Overview Thermal Physics

Kinetic Model of matter

Brownian motion Usefulness of KPT State of Matters, including Plasma

Temperature and Temperature Scale DIY Processes of Heat Transfer Internal Energy and Thermal Properties of matter
Heat capacity, specific heat capacity Latent Heat, specific latent heat capacity

Thermal Physics

Learning Points
Recap on Kinetic Model of Matter Recap Temperature Recap Heat Transfer Internal Energy and Thermal Properties of matter

Recap on Temperature and Heat Transfer

Linking from Kinetic Particle Theory Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy per molecule of the substance. Temperature Human sensations cannot help us objectively determine temperature. Temperature is a objective property of an object to describe its hotness. Energy Thermal Energy is not a physical object but an abstract mental model. Object do not really contain thermal energy literally! Net heat transfer from one body to the other body whenever there is a temperature difference between these bodies and always flow from hotter to colder body. Bodies in thermal equilibrium have the same temperature and there is no net heat transfer

Recap on Kinetic Model of Matter

Solid Liquid Gas Plasma
How would you describe the difference (in terms of motion) between solid and gases?

Recap on Kinetic Model of Matter

Using water as example Temperature of gaseous state of material is higher than its solid state. Also, for the same material, molecules of gases are much more energetic than molecules of solid (e.g. compare ice with steam) at the same temperature.

Recap on Kinetic Model of Matter

How do we change state of matter (from solid to liquid)? What are we actually doing to the matter when we heat it? How do you explain the change of state of matter using this theory? Where does all the energy supplied go to? Does it remain as thermal energy within the material?

Why Heat is a process?

When energy supplied to heat the object is not retained as thermal energy within the object. Instead, it is converted to give the molecules a more energetic stage (i.e. it moves faster or move farther apart) So what energy is the energy converted to?

Why Heat is a process?

So heat transfer is a process. It is a process whereby when the energy is supplied, it is converted to higher energy level of the molecules. Technically, there is no thermal energy in the object!

Terminology
Thermal Energy??

Heat??

Internal Energy??

Internal Energy
Not your Gongfu type of Internal Energy!

Internal Energy
In thermodynamics, the internal energy of a body is the grand total of all the energies inside a body. i.e. Total of the
kinetic energy due to the motion of molecules (translational, rotational, vibrational) potential energy associated with the vibrational and electric energy of atoms within molecules. It includes the energy in all the chemical bonds, and the energy of the free, conduction electrons in metals.
Source: wikipedia

Heat vs Internal energy vs Thermal Energy

average molecular kinetic total kinetic energy a.k.a energy themal energy not the sameX kinetic energy as motion of a ball (micro, not macro) no. of molecules

total potential energy potential average molecular within the object energy
not the same potential energy X as p.e. = mgh (micro, not macro)

no. of molecules

Divide by no. of molecules

Macro vs Micro

Macroscopic

0 C

Microscopic

Object on the ground that has a velocity = 0 m/s has NO gravitational potential or kinetic energy as a whole system. BUT it has internal energy as molecules of the object are vibrating and moving and there are bonds between molecules!

Internal Energy
Which object has more internal energy?
0 C solid 0 C liquid

What is the deciding factor/property (in this case) that causes an object to have more internal energy? Internal Energy of the object is affected by state of the object.

Internal Energy
Which object has more internal energy?
25 C solid 30 C solid

What is the deciding factor/property (in this case) that causes an object to have more internal energy?

Internal Energy
Which object has more internal energy?
25 C solid 25 C solid

Remember that temperature can indicate how fast molecules of the object move. If they of same temperature, what is the deciding factor/property (in this case) that determines which object has more internal energy?

Internal Energy
Which object has more internal energy?
30 C solid 25 C solid

What is the deciding factor/property that determines which object has more internal energy? Internal Energy of the object is affected by temperature AND mass of the object.

CHECKPOINTS (5mins think-time)

Which Chinese Rank in ascending order, in terms ofcan be an internal proverb energy analogy of the comparison between (a) a bucket of water at 50oC (a) (b) a smaller cup of water at 50oC and (c)? (c) a 120oC spark

Rank above in terms of molecular kinetic energy Rank in terms of internal energy
(a) a bucket of water at 0oC (b) a bucket of ice at 0oC

Checkpoint
Correct the following statements. 1. * When heat is absorbed by a substance, the molecules within the substance always gain kinetic energy. 2. *Thermal energy always transfers from a substance of higher internal energy to one of lower internal energy. 3. *Temperature is a measure of the total kinetic energy in a substance (CP Check Yourself Question)

CHECKPOINTS
When heat is absorbed by a substance, the molecules may gain kinetic energy, or potential energy Thermal energy is always transferred from substance of higher temperature to one of lower temperature. E.g. When I drop a nail into a basin of water - nail with very high temperature and low internal energy will transfer heat to a basin of water with lower temperature and higher internal energy Temperature is a measure of the average (not total!) translational kinetic energy of molecules in a substance. E.g. there is twice as much molecular kinetic energy in 2 liters of boiling water as in 1 liter of boiling water. But the temperatures of both amounts of water are the same because the average kinetic energy per molecule in each is the same.

Internal Energy
Analogy: Class A has 20 students with each score of 40. Class B has 5 students with each score of 100. Class A has a higher total score of 800 (more internal energy) even though Class B has higher quality score (higher temperature)

Transfer of Energy
The flow of energy is from high temperature to low temperature It is NOT from high internal energy to low internal energy. E.g. A small hot nail into a large tub of cold water. From Kinetic Theory of Matter perspective.

Temperature
Temperature of an object indicates the AVERAGE kinetic energy of the molecules. Previous illustration is a simplistic one. A class would have a variety of scores. Temperature of the class will be its average score.

Temperature
So for an object, even though some molecules will have higher energy level than the rest, the temperature of an object depends on its overall average energy level of the molecules.

Summary
Heat transfer is a process. The energy transfer into object is converted to raising Internal Energy of the object. Internal Energy is the total kinetic, potential, rotational energy of the molecules. Temperature indicates the AVERAGE kinetic energy of the molecules.

Heat Transfer Processes

D.I.Y. Heat transfer notes

Net heat energy will occur from the hotter object to the colder object via three processes: Conduction, convection, radiation