A Report on

DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM FOR POWER MANAGEMENT

Batch 11

T.Sangeetha-20083153 S.Sankara Karthik-20083154 S.Santhosh Raghavan-20083155 M.N.Sathish Kumar-20083156 A.Selva Kumar-20083157

INDEX Introduction Project Description Protocol Layering OSI Model Shortcomings of OSI model IC-TRM Architecture IC-TRM as applied to DAQ Transducers Voltage Measurement True RMS measurement Current Distortion True RMS meters Average analog meters Limitations Current Measurement Shortcomings of CT Rogowski Coil Frequency Measurement Monitoring System Data acqusition Subsytem ISM RDAU Gateway Remote Server Subsytem Supervisory Control Subsytem Simulation in LABVIEW Subsystem Block Diagram & Description Main Block Diagram & Description Front Panel Diagram & Description Conclusion Bibliography

INTRODUCTION: Data acquisition and control systems need to get real-world signals into the computer. These signals come from a diverse range of instruments and sensors, and each type of signal needs special consideration. The components of data acquisition systems include: Sensors that convert physical parameters to electrical signals. Signal conditioning circuitry to convert sensor signals into a form that can be converted to digital values. Analog-to-digital converters, which convert conditioned sensor signals to digital values.

PROJECT DESCRPTION: In todays world where power consumption is very high, it is of the need to optimise the power that is being consumed. This calls for Power Management.The evolution of sensor technology and communication networks has allowed employing intelligent sensors for improving the processing control. The sensors not only collect data but also perform some local processing and later transmitting their results through a wireless channel (i.e., radio transmission). Monitoring systems let us avoid severe economic losses resulting from unexpected electric system failures by improving the system reliability and maintainability. In this project we aim to collect the voltage, current and frequency of a remote system and perform signal conditioning and processing and transmit the data to a central hub. By allowing the sensor nodes to perform some local data processing, we can improve data channel utilization by not transmitting redundant data. We can choose to send an RMS value instead of all the individual acquired values for the posterior processing in a remote unit. It is different from other DAQ systems in the sense that all the components of the system are decentralised in nature. PROTOCOL LAYERING: DAQ systems generally follow the concept of Protocol layering, which is a common technique to simplify designs by dividing them into functional layers, each concerned primarily with one task.While the terminology derives from networking designs it can be broadly applied to general system designs dealing with data acquisition and delivery. Protocol layering should not be confused with so-called top-down design techniques. Successive layers do not necessarily address more elemental or primitive concepts. Rather, each layer is designed to perform a well-defined function while interacting directly with only the layer immediately beneath it to provide facilities for use by the layer above it. This means that each layer

is independent of the others and is therefore replaceable. Within each layer one or more entities may implement its functionality. For any given application only the layers required need be assembled, which holds the promise of reusability without imposing costs inherent with monolithic solutions that need to address all anticipated requirements. OSI MODEL: The most widely known protcol layering is Open Sytems Interconnection Model.OSI divides telecommunication into seven layers. The layers are in two groups. The upper four layers are used whenever a message passes from or to a user. The lower three layers are used when any message passes through the host computer. Messages intended for this computer pass to the upper layers. Messages destined for some other host are not passed up to the upper layers but are forwarded to another host. The seven layers are: The application layer-This is the layer at which communication partners are identified, quality of service is identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraints on data syntax are identified. The presentation layer-This is a layer, usually part of an operating system, that converts incoming and outgoing data from one presentation format to another The session layer-This layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogs between the applications at each end. It deals with session and connection coordination. The transport layer-This layer manages the end-to-end control (for example, determining whether all packets have arrived) and error-checking. It ensures complete data transfer. The network layer-This layer handles the routing of the data . The network layer does routing and forwarding. The data-link layer-This layer provides synchronization for the physical level and does bitstuffing for strings of 1's in excess of 5. It furnishes transmission protocol knowledge and management. The physical layer-This layer conveys the bit stream through the network at the electrical and mechanical level. It provides the hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier.

Shortcomings of OSI Model: Data is collected and available everywhere, emerging wireless and wired sensor network technology allows for inexpensive, massive data volumes from a multitude of independent sources, and yet there has been no definition of a formal mechanism of data consolidation, association, filtering, and presentation as information. While the OSI Reference Model focuses on the data transmission, the ICTRM addresses the problem of data aggregation, management, presentation, and evaluation. IC-TRM ARCHITECTURE: The IC-TRM uses a six layer architecture following the conceptual layer structure of the OSI Reference Model.It represents a structured approach for transforming data into information into knowledge. The six layers of the IC-TRM are: Application Layer presents the information in a consistent manner to the consumer. Programs for visualization or data mining are implemented in this layer. Presentation Layer compares the information against external information or static references.

Aggregation Layer combines information from different sources relevant to a system or subsystem. Information Layer associates structured information items with accurately scaled, measured data. Data Layer extracts and converts all data to digital data, and verifies the correctness of the physical measurement. Physical Layer collects data in unformatted, unverified, transitory format.

Each higher layer provides standard interfaces for data insertion to the layer below. The producers on the lower layer must adhere to the interface standard. A layer can have multiple producers each geared towards a different data or information element. The IC-TRM only defines what functions each layer performs, not how these functions are performed, and the interfaces between layers.

IC-TRM as applied to DAQ:

TRANSDUCERS: A transducer is a device that converts one type of energy to another. Energy types include electrical, mechanical,electromagnetic (including light), chemical,acoustic or thermal energy. While the term transducer commonly implies the use of a sensor/detector, any device which converts energy can be considered a transducer. Transducers are widely used in measuring instruments. Voltage measurement: Voltage measurement can be performed in many ways. It can be measured using Potential transformer, True RMS meters, voltmeters, galvanometers, etc.,. The instrument used ultimately depends on the type of application, the voltage level and the cost. True RMS measurement: There are many problems associated with average RMS measurement. Many commercial and industrial installations suffer from persistent tripping of circuit breakers Two common causes - The first possible cause is inrush currents that occur when some loads,are switched on. -The second likely cause is that the true current flowing in the circuit has been under measured.

Current distortion: Under measurement occurs very frequently in modern installations Many instruments are not suitable for measuring distorted currents and most currents these days are distorted. This distortion is due to harmonic currents drawn by non-linear loads especially electronic equipment such as variable speed drives. when troubleshooting or analysing the performance of a power system, it is essential to use the correct tools that can deal with non-sinusoidal currents and voltages. True RMS meter A true RMS meter works by taking the square of the instantaneous value of the input current, averaging over time and then displaying the square root of this average.

Average Analog Meters: When measuring a pure sinewave it is quite correct to make a simplemeasurement of the mean value (0.636 x peak) and multiply the result by the form factor, 1.111 (making 0.707 times peak) and call it the RMS value. This is the approach taken in all analogue meters. The problem is that the technique only works for pure sinewaves and pure sinewaves do not exist in the real world of an electrical installation. Limitations: There are two limiting factors frequency response and crest factor. For power systems work it is usually sufficient to measure up to the 50 th harmonic, i.e up to a frequency of about 2500 Hz. The crest factor, the ratio between the peak value and the RMS value, is important.

A higher Crest factor requires a meter with a greater dynamic range and therefore higher precision in the conversion circuitry. A crest factor capability of at least three is required.

Pure sinewave vs Distorted sine wave:

Current measurement: The current can be measured using current transformers, rogowski coil, hall effect sensors. The type of sensor used depends on the type of application. Shortcomings of CT: In many applications the use of traditional iron core transformers (CTs), solid or split, may be limited by both electrical characteristics and mechanical design. Iron core CTs have typically been used in permanent applications while iron core clamp-on CTs have long been the standard in portable test and measurement applications. The mechanical design of these sensors can generate a number of problems in applications requiring measurement in tight spaces. The rigid jaw of clamp-on CTs can hinder or prevent installation in crowded panels and may only allow measurement of a single conductor. Accurate current measurement when using a typical split core or clamp on CT will depend on the alignment of the jaw. The split in the iron core requires the mating surfaces to be properly aligned for accurate measurement Installation and removal of iron core CTs on a live conductor can result in an inductive kick. This voltage surge can represent a significant hazard to both equipment and personnel.These hazards can also exist if the secondary becomes open circuited while installed on a live conductor. Circuit loading can also be a problem when using iron core CTs in a low impedance circuit. If dc current is present on the conductor being measured the iron core can become magnetically saturated. The CT must then be degaussed to remove any residual field before it can be used again. Rogowski Coil:

Rogowski coils can overcome many of these problems.Rogowski coils, also called air-cored coils, evolved from simple solenoids. Early applications of the technology were limited because the low output voltage was inadequate to drive the measuring equipment of the day. As the sensitivity of

measurement equipment improved, Rogowski coils began to be used in a variety of specialized ac current monitoring applications. The current going through the coil induces voltage e given by the following approximate formula: e = -o N A dI/dt = H dI/dt where o= permeability of free space N = turn density [turns/m] A = single turn area [m2] H = coil sensitivity [Vs/A] The output voltage of the Rogowski coil is equal to the derivative of the instantaneous primary current. It is necessary to integrate the coil output voltage to accurately recreate the original primary current waveform in shape, phase, and magnitude. Frequency measurement: Frequency is measured by making use of a zero crossing detector and a counter. The voltage analog signal is first converted into digital signal and the instantaneous samples are compared in a comparator to obtain the zero crossing. Also the sampling rate is very high so that sample having zero amplitude is not missed. The HIGH of the zero crossing detector is used to activate the counter and the counter is stopped when the zero crossing detector becomes HIGH again. We already know the output of the counter for a standard frequency and this is compared with the real time ourput of the Counter to determine the frequency. MONITORING SYSTEM:

The monitoring system presents the following three subsystems 1) Data acquisition subsystem 2) Remote Server (RS) subsystem 3) Supervisory Control subsystem. A. Data Acquisition Subsystem 1) ISMs: Usually, the intelligent sensor term is applied to a device that contains one or more sensors with signal processing capabilities and data communication. The intelligent sensor platform consists of a main subsystem, a sensor subsystem, and a power subsystem. The communication subsystem and the sensor subsystem are managed by amicrocontroller. The transceiver is the entity responsible for wireless communication

2) RDAU: Unlike the ISM subsystem, the RDAU is a static acquisition unit. Although it has been designed for electrical signal acquisition, it could well be used for other metrics. The RDAU platform consists of a communication subsystem, a sensor subsystem, and a power subsystem.

3) Gateway: We have designed a gateway for the interconnection of the data acquisition subsystem to a wired network. The gateway receives the data signals and communicates with the RS through an RS232 interface. B. RS Subsytem The applications running in the RS provide packet reception from the RDAUs, data transmission (with compression) to the SC, computation of power factor, displacement phase, RMS values for the voltage and current, real power, reactive power, and complex power. 1) Wireless Communication: Wireless communication is acheap and easy way to provide network communication at places where there is no wired infrastructure. 2) Ethernet Communication: Ethernet communication is always an alternative when there is a wired network or when, for some reason, wireless communication does not properly work (e.g., too much interference) C. Supervisory Control Subsystem The supervisory control subsystem (SC) was developed to emphasize data presentation versatility. This subsystem is the application layer of the IC-TRM architecture and is the interface layer between human and the machine. By using software such as LABVIEW we are able to supervise and control the system. SIMULATION IN LABVIEW: Subsystem Block:

Mainsystem Block:

Front panel:

Block Diagram Description Subsystem Block: In this we generate a variable signal and a standard signal and compare them to obtain the error RMS . The standard signal has an amplitude of 230V (RMS) and frequency of 50Hz. The variable signal's amplitude and frequency can be manually varied by the user to generate a random signal. The output waveform of the standard signal is displayed by the graph indicator "Const Sig" and the variable signal by the graph indicator "Var Sig".The output of these two signals are compared to obtain the error RMS.

Mainsystem Block: This is very much similar to the RDAU. It is the system where the user can vary the input signal and observe the corresponding deviations from the standard value as a percentage. The percentage has been computed by using the output of the "error RMS" and dividing it by the standard value. The error signal is converted into digital signal by means of a ADC converter which has a resolution of 16 bits for high accuracy in reproduction of the signal into analog at the supervisory control unit. The resampled signal is also displayed in the output in order to check whether the sent signal has been properly converted into digital dignal.The required signal can be sent to the supervisory control unit and displayed in the "Overall indicator". The frequency is calculated by means of the Buneman frequncy estimator, which measures the frequency of the sine signal of the unknown frequency by using the buneman formula. The power factor is also calculated by using the fact that there is a phase difference or difference in the timeperiod of the lagging or leading signal with respect to a standard signal. In this case the standard time period is 20ms and whenever the signal has a time period different than this we can calculate the error. This error is subtracted again from the standard time and divided by the standard time to obtain the power factor. Front Panel: This is the business end of the block diagram where only the output graph indicator , numerical indicators and controls are present. In this simulation we display the variable signal, the constant signal, the variation of the voltage as percentage, the error in frequency, and the power factor as well. Controls are also provided to change the frequency and the amplitude of the input signal. CONCLUSION: Monitoring systems let us avoid severe economic losses resulting from unexpected electric system failures by improving the system reliability and maintainability.Remote Systems also can be easily monitored and controlled with the help of Data acquisition system. The layers are independent of each other and easily replaceable. Hence one is not stuck to a single company and can interchange the components with components of others as well.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: The information posted above has been obtained from the following IEEE papers and websites. IEEE transactions on instrumentation and measurement, vol. 60, no. 3, march 2011 .Evaluation of Flexible Rogowski Coil Performances in Power Frequency Applications by Mario Chiampi, Gabriella Crotti, and Andrea Morando IEEE transactions on instrumentation and measurement, vol. 58, no. 9, september 2009.Monitoring in Industrial Systems Using Wireless Sensor Network With Dynamic Power Management Fabiano Salvadori, Member, IEEE, Maurcio de Campos, Student Member, IEEE, Paulo Srgio Sausen, Robinson Figueiredo de Camargo, Camila Gehrke, Cassiano Rech, Member, IEEE, Marco Aurlio Spohn, and Alexandre Cunha Oliveira. The Control Technical Reference Model, Holger A. Dippel, Howard E. Michel, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA 02747 USA http://www.microlink.co.uk/ An overview of rogowski coil current sensing technology by David E. Shepard and Donald W. Yauch