURFACE LATERLAL SURFACE IS THE SURFACE EXCLUDING SOLID`S TOP & ASE. IS THE SURFACE EXCLUDING SOLID`S TOP & ASE.
EACIAEERIAC APLICA1IOA EACIAEERIAC APLICA1IOA
THERE ARE SO MANY PRODUCTS OR OECTS WHICH ARE DIFFICULT TO MANUFACTURE Y THERE ARE SO MANY PRODUCTS OR OECTS WHICH ARE DIFFICULT TO MANUFACTURE Y
CONVENTIONAL MANUFACTURING PROCESSES, ECAUSE OF THEIR SHAPES AND SIZES. CONVENTIONAL MANUFACTURING PROCESSES, ECAUSE OF THEIR SHAPES AND SIZES.
THOSE ARE FARICATED IN SHEET METAL INDUSTRY Y USING THOSE ARE FARICATED IN SHEET METAL INDUSTRY Y USING
DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUE. THERE IS A VAST RANGE OF SUCH OECTS. DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUE. THERE IS A VAST RANGE OF SUCH OECTS.
EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES:- -
oiler Shells & chimneys, Pressure Vessels, Shovels, Trays, oxes & Cartons, Feeding Hoppers, oiler Shells & chimneys, Pressure Vessels, Shovels, Trays, oxes & Cartons, Feeding Hoppers,
Large Pipe sections, ody & Parts oI automotives, Ships, Aeroplanes and many more. Large Pipe sections, ody & Parts oI automotives, Ships, Aeroplanes and many more.
HAT IS HAT IS
OUR OB1ECTIVE OUR OB1ECTIVE
IN THIS TOPIC ? IN THIS TOPIC ?
To learn methods oI development oI surIaces oI To learn methods oI development oI surIaces oI
diIIerent solids, their sections and Irustums diIIerent solids, their sections and Irustums..
1. Development is diIIerent drawing than PROECTIONS. 1. Development is diIIerent drawing than PROECTIONS.
2. It is a shape showing AREA, means it`s a 2 2. It is a shape showing AREA, means it`s a 2- -D plain drawing. D plain drawing.
3. Hence all dimensions oI it must be TRUE dimensions. 3. Hence all dimensions oI it must be TRUE dimensions.
4. As it is representing shape oI an un 4. As it is representing shape oI an un- -Iolded sheet, no edges can remain hidden Iolded sheet, no edges can remain hidden
And hence DOTTED LINES are never shown on development. And hence DOTTED LINES are never shown on development.
But before going ahead, But before going ahead,
note following note following
Important Important points points..
Study illustrations given on next page carefully. Study illustrations given on next page carefully.
6D
H
D
S
S
H
7
7

R
L
360
0
Rase circle radius.
LSlant height.
L Slant edge.
S Edge oI base
H Height S Edge oI base
H Height D base diameter
Development oI lateral surIaces oI diIIerent solids.
(Lateral surIace is the surIace excluding top & base)
!risms No.oI Rectangles
Cylinder. A Rectangle
Cone. (Sector oI circle)
!yramids (No.oI triangles)
Tetrahedron. Four Equilateral Triangles
All sides
equal in length
Cube. Six Squares.
7
7

R
L
360
0
R ase circle radius oI cone
L Slant height oI cone
L
1
Slant height oI cut part.
ase side
Top side
L Slant edge oI pyramid
L
1
Slant edge oI cut part.
DEVELOPMENT OF
FRUSTUM OF CONE
DEVELOPMENT OF
FRUSTUM OF SQUARE PYRAMID
STUDY NEXT STUDY NEXT I I PROBLEMS OF PROBLEMS OF
SECTIONS & DEVELOPMENT SECTIONS & DEVELOPMENT
FRUSTUMS FRUSTUMS
X
Y
X
1
Y
1
A

C
E
D
a
e
d
b
c
A C D E A
DEVELOPMENT
a
b
c d
e
ProbIem 1: ProbIem 1: A pentagonal prism , 30 mm base side & 50 mm axis A pentagonal prism , 30 mm base side & 50 mm axis
is standing on Hp on it`s base with one side oI the base perpendicular to VP. is standing on Hp on it`s base with one side oI the base perpendicular to VP.
It is cut by a section plane inclined at 45 It is cut by a section plane inclined at 45 to the HP, through mid point oI axis. to the HP, through mid point oI axis.
Draw Fv, sec.Tv & sec. Side view. Also draw true shape oI section and Draw Fv, sec.Tv & sec. Side view. Also draw true shape oI section and
Development oI surIace oI remaining solid. Development oI surIace oI remaining solid.
Solution Steps: Solution Steps:for sectional views. for sectional views.
Draw three views oI standing prism. Draw three views oI standing prism.
Locate sec.plane in Fv as described. Locate sec.plane in Fv as described.
Project points where edges are getting Project points where edges are getting
Cut on Tv & Sv as shown in illustration. Cut on Tv & Sv as shown in illustration.
oin those points in sequence and show oin those points in sequence and show
Section lines in it. Section lines in it.
Make remaining part oI solid dark. Make remaining part oI solid dark.
For True Shape: For True Shape:
raw x raw x
1 1
yy
1 1
// to sec. plane // to sec. plane
raw projectors on it from raw projectors on it from
cut points. cut points.
Mark distances of points Mark distances of points
of Sectioned part from Tv, of Sectioned part from Tv,
on above projectors from on above projectors from
xx
1 1
yy
1 1
and join in sequence. and join in sequence.
raw section lines in it. raw section lines in it.
t is required true shape. t is required true shape.
For DeveIopment: For DeveIopment:
raw development of entire solid. Name from raw development of entire solid. Name from
cut cut- -open edge .e. A. in sequence as shown. open edge .e. A. in sequence as shown.
Mark the cut points on respective edges. Mark the cut points on respective edges.
Join them in sequence in st. lines. Join them in sequence in st. lines.
Make existing parts dev.dark. Make existing parts dev.dark.
Q 14.11 A square pyramid, base 40 mm side and axis 65 mm long, has its base on the HP and all
the edges oI the base equally inclined to the VP. It is cut by a section plane, perpendicular to the
VP, inclined at 45 to the HP and bisecting the axis. Draw its sectional top view, sectional side
view and true shape oI the section. Also draw its development.

a
b
c
d
o
a'
b'
c'
d'
o'
1
2
3

1'
2'
3'
'
1
1

1
2
1 3
1
Y
A
B
C

A
O
1
1
2
3

Q 15.17 A square pyramid, base 40 mm side and axis 65 mm long, has its base on the HP with
two edges oI the base perpendicular to the VP. It is cut by a section plane, perpendicular to the
VP, inclined at 45 to the HP and bisecting the axis. Draw its sectional top view and true shape oI
the section. Also draw its development.

o'
Y
A
B
C
D
A
O
a b
c d
o
a' d' b' c'
1
2
3
4
1' 4'
2' 3'
2
3
1
2
True length
of slant
edge
1 4
1
1
4
2 3
2
3
True length
of slant
edge
Q 14.14 A pentagonal pyramid , base 30mm side and axis 60 mm long is lying on one oI its triangular Iaces
on the HP with the axis parallel to the VP. A vertical section plane, whose HT bisects the top view oI the axis
and makes an angle oI 30 with the reIerence line, cuts the pyramid removing its top part. Draw the top view,
sectional Iront view and true shape oI the section and development oI the surIace oI the remaining portion oI
the pyramid.
Y
X
a' b' e'
c' d'
a
b
c
d
e
o
o'
6
0
c'd'
o'
a'
b'e'
3
0
a
1
b
1
c
1
d
1
e
1
o
1
1'
2'
3'
4'
5'
6'
1
2
3
4
5
6
3
1
'
4
1
'
2
1
'
1
1
'
6
1'
5
1
'
O
A
B
C
D
E
A
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
5
6

Y
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Q 15.26 draw the projections oI a cone resting on the ground on its base and show on them, the shortest path
by which a point P, starting Irom a point on the circumIerence oI the base and moving around the cone will
return to the same point. ase oI cone 65 mm diameter ; axis 75 mm long.
1'
2'
12'
3'
11'
'
10'
'
9'
6'
8'
7'
2
3

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
0=13
O'
0=r/L 360
0=32./81.7 360
= 13
Q 14.24 A right circular cone, base 25 mm radius and height 65 mm rests on its base on H.P. It is cut by a
section plane perpendicular to the V.P., inclined at 45 to the H.P. and bisecting the axis. Draw the projections
oI the truncated cone and develop its lateral surIace.

Y
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
12
3
11

10

9
6
8
7
2
3

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
a
b
c
k
d
e
f
g
h
i
l
j
a
f
b
c
k
d
e
g
h
i
l
j
A
C

E
B
A
F
G
H

J
K
L
0=103
o`
h
a
b
c
d
g
I
o
e
a` b` c`
g`
d`I` e` h`
X Y
7

R
L
360
0
Rase circle radius.
LSlant height.
7
A

C
D
E
F
G
H
A
O

4
7
6
5
L
11
22
33
44
55
66
77
1` 1`
2` 2`
3` 3` 4` 4`
5` 5`
6` 6`
7` 7`
Problem 6: Problem 6: Draw a semicircle 0I 100 mm diameter and inscribe in it a largest Draw a semicircle 0I 100 mm diameter and inscribe in it a largest
circle.II the semicircle is development oI a cone and inscribed circle is some circle.II the semicircle is development oI a cone and inscribed circle is some
curve on it, then draw the projections oI cone showing that curve. curve on it, then draw the projections oI cone showing that curve.
SoIution Steps: SoIution Steps:
raw semicircle of given diameter, divide it in 8 Parts and inscribe in it raw semicircle of given diameter, divide it in 8 Parts and inscribe in it
a largest circle as shown.Name intersecting points 1, 2, 3 etc. a largest circle as shown.Name intersecting points 1, 2, 3 etc.
Semicircle being dev.of a cone it's radius is slant height of cone.( L ) Semicircle being dev.of a cone it's radius is slant height of cone.( L )
Then using above formula find R of base of cone. Using this data Then using above formula find R of base of cone. Using this data
draw Fv & Tv of cone and form 8 generators and name. draw Fv & Tv of cone and form 8 generators and name.
Take o Take o - -1 distance from dev.,mark on TL i.e.o'a' on Fv & bring on o'b' 1 distance from dev.,mark on TL i.e.o'a' on Fv & bring on o'b'
and name 1' Similarly locate all points on Fv. Then project all on Tv and name 1' Similarly locate all points on Fv. Then project all on Tv
on respective generators and join by smooth curve. on respective generators and join by smooth curve.
TO DRAW PRINCIPAL TO DRAW PRINCIPAL
VIEWS FROM GIVEN VIEWS FROM GIVEN
DEVELOPMENT. DEVELOPMENT.
".5.: A right circular cylinder, base 50 mm diameter and axis 60 mm long, is standing on HP on its
base. It has a square hole of size 5 in it. The axis of the hole bisects the axis of the cylinder and is
perpendicular to the VP. The faces of the square hole are equally inclined with the HP. raw its
projections and develop lateral surface of the cylinder.
Y
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
X
1'
2'
12'
3'
11'
'
10'
'
9'
6'
8' 7'
a'
b'
c'
d'
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 1
a
a
b d
b d
c
c
A
B
D
C C
B
D
A
a
c
".5.: A frustum of square pyramid has its base 50 mm side, top 5 mm side and axis 75 mm. raw
the development of its lateral surface. Also draw the projections of the frustum (when its axis is vertical
and a side of its base is parallel to the VP), showing the line joining the mid point of a top edge of one
face with the mid point of the bottom edge of the opposite face, by the shortest distance.
Y
X
0
2
7
a b
c d
a
1
b
1
c
1
d
1
a'
d'
b'
c'
a
1
'
d
1
'
b
1
'
c
1
'
o
o'
True
length of
slant
edge
A
1
B
1
C
1

1
A
1
A
B
C

A
P
Q
R
S
p'
p
q'
q
r'
r
s'
s
Q A square prism oI 40 mm edge oI the base and 65 mm height stands on its base on the HP with
vertical Iaces inclined at 45 with the VP. A horizontal hole oI 40 mm diameter is drilled centrally
through the prism such that the hole passes through the opposite vertical edges oI the prism, draw
the development oI the surIaces oI the prism.
Y
X
a
b
c
d
a` b`d` c`
a` b`d` c`

4
5
6
7

1
1
2
12
2
12
3
11
3
11
4 10
4 10
5
9
5
9
6
8
6
8
1 2
12
3
11
4
10
A

C
7
7
5
9
6
8
7 6
8
5
9
4
10
7 1 2
12
3
11
A
1
2
12
11
3
10
4
9
5
8
6
7 7
6
8
9
11
3
12
1
5
4
2
10
D
Y
h
a
b
c
d
e
g
I
X
a` b` d` e`
c` g` I` h`
o`
X
1
Y
1
g hI ae bd c
A

C
D
E
F
A
G
H
SECTIONAL T.V
SECTIONAL S.V
DEVELOPMENT
ProbIem 2: ProbIem 2: A cone, 0 mm base diameter and 70 mm axis is A cone, 0 mm base diameter and 70 mm axis is
standing on it's base on Hp. t cut by a section plane standing on it's base on Hp. t cut by a section plane
0 0
inclined inclined
to Hp through base end of end generator.raw projections, to Hp through base end of end generator.raw projections,
sectional views, true shape of section and development of surfaces sectional views, true shape of section and development of surfaces
of remaining solid. of remaining solid.
SoIution Steps: SoIution Steps:for sectional views: for sectional views:
raw three views of standing cone. raw three views of standing cone.
Locate sec.plane in Fv as described. Locate sec.plane in Fv as described.
Project points where generators are Project points where generators are
getting Cut on Tv & Sv as shown in getting Cut on Tv & Sv as shown in
illustration.Join those points in illustration.Join those points in
sequence and show Section lines in it. sequence and show Section lines in it.
Make remaining part of solid dark. Make remaining part of solid dark.
For True Shape: For True Shape:
raw x raw x
1 1
yy
1 1
// to sec. plane // to sec. plane
raw projectors on it from raw projectors on it from
cut points. cut points.
Mark distances of points Mark distances of points
of Sectioned part from Tv, of Sectioned part from Tv,
on above projectors from on above projectors from
x x
1 1
yy
1 1
and join in sequence. and join in sequence.
raw section lines in it. raw section lines in it.
t is required true shape. t is required true shape.
For DeveIopment: For DeveIopment:
raw development of entire solid. raw development of entire solid.
Name from cut Name from cut- -open edge i.e. A. open edge i.e. A.
in sequence as shown.Mark the cut in sequence as shown.Mark the cut
points on respective edges. points on respective edges.
Join them in sequence in curvature. Join them in sequence in curvature.
Make existing parts dev.dark. Make existing parts dev.dark.
X Y
e` a` b` d` c` g` I` h`
o`
h
a
b
c
d
e
g
I
O
DEVELOPMENT
A

C
D
E
F
A
G
H
O O
11
22
33
44
66
55
77
1` 1`
2` 2`
3` 3`
4` 4`
5` 5`
6` 6`
7` 7`
11
22
33
44
55
66
77
HELIX CURVE HELIX CURVE
Problem : Problem : A particle which is initially on base circle oI a cone, standing A particle which is initially on base circle oI a cone, standing
on Hp, moves upwards and reaches apex in one complete turn around the cone. on Hp, moves upwards and reaches apex in one complete turn around the cone.
Draw it`s path on projections oI cone as well as on it`s development. Draw it`s path on projections oI cone as well as on it`s development.
Take base circle diameter 50 mm and axis 70 mm long. Take base circle diameter 50 mm and axis 70 mm long.
It's a construction of curve It's a construction of curve
HeIix of one turn on cone HeIix of one turn on cone: :
raw Fv & Tv & dev.as usual raw Fv & Tv & dev.as usual
On all form generators & name. On all form generators & name.
Construction of curve Helix:: Construction of curve Helix::
Show 8 generators on both views Show 8 generators on both views
ivide axis also in same parts. ivide axis also in same parts.
raw horizontal lines from those raw horizontal lines from those
points on both end generators. points on both end generators.
1' is a point where first horizontal 1' is a point where first horizontal
Line & gen. b'o' intersect. Line & gen. b'o' intersect.
2' is a point where second horiz. 2' is a point where second horiz.
Line & gen. c'o' intersect. Line & gen. c'o' intersect.
n this way locate all points on Fv. n this way locate all points on Fv.
Project all on Tv.Join in curvature. Project all on Tv.Join in curvature.
For DeveIopment: For DeveIopment:
Then taking each points true Then taking each points true
istance From resp.generator istance From resp.generator
from apex, Mark on development from apex, Mark on development
& join. & join.
o`
h
a
b
c
d
g
I
o
e
a` b` c`
g`
d`I` e` h`
X Y
7

R
L
360
0
Rase circle radius.
LSlant height.
7
A

C
D
E
F
G
H
A
O

4
7
6
5
L
11
22
33
44
55
66
77
1` 1`
2` 2`
3` 3` 4` 4`
5` 5`
6` 6`
7` 7`
#roblem 6: #roblem 6: raw a semicircle 0f 100 mm diameter and inscribe in it a largest raw a semicircle 0f 100 mm diameter and inscribe in it a largest
circle.!f the semicircle is development of a cone and inscribed circle is some circle.!f the semicircle is development of a cone and inscribed circle is some
curve on it, then draw the projections of cone showing that curve. curve on it, then draw the projections of cone showing that curve.
SoIution Steps: SoIution Steps:
raw semicircle of given diameter, divide it in 8 Parts and inscribe in it raw semicircle of given diameter, divide it in 8 Parts and inscribe in it
a largest circle as shown.Name intersecting points 1, 2, 3 etc. a largest circle as shown.Name intersecting points 1, 2, 3 etc.
Semicircle being dev.of a cone it's radius is slant height of cone.( L ) Semicircle being dev.of a cone it's radius is slant height of cone.( L )
Then using above formula find R of base of cone. Using this data Then using above formula find R of base of cone. Using this data
draw Fv & Tv of cone and form 8 generators and name. draw Fv & Tv of cone and form 8 generators and name.
Take o Take o - -1 distance from dev.,mark on TL i.e.o'a' on Fv & bring on o'b' 1 distance from dev.,mark on TL i.e.o'a' on Fv & bring on o'b'
and name 1' Similarly locate all points on Fv. Then project all on Tv and name 1' Similarly locate all points on Fv. Then project all on Tv
on respective generators and join by smooth curve. on respective generators and join by smooth curve.
TO DRAW PRINCIPAL TO DRAW PRINCIPAL
VIEWS FROM GIVEN VIEWS FROM GIVEN
DEVELOPMENT. DEVELOPMENT.
h
a
b
c
d
g
I
e
o`
a` b`
d`
c` g`
I`
h`
e`
X
Y
A

C
D
E
F
G
H
A
O
L
7

R
L
360
0
Rase circle radius.
LSlant height.
7
1` 1`
2` 2`
3` 3`
4` 4`
5` 5`
6` 6`
7` 7`
11
22
33
44
55
66
77
Problem 7: Problem 7:Draw a semicircle 0I 100 mm diameter and inscribe in it a largest Draw a semicircle 0I 100 mm diameter and inscribe in it a largest
rhombus rhombus.II the semicircle is development oI a cone and rhombus is some curve .II the semicircle is development oI a cone and rhombus is some curve
on it, then draw the projections oI cone showing that curve. on it, then draw the projections oI cone showing that curve.
TO DRAW PRINCIPAL TO DRAW PRINCIPAL
VIEWS FROM GIVEN VIEWS FROM GIVEN
DEVELOPMENT. DEVELOPMENT.
SoIution Steps: SoIution Steps:
Similar to previous Similar to previous
Problem: Problem:
A.V.P30
0
inclined to Vp
Through mid-point of axis.
X Y
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 8
b`
I`
a` e`
c`
d`
a
b
c
d
e
I
a
1
d
1 b
1
e
1
c
1
I
1
X
1
Y
1
AS SECTION PLANE IS IN T.V.,
CUT OPEN FROM OUNDRY EDGE C
1
FOR DEVELOPMENT.
C D E F A

C
DEVELOPMENT
SECTIONAL F.V.
ProbIem 4: ProbIem 4: A hexagonal prism. 30 mm base side & A hexagonal prism. 30 mm base side &
mm axis is lying on Hp on it's rect.face with axis mm axis is lying on Hp on it's rect.face with axis
// to Vp. t is cut by a section plane normal to Hp and // to Vp. t is cut by a section plane normal to Hp and
30 30
0 0
inclined to Vp bisecting axis. inclined to Vp bisecting axis.
raw sec. Views, true shape & development. raw sec. Views, true shape & development.
Use simiIar steps for sec.views & true shape. Use simiIar steps for sec.views & true shape.
NOTE: NOTE: for development, always cut open object from for development, always cut open object from
From an edge in the boundary of the view in which From an edge in the boundary of the view in which
sec.plane appears as a line. sec.plane appears as a line.
Here it is Tv and in boundary, there is c1 edge.Hence Here it is Tv and in boundary, there is c1 edge.Hence
it is opened from c and named C,,E,F,A,B,C. it is opened from c and named C,,E,F,A,B,C.
Note Note the steps to locate the steps to locate
Points 1, 2 , , 6 in sec.Fv: Points 1, 2 , , 6 in sec.Fv:
Those are transferred to Those are transferred to
1 1
st st
TV, then to 1 TV, then to 1
st st
Fv and Fv and
Then on 2 Then on 2
nd nd
Fv. Fv.
1`
2`
3`
4`
5`
6`
7`
7
1
5
4
3
2
6
7
1
6
5
4
3
2
a
b
c
d
e
I
g
4
4 5
3
6
2
7
1
A

C
D
E
A
F
G
O
O`
d`e`
c`I` g`b` a`
X Y
X
1
Y
1
F.V.
SECTIONAL
TOP VIEW.
Problem 5A solid composed oI a halI-cone and halI- hexagonal pyramid is
shown in Iigure.It is cut by a section plane 45
0
inclined to Hp, passing through
mid-point oI axis.Draw F.v., sectional T.v.,true shape oI section and
development oI remaining part oI the solid.
( take radius oI cone and each side oI hexagon 30mm long and axis 70mm.)
Note: Note:
Fv & TV 8f two solids Fv & TV 8f two solids
sandwiched sandwiched
Section lines style in both: Section lines style in both:
evelopment of evelopment of
half cone & half pyramid: half cone & half pyramid:
a` a`
b` b` c` c` d` d`
o` o`
e` e`
aa
bb
cc
dd
oo
ee
X X Y Y
A A

CC
D D
EE
A A
O O
22
33
4 4
11
Problem : Problem : A halI cone oI 50 mm base diameter, 70 mm axis, is standing on it`s halI base on HP with it`s Ilat Iace A halI cone oI 50 mm base diameter, 70 mm axis, is standing on it`s halI base on HP with it`s Ilat Iace
parallel and nearer to VP.An inextensible string is wound round it`s surIace Irom one point oI base circle and parallel and nearer to VP.An inextensible string is wound round it`s surIace Irom one point oI base circle and
brought back to the same point.II the string is oI brought back to the same point.II the string is oI 8orte8t lengt 8orte8t lengt, Iind it and show it on the projections oI the cone. , Iind it and show it on the projections oI the cone.
11
22
33
44
1` 1`
2` 2`
3` 3`
4` 4`
TO DRAW A CURVE ON TO DRAW A CURVE ON
PRINCIPAL VIEWS PRINCIPAL VIEWS
FROM DEVELOPMENT. FROM DEVELOPMENT.
Concept: Concept: A string wound A string wound
from a point up to the same from a point up to the same
Point, of shortest length Point, of shortest length
Must appear st. line on it's Must appear st. line on it's
evelopment. evelopment.
SoIution steps: SoIution steps:
Hence draw development, Hence draw development,
Name it as usual and join Name it as usual and join
A to A This is shortest A to A This is shortest
Length of that string. Length of that string.
Further steps are as usual. Further steps are as usual.
On dev. Name the points of On dev. Name the points of
ntersections of this line with ntersections of this line with
ifferent generators.Bring ifferent generators.Bring
Those on Fv & Tv and join Those on Fv & Tv and join
by smooth curves. by smooth curves.
raw ' a' part of string dotted raw ' a' part of string dotted
As it is on back side of cone. As it is on back side of cone.
X Y e` a` b` d` c` g` I` h`
o`
o`
ProbIem 3: A cone 40mm diameter and 50 mm axis is resting on one generator on Hp( Iying on Hp)
which is // to Vp.. Draw it's projections.It is cut by a horizontaI section pIane through it's base
center. Draw sectionaI TV, deveIopment of the surface of the remaining part of cone.
A

C
D
E
F
A
G
H
O
a
1
h
1
g
1
I
1
e
1
d
1
c
1
b
1
o
1
SECTIONAL T.V
DEVELOPMENT
(SHOWING TRUE SHAPE OF SECTION)
HORIZONTAL
SECTION PLANE
h
a
b
c
d
e
g
I
O
ollow similar solution steps for Sec.views ollow similar solution steps for Sec.views - - True shape True shape - - Development as per previous problem! Development as per previous problem!