Tabitha Armstrong KAP #1 Forcing the Spring Ch. 1 1.

. Preservation the 'setting aside' of the natural world for the protection of the environment from urbanization, industrialization, and other elements of society that would be detrimental to the health of the ecosphere. Conservation maintaining the health of the environment by watching our resource use and keeping ecosystems unpolluted. 2. Interests 1. Mormons it was in the west that the idea of land ethic was first put into practice by the Mormons. (1880's) They sought to organize on a cooperative basis. Stewardship 'best preserve' and 'subserve the interests of the whole'. 2. Theodore Roosevelt est the New Forest Service & Reclamation Service. cornerstone of politics for next century. A prime example of when the political arena is 'ripe' that environmental policies can at the fore front of concern and pushed right through. 3. John Muir - champion of wilderness. Sought after a preservation of environment as a 'fountain of life, independent of its utility as a resource (57) Many other highlighted areas in book... (61) wilderness protection, (62) Hetch Hetchy, (63-64) anti-urban attitude, etc. 4. Sierra Club brought plights to judicial system. But they had to learn to negotiate to achieve partial goal. Ex Wanted 50 million acres in Wildlife Protection Act, but neg down to 9.1 million immediate acres and 5.4 to follow. 5. Opposition most of the opposition for these movements (and probably all movements) were profit based opposition. Whether they be politicians with monetary interests, or companies with development interests, there wasn't any opposition from groups of everyday individuals arguing against these movements because they interfered with their daily lives. 3. Motivations 1. West development (52) 2. Overgrazing (53) 3. Resource exploitation (57) 4. Over cutting of Forests (59) 5. Health Hazards water (streams, rivers)(81) 4. Strategies For the most part, I see these movements and the organizations that make them up, as being top down strategists. They go after the judicial system to achieve their goals and make their visions a reality by the Protection and Conservation Acts that are passed. Mather did use a bottom up approach to gaining support for the Park Service by marketing to the upper class. (65) 5. Effectiveness I do feel that these movements were and are successful in their efforts. They lead the way for the realization that our resources are not infinite and need to be protected. Also, that there is a value to our natural environment and it needs to be preserved. Some proof of this is the many Acts that were passed into law to preserve and conserve, the many organizations that sprung up and fought to get these laws passed, and the notoriety those involved (Muir, Roosevelt, Hornaday) received from the public for their efforts.