-....-......~ .~~~ L ~~~ •••••••••• _~~..,- •••• _ •••••••••• ~ •••••••••••••••••••••• ~ •• ..".......~ •••••• ~~ ••••••• -... ••••••• -......-.

..
 REGENT PUBLICATIONS

GANDDIAN PLAN
RE·.~FFlnlUED

-r tt~ ef~tf4~ ~~m~~ by S. N. Agarwal

Foreword by

I ~ -e 'ft~ II iR~rt~~, ~t~ Dr. Rajendra Prasad

Demy 88 Rs. 2/8
• ~~~

~R7i1r~i!~7r~ ~~~1 ~C'j f61!tW, by Asoka Mehta &

~~ II <fitr.;t~~,
ll\'~ C. G. K. Reddy
t51~lr," 'i?ilefRJ~~T 't""J: ~\, 1>-\, ~\. '8 _ ~\ Demy 72 Rs. 2/-
'Glt.$f~t~ ~tc~ ~t'Pffif\S ~~1fj f'l~ ~t_~if
--- L.~~D llEFOR1US \

by D. V. Rama Rao
~\!~ ~~tM\! ~~'i
'l~~~'l C rown 44 As. 12
~t~tcS ~J~ r~1ie~~,
<:<sttt1 <1'\
~~~i
r.~~~~t~: <lS~~t\!l ~o 80 '!iIl'G ~\ To Follow Soon
1lt",. ~llo WHITHER INDIA?

* f{)JI'\ •• ~ lit 0
NEW DIRECTIONS IN INDIA
Vol. I
~tflctll~ fu~ ~\ both edited by Iqbal
Sing and Raja Rao.
fc!~ ~llo

A\lailable al all Book-sellers and at

Wheelers cf; Higginbothams Raila'a:y
Book-Stalls Ihroughoullndia.
~ 0 0 ~t'Pf'Rf~,~~ "t~, ~t~iftSft~, ~'fir~t~i
~M(<jir;j" : ~~<n~r~ ~I>-~ ~

PADMA PUBLICATIONS LlMITEII

l-:l 'ift~~ti1t~ ~~ COR

I
\!o
Laxmi Building, Sir P. M. Rood,
<tlM<tlt\!il 'I BOMBAY
 ff9:if0 ~ riT6 E PIONEER BANK
LIMITED.

~~~~~- ~
G'ttil'f (;~ ~t~<li~~

9f~~ ~c"t9fr~Jt~ ~,fW~

&tr.l~ C'lm <f.~lMmVi~ ~~1 Head Office:
A Scheduled and Clearing Bank
ESTD. 1923

12/2, Clive Row, Calcutta.

c~ ~~<ti~\!i I ~ Jj~~
OTHER OFFICES
<;~rr:\5 f'i1ZJl ~.:Rl~c'i1t9fti'f ~ti'j'ft~
<fr:~~ : "51on ~~r<l~ "ir:~ 9fr:~ AUaha.bad : ( Ohowk ), Ballygunge (Oalcutta), Rolpur,
STif1 .,.1f~J~'{3 ~~:ff f.j'<i(~\!i Burdwan, Bogra, Benares, Badarpur, Oomilla, Chittagong,
~, ~'ID'I'~~t;~. (;
~ f5ln1r:~ mol~~t~I~·Vi~
~~~~1
Dao , Gouhati,
oa
( Oalo ),
Giridih, Habignnj.
High Oourt (Oaloutta),
Jamaedpur,
Joraha.t,
Hatkhola
Karimgunj,
mOl I f<!~ ~f\5~~ ~~ utta ,
Nowgong, Narayanganj, New Delhi, Rajbari, Smi Sylhet,
~ <tir:~~Ol ~~-w fffUl,
&t~ p.r:~,~r:~ ~tn~ ~~~
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*
~tff1il~\!i ~"f1~i{ :
Bhillong, Sunamgunj and Silchar.

Managing
./

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wt~ ~~ l;t<fSi ~~ Akhil Chandra Dutta
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[~
~~1 'iQ{ m~ <lnl <rtr<l <fiti'!" ~ti9ir<li~ Nco1 ~-mCi'!~
'l~ ~~~~~
'5f~~\!jt~ 9\nr<1CI! DC~ 'lilt\!5Oj, '\l5l11rf5'~~CO{l[ ~~~~,
,
nrrO{~ <fif-f ~'8~1 <!t~ otl ~ ~~ ~\!5~\!it~ ~~ "ITO{~~ ~~<flt~ I (:: ••~t<iJ\!iiil Ojtilto{ W'6>, <fi~r.<l''\l5l~<lIt~ I <lt~i <l'tiSf <l'C~ \!5t'i'll
~lt~1f ~·l../ I
c!!<!~"li-l, <>fTIl<l~i-l, '"i~~~~ ~~.~<l1:i{ ~"l~ Pl~~ <fi'tf~tmt
~~ ~-C!l.1I~'8" .
$<~, • 'Plato
,
for e1ample, in seeking to uphold the mora

'?! ~'11 ~fir" f his class and thus to preserve the status quo,
~ <£i<i~~<flt~ ~C~tSf~1 ~~~ ~~ ~t ~t~ iSfC~~ f\!ifif and litianl va IneS 0' .
po h' ted in the eternal structure of the Unlverse.
f~~vr~ <fi~ ~)'f<it~~~ <iJt~J1 ~ C~~il. ~Ci'f~~i{ C<f '!~t'i5Jl sough' to find t em roo .' , ,
, 11 took them away from the scrutmy and Cl'ltlclsm
~t~ (Instrumental or means) l!l<i~ Di1'f ~J ~ '1~~f~ Cil~- This automatIC.! Y ,
• 't', n (not to mention the slave) and left them the
~ ~J 'l<i ~"lC~~ fif;(tfu\!5 ~?f \!5~ ~"ltiSf"~ ~~\!51 fm I of lhe ordlDary Cl Ize
, I 1 f the thinker, the g€lotleman of leisure who could
~~ «~O{ C"lt~~ f¥R5 ~T~~, ~~ t.Jf\!5~ ~t~)jt"lT f<l'i~'& 0{?1\!5~0{ pronnce so e y 0
• l'f
spend bIS " the contemplation of these eternal truths, ThuR,
~"ltiSf-~<l1:i{ ~c'tf~ CDOT "lo{~~~ (pure contemplation) \!5tf5t1f ~C~ 1 e 1n

at one an d tb e Sa me
time , he made reality consist in tbese changeless
C<lfit-~ ~~ llil"l <i1 Contemplation~ ~r ~<!C"l~ ~"l <li~1 I \!5t~ <fi'tf
, . I
prIDelpes, 00 Iy dimly manifested by our mundane material world,
c~a ~'&~, <>fTIl9J.9~tm <1'4" Pl~ <r0{01~~<i?:D~~<liRJ ~~ ~t\¥Hr : '~"l1-
(lod eet up tb e 1'd en.I 'Ofthe aristocratic philosopher who. contemph-
CiSf~ ~~1 '«~o{ c<rl~~ ro\!i"!M, \!5~il ~t~1 "l~~, trt~1 f-I~,~11
Li~gthese truths, was alone capable of ruling society.' (What is
'fo{?;Sf?:If~ C<!t<ltt?:\!5"itt~i{ C~, ~~,f\!jC<fi ~~~ <filft~ 2!~fto{ig'it?f ~~ ~C~-
Philosophy-Howard Selsam). Cf.tC~~ ~ ~t4~C<l'~t~ ~C<\O{'~tr.h
foTlfC<>f~ '5f~<i'll''tl, ~Pi~~ <iit'itc~ ~~?f <>fm:"f1 ~<i~ .,<\ o{<\ \5lmrCfl
~et<l~ I' 7[Ttf~ii1~ ~t~?: SfH ~~iS~ 9\fic 2if'ili~\!5 \!ifJtTIl~~~ '\!J~ ~i{
~1~~tlf I f<fi~ ~.,\!5tif ~<!i-l «~O{ Hil, ~m~ «~i{ \5ltt~j~i{, \!i~il
~ ~~~ <lt~<f'cirn ~'<3 \5l1<ft"t·f<\~t~CIf~ C~~ ~O{t!O{, 'fD~~~~ f:;~C\!5
~t~ ~~., ~1 m O{l" (~foPI.. \!5~, \S f-IS( -~ti <fit)'ftO{I01)I
'~"i1 ~~ ~'R ~~tilf.,: I But he cOllld only conceive society on
'It'ft'Rlr~ ~)'ftt"ll~ 0l\¥51$ ~Ci'f ~~C"l~ ~t~ i'!1~'5f <i~\!j iSfilm"t~ \S~ I
a sla.vebasis and this consideration seems to have influenced much
ig<>f~lI ~1 ~ \!5Wnr 1fCD\!5il ~~\!j ~~ 'i'ftt'5f f<l;;<!1 \!5t~1 ~it
oi Aristotle's
~~~ i!1 ,I ~C5if \!5i'!t~ ~m i'!t'5f~'" ig~\!ji'ft~ Ci'ft~ «\!5 OO.,.~, bedeveiops his ideal of human liCe.
thought concerning human beings.
It is an ethics for the rioh man,
In his Ethics,

\!5\!5~ Dt~ ~?:fi <>fJ1"'li'1t~-C<lIt., ~<fiC~ C~~ <!Fi~t~<lI~ roT<fC~ ~t~C\!5 I deoying in faot that the poor man can ever be virtuous, and of
'\l5ltiSf iSfi{'ij~ «~., f<lm<!~ <>f?:~ ~f5t?:~ fiC~~ \!5~i{'8 l~~~1 f~~~,
coorse not considering slaves at' all. Again, as with Plato, the
~Jt~, fit<i ~\!5JtN '5ff\!j~i{, '\l5l~~" ~"tt~ (concept) C"lt~t~ <fi~C\!5
purPose of all human society is that a few might live lives of leisure
~tt<fl f~~~ ~<!~ iSfO{m~ '89f~, CDZ1 <fi?:~ 'R?:~~ ~<i~ '5tm Pl~~ aDdwealth, supposedly then to engage in the highest of all activities
<lI'tfC~ ~ '100 ~~ I \!5~1 DI~ 0{1<>ffu<!~i{I ~~ Pl~~ <li'tf<>f'm<ll -the pure knowing of the first pri nciples of the Universe C What is
~<i~ C<!-C<lit?:ill <lI'tf-<>fTIl<fiSliltC<fi
\!5t~1 iSf'1<!~il~ f.l~\!j~ fIr~ <!C~ ifI<li Pbi1oeophy- Howard Selsam ), W~~ <ft~<li, l]"lt~Gi~ \5l<\<fit"tf<l~t~lf1
prR~; ~~<r "'{til ~~ q'ft-ffl ~i{ila' \!5tfi ~~r<fi iSf-m~ iltil1 'eft~Jtf~ ~ ,~ ~21CD~1 (economic activity) C~~ <[\!5 ~C~ ~~ <!t~<\
~<iN, ;p1C<li <I~ <i?:"l'c!!5mr~ <!t1iill L'1<!~ CIOt<f<>f-q~ ~ ~<¥t~ D~ ~ ~l ~~ <li'tf~Of q'ft-~ ~01?:<fi~ 5~<r ~~J f1i?:\!5 !<ft~~-C1i i§§tto{~
~~ ~~<iN-'~t'R \!itt~1 'i~ f1i~ <l1:~«IT<! <flt~ I' ~ ~J f~ ~<fi <11 il1 ~<li I ~~ f<fi <j~<! ~J «\!5 <fl<r~ \!5~

" ~~ ~f-l~ ~"lti9i··U<\~~ C<!,~?jT ~~ '\l5lWlrtft ~~, C1f c~f.; ~ ~ ~ I!ftmMl<l' ~"-#jrn~<li \5l~ \5lt~Jm<l' ~(i{ '\l5lt~<i C~<l'

C1f~ <iJ~~ \5l~ ~~-C1f firts~t.,. ~t~-<lJ<\~~ ~ ~ ~~<\~ ~~ I <1'~ ~C<i-C<l~t'itJ-1it~Cil~

~ \!J<lI"Tt<!i ~ ,

~~-<iJ<i~ C~<fil '\l5lnt C'f~ ~~ C~~~ 1ft~~'t\!5 ~~ W~~ ~t1l<li, <it~ ~ ~ 9f'ilt~~ C<fit?:il1~tlO Cil~ I i9i'1"l?:0{~
~7[~ti1 C<I'tt"11#j"lt<1til~

~'l \!5ttlffi ~?;<fl ~ 'l5l<l<fit"tI ~~ m ~1 ~ ,~ <1'4l!l~ ~" ~<li{-~"fi{ 00 O{lI ~1 «~O{ ~<1't"HrgjOT <l'~C\!5Qttt<I>"l

cllt1;<fi1I\!5 'f~ '\l5ltt)'f ,\!5\!5 \!5t~1 ~1~ ~-C<!j~'I1 I (;~ \!it'Clf1f ~'Ci\, J) t''''1( ~~)151'Gl~t~"il "Tt<fJ~~Ol ~t~ f.l:t'l I • ~~ <lI~~o{ PlWitml
 9f~s~ :l'j~~J"i1 H~ ~ @9}<t>"i1~
~J ')S~

C~ f<I~~ C<iCJ'lltr;\5 9}t~H "1 \5~ <2I~t~~~~t?;~ <tWl <ttCil i1T _<!It?;~ ~?t?l \5t'if~-rJ (\5['§, ~Wl <t>~st~~T <iH C"ll:1¥I
'l'tif~'<3 ~~ 709f~ I. C<iC!t9T ~t?;~"i1 ~ ~(hIT\5'll <2I?;I)~t?;~ l!l~ Q, 2:9 «IH
<.!I~If'ft!l1-<[J<f~?;<t> W?;~ ~?;"fl:!ljt <2If\!)'~t'if
lSiie' "ll'l'~ ~
"IT'e-l @~~ C'llt~t~, C~"1
S?:C'j~~0~ ~Wl "Tt~?;<fif 'l'?:"i1~~ <hf ~<t>t~ ~f~ <t>"i1t~\5~"1 ~l:![ '<3l:7i<.!I~t<1fc$ <f1t I
~'>tt -I" 'C{I <; _ '-
\2j~"i1 '<39}"i1
~~~\5 ~if foKiSf"i1~J\5t"i1 <.!I<f~
'l/i"f\5t"i19ffit~ ~~J'f C'ljt~~ ~$?ft~ ~"'if?:'t'if ~~it~ ~~ ~?:\!)'JS ~~
~J~?:"i1"i1 <ft~~ ~t"1 ~~O{ <l'if?:~ 0 'H;f"i1"I?:'t1fi1?:~: "rhe ~ ~ ~~l:<l'i1,~ c-i1f<1<t>
'i'f~o{'l'[~"i1 t2!1~ I \51 <1W ~1 ~tt<t>
knowledge, whic)1 is a process of reflectind
• • 0
the ever d
eeper
P W., ~ ~?t ~~~'B ~ ~'ifif Iit(<t> 'itf~\!),J'll ~ foI?:~t:<t>
tlOns of the matena.} worId, can arise only whan the
<fi~H ~f~t?l "ltt<fO'!OIl <.!I<\~~~ lftf~\!)'Js \!)'t~ ~<f ~'l~RJ\5,
are, ripe for tho development of real social his~ory ., V'i7
h en B
~t~ I fWIT~llt:'<j''if ~ <t>m @Vii~ ~ :l'jtf~\5J<t>?:'ll ~
controlled production becomes possible, when organic life is no
~ <.!I<!~
<.!I<fi~ 'ftR~ '1~l:"'l\ 'i?:D~ 'l'~ C1f~m; ~?1 ~f~<fir~
subject to the m£>rely unconscious operations of cause and effeot
=< ~ ~~"l~i ~~'1 'l'"i1t'<3.,~ I ~?:\5J?I mtf~<t>
COmes under conscious and deliberate social control'. (Text B ~"l t
<fi"il~ "". \:l1"1 ~.

Marxist Philosophy; page 69). \5t"i1'lltif~ 'the st1 uggle ~f Man

~~ W'S, <.!I~~l
(function) C<l<.!I«I"lt<1f 'fuPlfJi~~ ~:t2!~ <t>~~

Nature is a material movement which in the field of thought

Jti{ I '!t~l:\!),}'i1 <!l~1ft~~ C<l~t~~<f '1tl:~<! ~~m '<fil:~ \!il .,~ I f~f.l
~~ '<jT.ilT'~., ~t"i1 tft<f~, '~1 (~~JVH1) ~t~tt~i C~<fi~ l!\!5'O1
the form of the subject-object relation, the oldest problem of p
sophy. It becomes an insoluble problem only because the div ~~1 CC'!t?:<tS"i1
mt~t?:., 'l't~ flT:\5 9J'ln., I f<t>~~ m~'<3 C~ <!I¥

of society into classes, by'separating the cbss which ~, ~ ~tiSitt~1c"ft<'tlt:<t>

nr?:!l<t>t~<t>"i1t?:\5
9J't?;"i1.,
\!)'tt1f?l~~~r\!)~ 'if~~l!

ideology from society's active struggle with Nature, refleots ~ "!illt<t>t~'l.f~n I' <.!I~C<l~~ <t>'i'ltt.,t"i1~<f~"li, C'i <1\5 ~'W <!\5

cleavage into ideology as a separation of subject from object wh ~ c~t<f on C<t>."<.!I~ ~"f~ lftf~\5J"i1 ~<11~~
'ft~~ I cct~ 9}tf~

they become mutually exclusive opposites'. (Illusion and B ~~ : 'Poets are not only the authors of language and of "music,

-Po 137). \5t~ knowledge-<.!Iif ~ !li9} ~t~11f-rttiSf :z<:~ml¥\1 of the danae and architecture, and statuary and painting ; they are
~ "It.,''f-PlVjtt"f"i1<2Ia'Jt9}
I <IT~1<.!I~f<lC'!t?:~'if1 \5t~t?:\5 9jtc:~ OIl, ihe inatitutors of laws, and the founders of civil society and the inven,

~J<t~?:'ll <.!If'if?:~filc~ Dr-~ 'l'1f-<2I?:;)gt~ofl'?:s"i1

\5'11 C~'ll, C~~ <\f~~ • tors of the arts of life' (A Defence of Poetry) ~t'i'l9\"i1'The connexion of

<2I~1%?:<t>
9ffif~~?:"l"i1"T?:~J nr~ 'It"1~-'l"ltiSf~ '9.ffif<t~\5, ~~~ poetry and social good is more observable in the drama than in what-

D?;~ I ~t~l <f1fi(3'i"lt.,"f'<3 ~~'ltC'll 'l'~~., "TO'!"?:C'jtt~ ~j~f\f1 tTer other form (A Defence of Poetry). <.!I~social good C<t>"f"<t>H

Cif?:'<I, '~~ ~Jfi&"lt.,?:~ <f~~" (contentless) ~f<I'1t~"T~ ~ =if011I ~ '<lSi~ ~t"i1lf'lll:~ C"t~'if "f~<fJ\5l~ ~~{fh9J'RlD~m: '..·r have
C<lt?:<lt<t~f<l'lt?:'ll 9}ftr<l~ 'l'~~ CD~tt\!)~ C~"TO'! f.rc.( 9}fi"<f~~ ~ what a Scotch philosopher characteristically terms "a passion for

<fJfi&'<3~~ 9ff1<f~\5, @~~\!)"i1I Th'if~?:"1"i1

C1ft~t~ m~<rc~ 1Il~
reforming the world." But it is a mistake to suppose that r dedicate
CiSf~ \5l~?:1J C"i1t'fOl<t>"i1T"i1
~~<t>~ ~t?:\!)' "Itt~, \5t"i1 C<t~ f~ IIlJ poetical compositions solely to the direct enforcement of reform

'Man learns abGut reality in changing 1'·' (~l(r~ 'itf~\!)J <2IDt?l.,~ ), or that r consider them in any degree as
u....... SClence
. .
IS
.s,he
-•.•
su
OOnt almng
• . a reasoned system . Bu t
on the theory of human Ilfe.....
changes in perceptual worlds produced by men in th ~ir his
Poetry acts in another and diviner manner. It awakens and enlarges
preserved, organised, made handy, compendious and ~enetr
e lIlind itself by rendering it the receptacle of ·a thousand unappre-
( Illusion and Rea.lity-p. 140 ).
ed combinations of thoughL The great instrument of moral
<.!I~9}fh~?:O'!~ \5tfirlf <j~ ~?:<Si ~\5J~ \2j'fVj ~?:ll'\S~~, ~ is imaginn.tion ; and poetry u-J.ministers to th~ effect by acting
,~?:~?:~\5~ <jt~l ~"lt?;~ <.!Ifir?;~S?:Vj C'l~ ~<f'll" "T~if, "f'tJPl c:;~1l1 the cause' ( Preface to •Pr~metheus Unbound' ~nd . A Def~nce qt
 s]
Poebl'Y) <.!l'!'ff<t; .H'! <p;;rtt<!l'fO'fJ<jj1f'1
C\!Ft~ e >:fl<!lH <fGlT.~il C<r 't 't expressed ha.s changed. The olass' is no longer truly
• rea lI Y I •
'lyrical vision' amoral ~'{3 exbernalisation t!l~ .nt9ftT.~ ~t~ ~ . f J'ty because it no longer holds the rems whose
DSOloua 0 rea I ,
10 't b nds guided it, The exercise of art; like the exercise
~ffi:,~ I ~ <f't/~ c<rT.~ ~T.i{~ <!l<j~
~'1~ ~, C#f~~ SiSore on I s a
,r . ' becomes a. mechanical repetition by stewards and
c'1T.<!l
~1f'lt\5~tf~nr m~~~ <.!l<p~~ ~f~ ~O'f <fT.(~ <$!~ill or~ of luper\"lslon, ."
rmS functions and operatIOns of the past. Art perIshes
M~~ ~#f @~\!f<!l<fQ! ilW-C#f ~t"itT.lf"il"milN, iSf5]lft~<!l<j~
~tl!..f.r<ti rvants 0f f 0 ,
1I8 t' formality or an a.cademic conventionality little better
<ptrn<!l~~ ~~ ~ <jO'lil
" ili «Pil I '!i/t~~""
I~ -I '*"''''
'I';", ~ :
\:I1:'l PoetICs . a Byzan me '
10 1" s dogma Science beoomes mere pedantry-Ii ttle better
$it~~~ ~~ (function) Katharsis ~tr.ili <j~ @T.it~"",..
'f' ••,,~.if, than re IglOu .- .
. The ruling class has beoome blind and therefore unfree.
~~<!l 'f1l1 il~ (Poetics: ch 6.) ~1<jtif~ 'l..;;r<tI~~T.~i CQj~<1i
~Gl <r~ 'han magiC.
. no such soil' ( Illusion and ReaIity Pp. 42-43). ~;g;t~
~T.O'f <!l<f~5t~#f~6ttOf c9ffimr ~t<!lt~ ~O'f <!l<jiT.~9T~
~~m Jt ~ poetry groWS III _
Jft~ C~ <!l~ ~i ~~"\!i"l \!ii O\~: 'film ~~~?f c;tt""
~~T.~ <.!IT.<T'<l1U!
,~~~'"t~11?;~ I ~~ ~t~ #ft~~~J11 H"i ~J fm <!l~~<1il~K9<j~--.~~ ~
#ftft\5J?:<fi#ft~~r.'1~ ~~~ ~rn-r.lf ~~ Dtil I ~~ ~~~ ~t~~ti "fCi'l'it.
t1l."~ ~J~ "'9\~ ~T.~ ~aC~ "i~i5"f fil~"#f1~~ C~-mO\r.ll~ '!i/t'f-f-
~~~ ~<ft"t -'!i/<i~ flct~~ "<{rfu;5t\!i1li9ft~T.if~"it <mOl'( Visi~n and
'The artist of the new movement is moving into a sphere more and
. )1 "''I'!'''t~,.., <llej'lf\!j9}9~~J 9f~l:\!j mifl 'fl:~0\ I f~ lC~t~i
more remote from that of the ordinary man, In proportion all an Design ""1'1 '11'1l1" a.. , ""'
~~ C~~<!~ (class role) ~i 9f~0\ 'fffiil~ I ~~ 'f.(.~~~
becomes purer the number of people to whom it appeals gets lell.
<t~r;?f"It"l'1'~~'l~ ~~ G~t5ttt"l~ 'ltftT."\!iJ~ ~ ~~ ~1~v.ll:~ I. ~~
It cuts out all the romantic ovetones of life which are the usual bait
~~j <l<:al0\
~l:1li C<{ 7f:, ~mt<f ~'lfit~w7fr.~tlf~, ~7f:C1WI~'1tro"\!iJ~ C"t<lI.
by which men are induoed to accept a work of art. It appeals only
<!l~P19{Q(5tt~, "iiftr~ ~f'l<tl,r.~ f~f~~~ <t~if ~~~ <ffill:~ . WI !lt~t"\!ill
to the aesthetio sensibility and that ~n most men is co~paratively
weak.' (Vision and Design). 'i't't"itil?;#f ~fu ~ <jr.;;r #ft~\!iJ C<f m
~t'T\fGf<l'.!l<j~<!l<tl"ftl!!~fu~<pQt1,\!i~i\ ~~1 "ll:"l<fT.~"l 7fm."\!irc'f ~r~
Cbl:"l
"ltPTr;~'9fl:~ l{T.'ii "ir~tti\1 ~r.~, ~f;n:<T'Q "i~ ~<l' -Rfl:~<tIt!3f'f.fir.~ C0\1t~
<fW~ <.!l.C<!t<rC~ ~t~ I ~1t1S ~r.\5 ~r.\!i C#f C<f @T.<f<ftr.<f, ~H
(5'!lilj <.!lr.1f~iSft~5till I "\!it~#ft"ltf~~ ~fu~~~t~ <jT.O'f~\!i~ ~~~;f\lf\!i1
<;5ej ~l:~ I ~~t~ C~ ~m.l:\!iJ~ l!j<fOltl!!'?fT, ~~ Pt;l O\~,.~ <tIQ(1<tI"li-
.1L

f5tT.~r.~ <PT.'T I ~~ #ft~\!jJ ~~"iT.W~ ~<j<PtO(t

P1r."ltlfr.i{~, <.!l"i"lf'l' ~~, C'l''1;;rp.,t~T.~ \l;t<lT."\!i
4fil N<!t~ \l;U! <t~ I
'!i/t~~<!7ftT.~<{
~~ "<{T.C'[~~"l,
'<tI~'€~~O'fc~f<\l:~r.~"l C"ll<l1/~ ~1~~~
~~<tIt~ '!i/tr.<jT.5t~~ ~r.\!j f5t~~ '!i/#ft"ltfiSf<p\!it~,1li9ft~T.'i~'!i/'i~1J~
<J~J~ ~<!ti{~ 1J1~fiI'f, D't<l1t7ffllj<fi~ c2i~f~ ~~tf.l'f <fT.~~ 7fl:~ ~<f~1
C5'~t1tf.rc\!i f.1T.iSf~
'!i/9t~T ~ I 'In a class society the workers do
~~\!j I '1~J'5t~ C5tt~tT."\!i
flct~~ 'O'fl ~O'f f.I"\!it~ ~l:~t5tf'l~ I ~~\!it~
their tasks. blindly as the~ are told by supervisors. They build pyra·
mids but each contrlbubes a sbone ; only the r~lbrs know a pyramid clC\<!9f~ttlf '!i/t1t~ "\!it1f @9f<P1l~~Jl:<T' 7fr.<f1l~ cm<ti <fU! f'l' ~r-r~i

is being built, The scale of the undertakings makes possible a greater ~~~tT.'i~ H'~~ ~Olt'1 ntr.~ 5~ !' . , ~ 1i}i-
oonsciousness Qf l~eality. bub thi~ consciousness all gathers at 1!~\!jt~ C5tt~tr."\!i~t~l:~J"il" C"ll~ ~~ f~O'f~<l~ \!i1ll9fl:~C7f ~~ 1fl:'1 ~.

the pole of the ruling class. The ruled obey blindly and are unfr~e. C~ 'R<:~~ f.lT.~~ C-t<l' 9(tftr:~ C~l:~t~-~ <fQ(i~SBT."?[~ ~t'Ti'lJ Ol~ ;

The rulers are free in the measure of their consciousnesS. ~ t21t"it~J ~"?[ #ftf~~J~ 7ftmfei<f '!i/(t~ "lltT.'f '!i/~ 7ftr.~"1 -f.l~t~

Therefore the exercise of art becomes more and more their exclusive 1J'i~tf~<f ~O'fJ.'<{r:O'fl:~0\
C#f~ ~"?fl~~t11g\!in <.!l<tl'Tiil!
'O'fl 1 f~f.1 <!l:"?fT.~if
\ prerogative, reflecting their aspirations and desires. Illulion <.!l~~l:~ ~'Cl1 1!iltr.'f5t"i~ ~'1 C~ "1~ ~iUl:<!fi ~Ol~5t~ ~ilf
....... As the ruling class he~omes more and more parasitic and ~O'f C~"If.1 C7f~ ~~ ~r;"?[ CiSfl:5t~~ <!fi~t'JltVfifi; "!j1ll ~<fi't'"t ~"f
delegates increasingly its work of supervision, it itself becomes less ~'1<lT.if I Illusion ~1lI reality~, ~tf~ I!ilt~ ;sft1l:O\~ ~~ ~9
tfee, It repeats forJ;11allythe old consciousness of . yesterday. 'yet t
 ~¢~ ~
.-' 9\1'l1l)~
5-:1&8 1 'T~~J~ ~1f \S ~<t'~~<j ~J ')t!\:)-

9fi1f~~ ~~ I I!lft~ll.'f ~tc~'l' ~ o.ar~C~5t~~~~ D~~ ~n 0f~C\5

~ ~~ ~~J'l:f' ~~<j ~~~1 @C~ <.!l~'$ l!~ti{ \5 i{~~; l!t~\S ~
f.l;~I!lftc~T.5t~ I!lft./:'l'C5tifCl&~lfC~ ~ 9fIT~ ili, C~G1 0 ~1%~,¥ ~il~l'"
'f<f ~ NC~ "lft~t~<fi <.!l~<jiCif~ /' (Illusion & Reality- P. 26-27 ).
<21"fi1f<.!l <1>~j~G'f; >if~'1 <1>nmr CIfs¥ft ~~<1>ti' M~'$ iSf'1~Cil~~~~ ~~
'<.!l~~~ ~r<i5r ~~ C~~'it~ ~~ CiSft't~ ili, <fir4~ ~"T~ 9f'4~ C~~
<1>~'$Cfi"f~C~il: '<1>~ "lf~t'f\5~ ~~~~ <lC'1 iSfil~~ <.!l~ ~
~~5t~ C~ '5tm ~~ 5ttif ~~ <!tCiSf, <t>r~ 0flf ~ifT I <.!l~il\Sm:S-
5tt., <1>~C~9ftc~ ; CJj"~~~I ~¥! ~~Ih
<.!l~~~ ~tc~C5t~ <ft1itllf I .
~ ~~~1 5tttOT~ lf~t~ ~C5f <fitsr ~ l' (Illusion & Reahty, P 28 ).
'f.l;~~~Ih<.!l~t~~ ~tm5t~ <ftc~t~il C~? <.!l<T>5t
<Ii'!, Hr ~
<fiR~ <11 '11~r'5g <.!l~ ~~ ~'1 <.!l<fi~~ ~-Rf,s$f ~5t C~
~t~ lef<!F,f<fi ~~, f<fi ~~ <!lCO'f~~ CiSf~-~f~ <!~ ( instinc~iv I )
.~ ig ey f<l~ ~9f ~ <.!l~ 9f<T~ I ~t~t~J~ \!j~ ~ f~ ~~~ ~~~ <!~'1 ~t~
CJj"O( ~9f~ JJ"t\?1Yf¥! ( respond) I <.!l~Jj"<Iig~9\C~~ (stimulus) ~
~Wif~~C'l:f'Cl!i ig1\ie> ~j iSft5ttCilt~ iSfC~ C<fitC'lt ~f~~ ~lf~
Cfirn~ 9f~ ~0'fJ11 \!j~ ~r~'Pl~ <1>t1~jCIf~C~~i{ <1I~\SC~"f: The increasing

. . .
diViSion 0 f lao bour , which includes also its increasing organisation,
( instrumen~s) <ftnTtiSfil ~¥! il1; ~~l!i~ <.!l<T>9\T"f
~~C'iif ~~ <I~~ ~Of-
seems to produce a movement of poetry away from concrete livinS,
~l!t'Sf <.!l<fi7!C5f
'1~ Nnr \SC~ ,
se that art appears to be in opposition to work, a creation of leisure.
'f~~ ~~ '~tr-!t f'.g'Ttil ig~9f~ 'It~COT C'l~ o.ar~D ~ ~~~ ~~9fffi
The poe~ is typjoally nOW the solit~)l'y individual, his expression,
ig9ff"if~~ '1~t~Olj ~~ '5~if ~t'¥1 0f<ft~ 'SfC~ c~fi ~C'5 ~C'1 ~~~ ~
~he lyric. The division of labour has led to a. olass society, in which
~1%f~ l!t~l! <ftc~~ I <.!l~ ~lfJC~~ ~C¥!t'Sfoft¥f~j C~C~~ C5tr~~ ~(_
consciousness has gathered at the .pole of the ruling class, whose
ciff~ ~ <flf.t'5t~ ig~9ffu-<.!ll!f.r ~~~ ~<f ~5t~ ,~ ~
rule eventually produces the conditions of idleness. Henoe art' ulti·
~li l!tm'Sf'iic~"if I
mately is completely separated from work, with disastrous results to
'9f~"if ~<!ril ili ~C'7\S ~~~"if C5tt~~<frif <.!ll!Of~~~~~ <1>1i<ft~Bn bo~h, which can only be healed by the ending of olasses. (Illusion
'.2tr~t'SfOl ~t~ C<T~~ <ftW,g9lt~ (instinctive) if¥! f~1$ C~~~?f <!t~t'Sfil
& Realiby-P 28); <1If.t'5tr<ll, 'l1~~Jc<t> ~~R'5 <fi~~ ~r'1,. ~~
~~ ~'SfR<fi (non-biological) ~~hTf~~ @C'ii~ ~t<jCi1"if ~n~-c~~ ~~~C~ <21~~ <1>~rl:5 ~ <.!l~c~9t-~<l~1fJ ~ri!; il'<!'5~ '1l!tiSf ~~ ~<f
m<fi~ I '!tl!tfiSf<fi <T>c1i~~tlfn~ ~t~ <2j~f~~~~<t> c.!j1 ~f<f,,~ <!tr¥!tfei~ f.trtt<!~ ~~J ·1 ~t~rfl ~~f'5J<1>'S '5t~ ~"J{« iSj~~ iSft5t"ifr'i"if </l~t I
<t>~r~ ~¥f I <.!l~'ltmfiSf<t> <t>r1i"if<.!l~1 f.tM~ ~~ ~"f C'l1t~-ig~'1<f-~f.t~
C~~i 1jt~CI:5J"if ~"fu~~c~t5tf'5 "1~. <f~~ ~mCi9f~ ~tfVr"T~t~ ~~~~'$ il~,
'Sf'lTC'l:f'l!i
I m~t~ ~trlf"if ~tr<!r5t~ ~~t"if ig,~ <T>C~
C~ ~<f ~tr~5tr ~
C~i1 "11'1"TtiSf Dr"! ~,5t~'5 \S9fC~~ NC<1>, D<:Qi5r-f%C'5<.!l~~ m'5 il~ 1
C5t~-<T>r~~ ~tr~ <ft<!tft~ ~, <lt~<f >'O?f~ igC'ii~ C<T "t~ @~9ft~ 0~1
@. ~ ~t~ ~t'it'5 ,!ll~~il~t~f'<1 l!Ci{ ~r'1\S C'1:St <!t5t~: lIt will be seen
<1,~C<f~1!:l<1,'1tt~~ift¥f ~"1'tfu~ ~¥! I <ft~<f "t~ ~t"TC~ ~tr<1> ilt <!~ I that the final movement of society has this para11el to primitive
f~ mR<t> "t"$ ~mOf "if~C~ ~"ftr~ I ~C'5J~ C~C5t, "mf"if ~~t¥f communism, that once again man turns outward ftom the ego to
~t~ ~Ulf~ 5~~~ ~tc~ <!~/~if 9ft~9ft~<t> c~r<t> C5tt~-~il~ ~il ~~ reality, and looks the world steadily in the face.' (Illusion & Reality
<.!lC~~~~ ~ ~~f.T '1~/"Tttil"if ~f<I~il~ C~C<t>C~ oft~ ~~ <t>m'lttfl P 296 ). I!lftiSi"C<fi
'5~ l!t5t1%~'1 '1t~~J~ ~9fmOT <.!l<l~~J m ~t<!
~il~ l&fC~ ~~~il I CSj~ ~- ~ ~~il ~C~ \S-a ~~ I 5ttil c'Ill '>t'i-iSft'l1~r'i"if~f,s$f ~9f N:Gf; C~~ ~t5t~<j~ @il;<f it<! ~ f<fi~ 'r'1J~
~ C5tc~ ~~~ ~rfl "t~J 0~ C5ttm ~'l:f' ~~ ~ C<!Pt <ft~~ ~C~ C<t>Olil1 C,,~ iSit~~ ~iSj <.!l~'lt~ 1jt1ftfGf'li 1jI:5J I ~i{ "T"lCil"if~~"T
\SrJ, C1j~ »f~J <ltm~ ~trilt~ iSfrW c2/C~t~-rr¥!~"T it<t>~ <R~ ~ ~'iWr~ CiSit5ttil C\f-S~1C~ ~t~r~J~ ~tiSi i1~ \!j <1IQj1~tiS1 ~~ l<tf~ ~'1
~'itN~ <1>C~ ,.J. . ~r'1 l)~<f "if1 I ~9f<1>~~I-'''f1 ~C<1" '1tftc~J,* '<1" ~r<fi ~tiSf 9jtl&f<lilTGr~
'\!j0Tf.r ~ <!5f<fi51,~~t~tOlJ 5ttil ~~~~ 'Tf~~ "t~"if ~9fCif <{t<!t~ ~1f~ ~~ Cil~: ''Sfil1jt~t~C<j~ f'lf'<2! ~~5rr~~ ~5t Jj"~i~ 1n9ftr~
~5t~ ~t<rJ ~
r
~~5t~ <T>r~~ ~tr~ ,~ ~~<t> <fm Qf~ I
•
C'f~ ~~-~4tlitCil~ \;~:Clj~1jC5fC<j-'1'lt'J- PT~~"iW QT~ ~9\tlftil ~"l.~C<fi~<t>R\5"
•
 ~~J~ D~"T'{3~9f<l'~'1 ~I ')~~
[
<l'UT, ~ ~~r~ 'Gi;r-~t"C"lfi<1"~15~f.1 (;"ia;f~ <l'r~' I (C'ihf <l't~ ~ C'l~~(,;w ~1'~ \!li3tC0("?l
(a priori knowledge )c~ri11 'l~mt~

<l'~~f.1'Gi~, \3~ 8 f-t~ ) I -\3~"~ 'ft~~J ~3r 9l..O(o(<rtnr\3

I - ~ "if!: ~~J, M<1"'{3~iW~~ c<t>1l:i11
'l5l~~l-fif~(';9j"':r ~t"?l~ <1"Jfg;"Tti1r~

fiI~"'\!j~<1"-r~ C<fitor.Wi6> ~~l<1" '1tt~<! C~<jO(? 'Ttf~(';~nl ~<r ~"iiJ~(,;'TC~

~~lf '\5tlf '{39j"~(;~Wif'1 -!l1'~~0ii~. ''It<fo(B 'ft'urw C~~~ c.!l~
_~ C,.+T<r-f@l:~<ji1 ~fo1 ~Olt~ ~~if. C'1~ 9j"~"T~HI C<!'R
(absolutely) ~ ~r~ ~~~1' 'ft~~1 clf~n~ \31 f<!' Clf~j ~ ell ''If\!J"i~'!i '111.'1" .
~~~ ~~ <!'~1 '1~'l i1~, ~ 'l~J, f-t<1"'€ ~iWr~~ <l'~f<l"iit'l(';"<fi
'f\3~
'It<fif {3'It<fJ ~~~ ~9jf"l'<!' "t'lf -c.!l<!' ~r~ C<l'ttilj fsrf.rT 1ft<fif
'1ti'1 t;j"tl:~~ Ci9jtr~ (<rrO( 011 foIrC'jI f~fil 'l~(;~O( ~ f~O(lG ~(';a;l~~t~
~W~<£f C"l~ 'It<fJ I D~'f 'It<f! ~j S~ "l~J ~~a; c<r f~ C.,~ c.!l~ if~
JPliti'l~l 'fi'f «I~ ~~ c.!l~~\3t~ C~~v:R-'{3 ~<f ,c~f"t ·nl I c.!l~~"iiJ~t>l(';<t'
'ft~J 'f"C"lf~ ~<f<l't"t Jfj'fJ~t~hr ~ I <1't~'1W/1'if sa;"fto1; c'r c~t~
f5wr f~~r~ 9j"~ .,l-~Dm~ Da;~~~ <r~<f '(;l{~ CQ("~<!, ~,,=
'1 \!J '" ~ '1"It,,-
'l1<m1'1'l~Jt'l~J
fifGl f<lj)1lf 'fill
f<lj)t(';~~ C<f'lt~t~'1
<rnr i11 I f"<fl~ C"<flo{
C'1~f.1<!' <rto\'f'{3~t"ltt'!~ ~t(';~ ~1
<rnr 011,C<!'O!\.!j~ L!I~"<fl9J~~ ~l:"ii
<fJ~m
, ~~ ~~: This dialectical philosphy dissolves all con cep t'lon8
of final, absolute truth, and of a final absolute state of h umaQlty .
"it'fi~ <!'r~ C"l~ ~t~ c<t>1i1<J['e" ~R~ 'It(';~ fin~4tC~i1 f.11 ~Q(])
:2l'ftl:'f~'ftfil~ <tt~~ <!'tQ"'1
f~f.1~ '{3l:if~~f~~ '1<fij(;<!' f'!~ ~<!'HI <t'ftl(';~
corresponding to it. For it nothing is final, absolute, sacred. It
f.I(';\3 DtOlI c<!'t(';O(lf<l~g '1<rt'6f-'lJ<{~t~ C'1~ '1"1t(';iSi"?l~Jfg;f<tl:'"t«C'f~
rev dais the transitory' character of everything and in everything'
not~ing can endure before it except the uninterrupte:l process 0; "T~'{3"ii~\3 ~tO{-f<l'l\tl:'f~~"ii f.1<f't~'1<l'_"?l~ ~~ ~t"Ttl:'f~i:f<ll>t~-
~r~t«'1
"T(';~J N(,;~ ~f~~Pi<!'
'1i~ CIf~l:\3 ~(,;<1"C'l~ ~<rtriSi~ <J..st<J..stt~(,;Q"~ <Q'i!T-
becoming and of passing away, of endless ascendancy from the
lower to the higher. (Ludwig 'Feuerbach, P. :l2-Engels). C<fttiIl ~<l'tl:"t~ ~ I ~1.i11 ~~ ~t9j"~~~\3 <j1'f~ ~~~t<jJ "l(,;i1.~~ \!jt(';~~_

~<f~tr~ D~"T 'lta; frm <!'~r~ ~~ W/1IiI~ $'ff~ ~nrC~~"T c.!l<!~

<21rsrt~ ~'1iS1 9f~<r ~"iiJ~(,;"iift<!'t~ <!'(';~c.,~H C~'1i (.'f~j<!t(';~ I ~~R<I '1t(';~~

~sr ~<!(';.,~ 'l<r~ 'l"TWlc.!l'l~'l~t'l"1~ 'f~~ 9j"Rl~9~"T~iI~ I ~j ilj ~~ ~~J, f-t<1",~ifI(';~~ <!'Q(1
'l(,;"ii(,;~i1
i f<fi~ f:5f.1 f"<flc.!l<!'~ ~ft<t'0 <!,~\.:'3

C"l~ 9f~<r~a;J1tif ~~m~'1j <!'~r'l f<ll <R~ 111~ ? C'T 'f~~~ C<fit~1 ~if c<r ~$'f ~st c.!l<t'~'6fi1(;$'ftm~j)~"1'i'3J, <!'"iiJt'1<!I~~~i\'i(,;"?l~c~t<!

'l"T~~~ ~~ o(~ I ~ ~<f 'f<!~~ '6irii~ 9fIT~ ifj ~ta; f"<fl~ ~tifr\!' mil ~if~il c.!ll:'l(,;~I ~$'f~ti1 \3 HOT 'l~-f~ I f<l'~ c.!l'fiQ("j~ ~ti1(,;~ ~tf<p

9ftUi 0(1, c.!l

s ~a; ~$'f~ c.!l~~<l't~ <l'~ ",,;s;:j' 'R owever . Ci{~c<r theriomorphism CQ("(';"<fi
~~~ <l'(,;~~t'6i~"RfI solipsism c.!l c.!l(';'1
• ~ O(j~+-r
I) I '<. "II >i ••• -'" '

conditional and imperfeot our knowledge at any stag may be, it' C?ITl:~f~ C"l~ ~$'f<ltti1~ C<ltt<!~ f<l~.~(';O(~-<!r~t~ I <21t~i1 $<Il '1<rt(';'6i

reflects objeotive meterial reality, appproximating to absolute truth. ~~ift'T ~ '!~~ 9j"~~ 9f~"T<!'"iiJt't<!'~~r"ii <!(';~CO('{3m
~(;~~~ ~t'6i

• The fact that we oan and do know the truth and are really in touch ~~ ~1 'l5lH ~~ i1j I ~~ ~i\1(';~~ ~Q("jC~l 01\~"lr~ ~"l I 'iC\.Qi$'1 t!I

with objective meterial nature ·is proved to us by our practice. which <1>~~ "11 f<!' ~~~~o{ 'The useful are the beautiful' ( Xenopbon's

turns our knowledge into actual existing objects of production and Memorabilia); ~~ C~ \3 C'1TiW~-"i~~'1 'ft~f~J<l'(,;<!' ~H fil9ft~fil<!'

remakes and changes material actuality.' (Text Book of Marxist cQtC"<fl

c.!lt<l'<{tc~«I~ <!'~ NGl~l:"iiO(; f~foI C~l ~<t>1~~ <l'~r\3i1 i11 c<r

Philosophy-Pp, 23-24), '<rt~~ ~R C~~ D(';an;~, <21~~~ '{39f~ 'ftf~~J<l' 'iC~~ 'T~i1 Nl:\3 9j"tr~, (III & X books of The Republic) I N eo·

~t~ ~f<f<t>1~f«~\5~~ ~r~~ I>rm~, m ~j 'f~~~ C'T 'T<f~if~ cl.assic ~$'f ~i\1\.:~~ c~ c~t~ f~C'j ~t"lJ~ ~st f<t;~t~ f~"ii? ~~~ «Ia;.

cm Csr)~IT~ 011I ift~~<nI' ~rrO(~ C<f C<I'IT0l1P1~tr$'fQ" ~f~~t'l c.!l~ <!t~ ~~~(';'j significant form-<!t ~~~ foK"l'{3<!t~ ~f5~tPi<!' f<1'l1$l:"l~

<!'~~ 'f\3J'!1 \2lift'j ~<i " (Text book of Marxist PhilosophY ~t\3 CQ("~ foI'(gt~ C"l~ I c<I'tl:"l1C'lt~l:<!'~~"1 <{l:"ii~~ <!'r~foI\.:"ii"l~-
Pp. 113-114 ) I "5i<fC~ ~~"ii ~ ~9f"iit9j~ ~ 'Gil:W'fill ~r'l I 'T\3J, f"t<l ~ ~i\1UI~
fil~r"l'<l (abstract) ~~~l C~<!' fqM~ 'T~J, f<!' f<1f"t~<fijJt'j f<t;
'f<j 'f"Tm ~ ~ -~~R<!'~. ~'1.9 i1~ ; \!jt~ ~ \!if$$'f~
<l'~if'{3 llft<rr<f011I ~~ .c.!l~ ~R c~~ <fJf'&"fto1~'{3 'l~~ ~l M~ ~~ c.!lti'l~ 'l5l~~ 'Ttl:~r~~ <l'~ ~ 'T~l:~ <f~j 9j"~ I
•
 '}(!'b ~~ t
~t~ '1t<!t~~1 C'4"C<fi ~f-t~mr;9f~ <.!I~?:If~
t!I~ ~9ffu I ~~1 ~ 'dered the category "capital" as an absolute reflection
Bic1\rdo) con S1
<1''4"hr<fi'lJt?:'tQ Clf~t~ 9ftD¥., ~'4"s ~ttiSi~ "l'{t~., ~Jt~<H 0T "elationship between people in the- whole course of human
of the •
<fiti9i~<.!I.~ C~ <fii'fJt~c<ltt<!~~tt1 <fiC~ ~lC~ 9ft~.,.,i I "l~t,~ . . g with primitive times and ending with bourgeois
b' tory beg1DlD
~f~ ~9ffir~"f ~~ <.!I·tlf~I f<fi~ "f~t~«~ ;qt9t, ~W'ls." <.!I·~1C~~ IS. The researches of Marx (from the stl\ndpoint of the new
SOciety,' ,
~~ "l~ m.,., ~i cstc~ ~t~ .•i'j fm CIf~tC.,~ 1f~<1't~ ~tt~ ~ t , I ) disclosed the complete futility of this
sOCI1\1c aSS ..
metaphysICal

'~~"l' ~1~'?:~ ll?:;q' ~t~1 9f~~~ ~~i "l;qt~ i9it?:"lOf

iSi"l'if'tC<1'
~t~~t~ ' g of capitalism.' (Text Book of Marxist Philosophy, P. 112)
unders t an d In
~~ (~f~{3 corn for, ~ti9it~ CO\~for,f.rGr~i'j '~~T~ ~<!"f ~f\2f~i' I '1I~ ~ ~'i~'1 f?ff~ ~~t~ ~ti!ftt~ ~c'if ~~~ rpechanicl\,l matel:ialistm

l~S ~tCIf~ ~Jt~C;qt<! cGft'ift?:~9fm"l for I "lt~« <r~Of"Ii C~?:\§ C9fC~ m 1PltCi9i~
A<'~"
1.,1' oj
~f~~tor
•
~~Ci,ji ~orf\§~fJT<fi
•
~<;:;m ~?;i'j C"l~ 7['1

t.!i ~1 ~~Of iSiOl<1'i'jffi'tQ~f~c~ \S7'if~~ ~9fij<l~~~~i <.!I;q,<!?;1i~ ~f5il ~~O\t<fi 9j~;q(~~ <11 'f.~~~ ,,~<ft~ ~~ C'4"C<1': 'But it
'if~~ 11r~ for~<1' Pl~{~ ~tf<t;~ ~~., I )~~0\1 \'1tCi'f~ c?r~~~<1' ~(.. (the unhistoric:11 approach to human institution and ideology) goes
eorf5<f' "l~<fi~~ 9f~ C'4"C<fi Dt?:~ ~t~ ~iSi~ ~Sit~ ;qt9t ~~~'I <fiUl~ ~eeper,extending to their c~nceptions of institutions like the monarchy,

<.!I~\2f"ft'1<1'?:~c<r<.!I~~:~ <;:;'if1tr~ c~m <.!I;q~

~1 ~?:G'ft~ iSi?:~~I \1lC~ the union of church and state, feudal economic relations, as well

~1~ -<fi~S <1'i'fJt'1Of1~t<fi, ~Jt'l ~~?:~ c<rtiS-~<fi?:'lfi'ftm~ I <.!I~\2fm as to the nature of the -institutions and relations they would substitute

"f~«~ ~Rf1?:~~ 9f'4"c'4"C'fi "lfu~ c~~~ I <.!I~"ft~« <r11r<.!I<fi;qt~

~?:i!ftc~~ for these. T.hey thought, for example, that by bringing the doctrines

9f?:'4"
~ttmf \2t~<1'tcn ~t'lftiiOf 9jt~ ~f~?:i'f ~ ~m~"-\§J, f"tC;q~Clfm~ of the ~hristian church to the light of. reaSon they would destroy

11r~ "tt~ ~C~ ~t~i <rtt<fOf1I \S7~~~, ~{t~ f<fiOfi~f\Sf1t~ iSi'ifr\§~, these doctrines and the organised church. This followed fro~ their

~9fRl"1~:rr~1 ~'lfil <1'~j <rtt1 ~~Of f<t; OO? 'i5t~ Concrete <fi'4"~ naive conception that religion was just something foisted upon
gullible men by scheming deceivers, Had
C~?:I¥abstract generaliilation-<.!I~ ~?:~ PlD~'l <!l?:~Of;q?:G'fl~tm l~- • , they actua.l1y studied

~'1:<fI "l;q ~~~ f.lf-t~ ~~r<fi <.!I~ ~Of, ~iVfCH, f.!f'!f~ <1t~~ the church and its teachings historically, they would have understood

~-f.1;q~ri1~ <fi~ Ofl<lCi'!for~?:le«f~~?:~~ <fiQji<I?:i'fOf

I ~iffC~~ '1r~9f~" it better and learned that religion was an expression of human
needs and aspirations could not be satisfied in any more real'a~d .
<!t~~~ ~?:~"l'f'l fl~ f5t~. <.!I<fi\f1<.!I<fi
'I!5J<!Jt9f<fi
l~'S/I~ ;q?:i'ff~Ci'j"l,
~t"ff.!m~i C'lliVf~il <.!I<1'Si,~f<P'I~;qi~ i'f'lfi'l! ~'1 ~ ~l)[j~C~ .
genuine way in actual life.' (What is Philosophy

<.!I~~'O"~ 9ft"t ~tstt~ ~~

?-Howard Salsam)
~t~~'1 '1t?:~'1\;qra'l?:~iI ~~ "1''1 ~rc<lt~
~~J'e' ~C~ ~~~ ~ Cii{~ c~t"f ~ ~t~~ I ~~Of ~\g <.!I<1'i9i"
~~ti,ji <rt~ c~t<1' c?r ~"f C!!m Pi;q~'Of~Of,"tt~. fOf!J C<fiOf ill '€?;If~~
~~~ ~"!;~f~"f ~~~-<;:;tiSil ~~ 'i5t~?:~ C'1)~?:~ 9tm~1 I ~fit~ ~C~J
"11 f.lci'j ~fc~~ ~'ifr~~ c<1'tOf"V'~ f'1R9'HI<fi ~1 9Jt'et1 <rtc<!~ 'ifI,
<.!ICi'f~<.!I.?;If~<.!I~~9f.1f ~~ I ~~ ~t~ c?r~~<1' ~-m~?:<1',~ft~
<1'~<ft~@9ft~ ~t?:<1'0f1I
~ftC\§J~'S ~~<t>~9f<fi~if Pl5tt~~ 'C<1'R "ltorlf~ 9ft'S~1 m<lOf1 I ~tm
~OfC4.~ Of1 f<1' ~~'if\§ 9ft~J ~t?:"1 0f1<.!I'1~
\2f~ C<1'til"ltor~~ ill f<fi'
'It is characterisitc of most metaphysicians that they should
ll~1ttii Cil~ 1 ~<lt?:~ c?r ~~ "l~?:"tt<!?:.,~<.!I"fi"lWi ~~ ~ ~
fail to comprehend that the reflection of truth is an historic procesS.
~C"l{Of~ml

- But
also truth
object
admitting

just
the absolute immutability
itself), t,tley hold
as it is. The
that our ideas
categories,
of all that exists (including

which
straightway
they
grasp
use in this
the
of
~t~<1' ;sri5<l~
quantity Into
N agation
quality (and
of negation
vice
<.!I<l~.transfol'mation
ver:a)-<.!I~ ~$ ~fi1<1'
~ ~9f'lli9f ~9f;qJ~J1 ~mOf '!!llt~~'1 7[ln<l I ~for <It'i'jC~Of
metaphysical fashion. are in their opinion eternal. Thus for instance
tho English economists, the fOTe·runners of Marx (Ada.m Smith. fllfWr 'S <.!IJ$MfJ'jPl~ 'lC;<!J<r1~g,PrilfQtPr"l C'l~ ~g •~'t~~~ 'l"f>;j'ff'S ~\§1
,
 s] ~\!lH R"T \S~9f<fi~'j~~J H",
[
. I ~~ "ttftl"Ttf'f<li' 9fRl~~ ~'t~ 9fftl<f~r~ ~ <l'~ I \!j~
~J~ "tt?:if,~tif "tRl~t?:'l<f~?:~~ ~{t~ 'S1~ijj"~if~?:~~C<rPr"tfQff1r~f~
~<f 9ffil<rWI~ ~ ~ <!~~ ~f\5~ ~"q~<T' ~<;f~ I 9ftfil"Ttf'f<li'
\S \!jJt~Nf1i~ em @~~~~~ ~?:"l ~t~ f<p m., ~t?:~? \!j~ ~<>t
/ ~Qjg ~.,~ ~ ~'t<;f~ <>tt(<pJ~~~~-"i.~~ ~ I \!j~
~"t~<! (Neg\ttion of negation) ~~~ ~I( C'{?:<ti @~f~ m~Of~ ~
I!.t~ <f~ '1tDT on, "L~
~~ ~
~"(;<1~\S~l~ I~~~ ('-l~ :
'I"
t IS
. d d
III ee
~~~\!j<R<>t?:lIf (~-~~r<p <fN ffur _~-~~) Pr~'l ~<! .,~ f~f't
but carried along the stream of progress ever onward.
\!j<!S\S~IPl~'l~ .,~-f~NPl~ ~ijj"NPl1i \S \!jJt~NPlUT~ ~o(t~ ~"T~, ever a t res t , , f I d
n, , the case or the birth of a chIld; a tel' a on"
But it IS here as m .
C'lit"1~"T~~ '!llt<ft~D~PT
.,~: 'But once it has placed itself in thesi. riod of nutrition in silence, t~e continuity of the gradual growth m
this thought, opposed to itself, doubles itself into two contradictory ~ f quantitative change is suddenly cut short by the first breath
SIze 0 th is a break in the process, qualitative change-and the
thoughts, the positive and the negative, the )es" and the "no". The drawn- ere ~ .Qj.
. b '(Phenomenoloay of Spirit-Hegel) c~~ I~I~~ "T7;<1J
struggle of these two antagonistic elements, comprised in the anU. ohild IS orn, " tf:. .
~ ~~'l~ 7[<!~~~ ~i Qjt?:<l'~9ffil<1I~~m"t, ~~ ~9(~ ~<l' ~~
thesis, constitutes the dialectic moveme~t. The yes becoming 110,
~g;~ '!llf~.,'1~: ~The whole maSS of its (synthesis;, prevlOuS cont~nt
the no becoming yes, bhe yes becoming at once yes and no, the 110
, , d nd through its dialectical course forwards so far from losIllg
III raIse ,a .
becoming at once no and yes, the contraries balance themselveI, thing from leaving anything behind, it brings with itself all It has
neutralize themselves, paralyse themselves. The fusion of these two any. d > nd enriches and expounds its own being.' (Science of
• acqUIre a .. '
contradictory thoughts constitutes a new thought which is the Logic, Part II).
synthesis of the two' (Texb Book of Marxist Philosophy, P 59). ~~\!j<! ~~ 'S1~<!m~'t~ PiN<l'J~<tit~ <l'~ ~ O{j \!j<!~9fftl"Tt'l

~tif"t~(Pl~'l m~ : 'The negation of the negation-the synthesis. the. ~ ~~'l <>tt«PJ

<l'~ ~~ O{j-\!j <l'Qji~~~ I ~~ \!j~ 9ffil"Tt't<;f~<>tt(-(;<pJ~

. new-does n t emerge by way of a simple uniting concord, reoonoilia· lff~ <;f't~t~~J ( Literature in a classless society) ~'t<;f~~t:<!\S l~m
tion or external oombination of opposites. Such a mechanistic inter. 'ltfu\5J~ CQj0 C$ I \!j~ C~N~ "Tt9f<l'm ~a<! c<tit"'!,1ft~~J ~<f0
pretation of synthe~is is' mere eclecticis m.' (Text Book of Marxist Philo· cft~~ {3~ ~~t7;~ <ti~~f.l c~'li 'SftA~ ~~ ~~ (freedom from
sophy. P. 359). ~t~?:G1\!jl ~"T~C~~"lfm9f f<Is" ? 'Every object or pheno· necessiby) ~~ <l'~~f.l 1ft~t«J <R~~-<1ft: \!j<!~~~~ ~~~<l'
memon has many opposite aspects and alternative ways of being des· (inbernal and external necessity) f.l"(;.sr~<1V"\'\!jtO{ ~t~.,'5j ~~
oribed, However, in a concrete situation it is important to find that <T'~~tf.1~ \!jAc~ f~ I ~t~~i ~;g;~ 9("(;Qj
\!jf~ <!t{3~ ~"f
"new thing' which emerges as the progressive step in the mutual ~f\!l I \!j~ \!jf~ <!t\Sm ~~., \5tf'itlf ~~~~ ~ ~ CO\~I
I

action of these aspects, it is important to di!:lclose the new as the law f<1;~~~ ~~ ~<1~tG'fC~$ I "Tt~7;~ ~'1C" \!j~ "lft~~1 ~;g;tO{~\!j'll~ ~"f
of the movement of the whole. Th.e eclectic cannot disclose this new ~ <2t<;f~~c'21~91 I "l~7;~~~ ~ \!j~ 1f7;fI\5O{
\!j'll'f1 1ft"TJ<1Wt
~<fit~
prog~'eBsive beginning.' (Text Book of Marxist Philosophy, P. 359) ~ on 'WI ~~<f 1ftt~<f <!t:~ ~t:~ C<T'trO{j
L'4'll'ft~ ~~"(;lf~

:!l~ @;f\!l\51\'"L~tO{1\'~?:<f1\' "Tt~i cmQj D~ ~~?:1iif <l''!.<;f~ ~;qm ~ .,~: An organism is a teleologically constructed

(spiral movement) I \!j~"L~ @l{~\!lif, C<P" "1 <>ttRl"Ttf'f<f'

Df9( .~~i{ woole. There. is none of this teleology in the particular physico-
, . 'd' th g ism therefore-the
. ~~ fQjPr7[~ ~~~ \!jJtf .srtf~prif ~t~1,f<T'~~9 'l~~ 7ft<j.,~~.,~ ohemiCal processes that go on ln81 e e or an ,
~?:<f«~ rrPr'l-\!lJtf.sfQtPr~~ ~?:~ifJ'f"Tt<it"1
m ~~~ C<T't"1
J'f~~ ~prr- upholders of •• wholeness" I conclude-the ~eleology of vital pr<:ces~es
. .. . lb' , a of a special force. whICh
«( 11m "T?:<jJ~~, t!IJtf.sNPl'l ~rn?:<j <fJ~ .,~; ~oo ~~f<51 IS a mamfeshtlOn of a speCla egmlDo,
, . h' h b d' tes them to it8elf
9f~~9~~ \2t<fi1?:"t~
0'l'~ c~m., 9ft\S'lIt~·~"(;~ ~i .,<!~~nli7;9ff-l"(;'S17;1'i11' eXlsbs outside the partIcular parts, w 1C su or ma

f.lf4~ ~~t<fom<T'<f~<f m9f 11r~~ <1J~I \!j~ "L~O\~~,~~'el~i ~ PTi{- and joins tQe~ into a singl~ wpole. \!j~ ~~~ ~~ ~~j1"~ 1llWl'
~
)1/00
[

ill q~ii~ ~~<!t\;1f:: , A living organism i~ something that arose

of inorganio ~atter. In it there is no " vital force." If we subi
it'to a purely external analysis into its elements we shall find' Dot •
exoept physico-qhemioal processes. But this by no means den
that life amounts to a simple aggregate of these physico-chemi
elements. The particular physico-chemical processes are c<?nneo-,
in the organism by a new form of movement, and it is in this thu
the quality of the living thing lies. The new in a living orga.nism,
not being attliliutable to physics or chemistry, arises as a result of
the new synthesis, of the new connection of physical and chemio
movements. Tha synthetic process ""hereby out of the old we prooeec1
to the emergence' of the new is understood neither by the Mecha.nists
nor by the Vitalists.' ('fext Book of Marxist Philosophy. Page 319).
, \!l~ ~ ~ ort~~ ~ \!l~'tl ~'it ~'it \5t~ ~~ \!l<j~~
~~~ f.lf5lf m9f f.lm~ ~~ ~,)j'~c<A1 ~~ <2t~~ ~
~ "l{~t5-)j't<j'ijt~
f<l~lf m9f\!l<j~~~iI~ C<2t$l'tl1Si,f'itm~.,
~'it ~'it: ~
I!i[PT~ ~>T~~t'lr<Ti~ @9f\;~t'it<l'nr, C~Am:l\;~€ <l'fif, ~1~m-~V3
<l'fif, ~<jl~Ojt~31I~<l'nr\!l<j~\!l~
Pf~ "l'UU~<!t~ C~, c~~trO{~9ft{<l'JIS<lift I
c'"t~'1f9f~~~t~ ~'it~ 'it'f-"l'Rm 1j<j\;S\;~'<!~ ~~9ftt![; ~ ~f.I ~
CD\;~~\;.,<l' <j~ \!l<j~\!lS ~ 1j~<jc<r 9f~<j~ ~'it
iSf.,>T\;.,~ (C~"l'iI ~mof
~\;'it) "l't~\;~ ~., ~ <l'\;~~ 9fftff<f 9ftRl"f.trt~~ ~~\;ii'S ~1~ ~
<2t~ ~~ ~~f.T<l\;ii~~\;~ nr\;Oj~'it'l-"l'R~ C<T~lit~~ 1~~li mC9\'i
~t~t>T ~t'it(;~ ~tr<Ti C<!'tij 'ilt~,(;<l'~"l'\;~ c~t., Ojt5J<l'tlim9\tf~ ~
9ft~\;~iI iI1 I ~rt C'"t~'1f9f~\;H 'iltS<l' \!l~"€ ~9\'iitt~~ I f<fl~ m~
~ ~iI1 ~iSfr<Ti~m~ I C"t<l''1f9l~\;~~~<U ~t"l'~1 ~ ~~
~ ~ C<{m1 C1ff~,<2t~f3~1j\;Q1 "l'1~r<T~
~~ C<{m9f <2t~J'qi<!'ft
~1 ~~~>T ~~ .,t'~\;<l'ifCS\;~<!Jt~~~ \!l<j~@lf~~ I -~t~ <!ii~ ~
011~ "l'\;O{'
~., it~ ~ ,"t~)j'f9l~\;~ C~ I ~~\;~~ ~"J
~rt ~9~9f )j'tortf~<fl\!l<l~\5t~ ,~~ f<lDt~~<! ~ '~~-~'i

~~-~~Oj1~ ~ ~~Oj1 ~ c~t'ittt~ ~~ fu~I ~~~ ~t~tm m

'V~~ <fl'~~1I iI1 c<R ~"l'~ \!l<fl'~~'>1~1jtr~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~1f
~'1J ~ii.j)~ c~~~ ~ ~ I ~~ ~<!iI1f"f.,~1~ <lJt9f<fl',
~
~,fT~~~ I ~t~li· f~ ~C<j~ ~%if ~~ - ~f<f<fiR ~<fl'~~
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