The Flexural and Shear Design of Deep Beam

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CHAPTER
10
THE FLEXURAL AND SHEAR DESIGN OF DEEP BEAM
10.1 INTRODUCTION
Deep beam is a beam having large depth/thickness ratio and shear span depth ratio less than 2.5 for concentrated load and less than 5.0 for distributed load. Because the geometry of deep beams, they behavior is different with slender beam or intermediate beam.
The structural element that might be classified as deep beam are : Transfer Girder, is a girder that carry all the vertical load without any vertical element below the girder. Pile Cap, is a structural element that connect the vertical element with the deep foundation such as bored pile. Vertical Wall, wall slab under vertical load can be designed as deep beam.
10.2 BEHAVIOR OF DEEP BEAM

The followings are the major different of deep beam element compared wth ordinary beam based on the design assumption, as follows : Two-Dimensional Action, because of the dimension of deep beam they behave as twodimensional action rather than one-dimensional action. Plane Section Do Not Remain Plane, the assumption of plane section remain plane cannot be used in the deep beam design. The strain distribution is not longer linear. Shear Deformation, the shear deformation cannot be neglected as in the ordinary beam. The stress distribution is not linear even in the elastic stage. At the ultimate limit state the shape of concrete compressive stress block is not parabolic shape again.
The followings are the major behavior of deep beam element, as follows : Cracking of deep beam will occur at
1 f' 3 c
or
2 f 'c
The distribution of tensile stress at bottom fiber is constant over the span. In other word the value of tensile stress at bottom fiber at support and at mid span is only little different, for this reason in deep beam the tension reinforcement must be extend to the end of support although that region is small bending moment region (in ordinary beam we can cut off the tension reinforcement and not all of the tension reinforcement in mid span is extended to the end of support, practically only two for anchor the stirrups. The maximum tensile stress at the bottom fiber is far exceed the magnitude of compressive stress.
10 - 1
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MID SPAN SUPPORT
SUPPORT STRESS
FIGURE 10.1
STRESS DISTRIBUTION OF DEEP BEAM
The cracks is vertical follows the direction of compression trajectory, in deep beam we must provide both vertical stirrups and horizontal stirrups.
COMPRESSIVE ARC ACTION
FIGURE 10.2
CRACKS OF DEEP BEAM
10.3 FLEXURAL DESIGN OF DEEP BEAM

10.3.1 GENERAL
The flexural design for deep beam is not described in the ACI code, the method explained in this section is from Euro International Concrete Committee (CEB).
10 - 2
10.3.2
CEB DESIGN OF DEEP BEAM
The flexural design procedure is for simply supported beams and for continuous beams.
TABLE 10.1 TYPE Moment Strength Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement As Minimum FLEXURAL DESIGN OF DEEP BEAM SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS CONTINUOUS BEAMS
Mn = A sfy (jd)
A s+ = Mu + fy ( jd)
Mn = A sfy (jd)
A s+ =
A s =
Mu + fy ( jd)
Mu fy ( jd)
A s min =
f 'c 4 fy
bw d
1 .4 bw d fy
L <2 h
A s min =
f 'c 1 .4 bw d bw d fy 4 fy
L 2 .5 h
Lever Arm
jd = 0.2(L + 2h) 1 jd = 0.6L
jd = 0.2(L + 1.5h) 1 jd = 0.5L
L <1 h
L <1 h
Positive Reinforcement Distribution Negative Reinforcement Distribution
y = 0.25h 0.05L < 0.20h
y = 0.25h 0.05L < 0.20h

L A s1 = 0.5 1 A s h
A s2 = A s A s1
where : jd Mu Mu As As h fc fy
+ -
= lever arm = positive ultimate flexure moment = negative ultimate flexure moment = positive reinforcements area = negative reinforcements area = beam depth = concrete cylinder strength = yield strength of reinforcements (MPa) (MPa)
+ -
Where L is taken the minimum of effective span measured center to center of supports or 1.15 Ln. In simply supported beams, the positive tension reinforcement is distributed in the lower of beam section along the distance : y = 0.25h 0.05L < 0.20h
[10.1]
10 - 3
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENTS
Ln L
FIGURE 9.9 DISTRIBUTION OF POSITIVE REINFORCEMENTS IN SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
In continuous beams the distribution of positive reinforcements is similar as in the simply supported beam, the difference is the distribution of negative reinforcements.
0.2h
As1 As2
FIGURE 9.10
DISTRIBUTION OF NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENTS IN CONTINUOUS BEAMS
As1 is distributed along height h1=0.2h and As2 is distributed along h2=0.6h.
Reinforcements in zone h3 are come from the tension reinforcements that continued from the mid
span to the support section.
10.3.3
STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE
The followings are the step by step procedure used in the flexural design for deep beam, as follows : Classified the structure as simply supported beam or continuous beam. Calculate the approximate lever arm jd.
TYPE
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
CONTINUOUS BEAMS
Lever Arm
jd = 0.2(L + 2h) 1 jd = 0.6L
L <2 h
jd = 0.2(L + 1.5h) 1 jd = 0.5L
h3
0.6h h
L 2 .5 h
L <1 h
L <1 h
10 - 4
Calculate the required positive or negative reinforcement As+, As-.
TYPE Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement
CONTINUOUS BEAMS
A s+ =
Mu + fy ( jd)
A s+ = A s =
Mu+ fy ( jd) Mu fy (jd)
Check the required steel bars area with minimum steel bars area Asmin.
TYPE As Minimum
CONTINUOUS BEAMS
A s min =
f 'c 4 fy
bw d
1. 4 bw d fy
A s min =
f 'c 1 .4 bw d bw d fy 4 fy
Choose the number of bars and the reinforcement is distributed as follows :

TYPE Positive Reinforcement SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS CONTINUOUS BEAMS
y = 0.25h 0.05L < 0.20h
y = 0.25h 0.05L < 0.20h L A s1 = 0.5 1 A s h

A s2 = A s A s1
Negative Reinforcement
10.4 SHEAR DESIGN OF DEEP BEAM

10.4.1 GENERAL
The shear design of deep beam is similar as shear design of ordinary beam, the difference is only at the concrete shear strength, limitation of ultimate shear force and horizontal and vertical
stirrups distribution.
10.4.2
BASIC DESIGN EQUATION
According to ACI code the design of deep beam due to shear force must follows the following condition :
Vn Vu
[10.2]
where : Vn
Vn
= nominal shear strength = design shear strength = strength reduction factor (0.85) = ultimate shear force, factored shear force
Vu
10 - 5
As shear design of ordinary beam, the shear force is resisted by the concrete component and by the
shear reinforcement component, as follows :
Vn = Vc + Vs where : Vn Vc Vs
10.4.3
[10.3]
= nominal shear strength = concrete shear strength without shear reinforcement = shear reinforcement (stirrup) shear strength
CONCRETE SHEAR STRENGTH
The concrete shear strength of deep beam is taken as :

M 1 V d Vc = 3.5 2.5 u f 'c + 120 w u b w d Vud 7 Mu M 1.0 3.5 2.5 u 2.50 Vud
[10.4]
where : Vc Mu Vu fc d bw
w
= concrete shear strength = ultimate flexure moment = ultimate shear force = concrete cylinder strength = effective depth = width of beam web = longitudinal reinforcement ratio
(N) (Nmm) (N) (MPa)
Or the concrete shear strength can be determined as :
Vc =
1 f 'c b w d 6
[10.5]
The maximum limit of concrete shear strength is :
Vc max =
1 f 'c b w d 2
[10.6]
The section must be enlarged if the ultimate shear force is not follows the condition below :
2 Vu f 'c b w d 3 Ln for < 2. 0 d Or
[10.7]
10 - 6
1 L Vu 10 + n f 'c b w d 18 d for 2.0 Ln 5. 0 d
[10.8]
10.4.4
STIRRUP SHEAR STRENGTH
The shear reinforcements must be provided in the deep beams follows the condition below : Vu Vc The strength of horizontal and vertical shear reinforcements is :
[10.9]
L L 1+ n 11 n d A vh A v d f d Vs = + y sv 12 sh 12
[10.10]
where : Vs Av sv Ln d Avh sv fy
10.4.5
= horizontal and vertical stirrups shear strength = area of vertical stirrups = spacing of vertical stirrups = clear distance of beam = effective depth = area of horizontal stirrups = spacing of horizontal stirrups = yield strength of stirrups
(N)
LIMITS OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
The minimum shear reinforcement area is : A v min = 0.0015(bs v ) A vh min = 0.0025(bsh )
[10.11]
where : Av-min Avh-min b sv sh = minimum vertical stirrups = minimum horizontal stirrups = width of beam = spacing of vertical stirrups = spacing of horizontal stirrups
The maximum spacing of shear reinforcement is :
10 - 7
TABLE 10.2
MAXIMUM SPACING OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT HORIZONTAL STIRRUPS
VERTICAL STIRRUPS
sv
d 5
sh
d 3
sv 500mm
sh 500mm
10.4.6
CRITICAL SECTION IN DEEP BEAM
The critical section to determines the ultimate shear force in the deep beam is :
TABLE 10.3 CRITICAL SECTION OF DEEP BEAM DUE TO SHEAR CONCENTRATED LOAD
UNIFORM LOAD
x = 0.15(Ln )
x = 0.50(a )
10.4.7
STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE
The followings are the step by step procedure used in the shear design for deep beam, as follows : Determine the critical section to calculate the ultimate shear force Vu.
UNIFORM LOAD CONCENTRATED LOAD
x = 0.15(Ln )
x = 0.50(a )
Check the ultimate shear force, enlarge the section if the condition is not achieved. 2 Vu f 'c b w d 3 1 L Vu 10 + n f 'c b w d 18 d
for
Ln < 2 .0 d Ln 5. 0 d
for 2.0
Calculate the concrete shear strength Vc M 1 V d Vc = 3.5 2.5 u f 'c + 120 w u b w d 7 Vud Mu M 1.0 3.5 2.5 u 2.50 Vud
If Vu < 0.5Vc then no shear reinforcements needed, but for practical reason provide minimum shear reinforcement. A vh min = 0.0025(bsh ) A v min = 0.0015(bsv )
If Vu > Vc then provide the shear reinforcements.
10 - 8
Calculate the ultimate shear force carried by the stirrups Vs.

Vs = Vu Vc
Choose the vertical and horizontal stirrups until the condition achieved. L L 1+ n 11 n A d + A vh d f d Vs = v y sv 12 sh 12 Check the spacing of shear reinforcement sv and sh.
VERTICAL STIRRUPS
HORIZONTAL STIRRUPS
sv
d 5
sh
d 3
sv 500mm
sh 500mm
If necessary check the chosen shear reinforcements for the basic design equation for shear
design.
Vn = Vc + Vs L L 1+ n 11 n d A vh A v d f d Vs = + y sv 12 sh 12
The design procedure above is repeats until the basic design equation for shear design is achieved.
10.5 APPLICATIONS
10.5.1 APPLICATION 01 FLEXURAL DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED DEEP BEAM
470 500
50
PROBLEM
Design the flexural reinforcement of simply supported deep beam above.
275
10 - 9
MATERIAL
Concrete strength Steel grade Concrete cylinder strength
= K 300 = Grade 400 = f 'c = 0.83 30 = 24.9 MPa 1 = 0.85
DIMENSION
b h Concrete cover d
= 500
mm
= 2750 mm = 50 mm
= 2700 mm
DESIGN FORCE
1 1 Mu = 1.4 qL2 = 1.4 6000 52 = 26250 kgm 8 8
DEEP BEAM CHECKING

Ln 4700 = = 1.74 d 2700
1.0 1.74 5.0
Deep Beam Action
LEVER ARM
jd = 0.2(L + 2h) = 0.2(5000 + 2(2750 )) = 2100 mm
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
Mu = 262500000 Nmm A s+ = Mu+ 262500000 2 = = 348 mm fy ( jd) 0.9 400(2100 )
A s min =
f 'c 4 fy
bw d =
24.9 2 500 2700 = 4211 mm 4 400
A s min =
1 .4 1 .4 2 bw d = 500 2700 = 4725 mm fy 400
A s = 4725 mm2 1 1 Use 10D25, A s = 10 D2 = 10 252 = 4906 mm2 4 4
10 - 10
DISTRIBUTION OF POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
5D25
43.75
50
y = 0.25h 0.05L = 0.25(2750 ) 0.05(5000 ) = 437.5 < 0.20h = 0.20(2750 ) = 550
y = 437.5 mm
The longitudinal positive reinforcement must be distributed at the lower base of the beam with a distance 437.5 mm from the bottom fiber. We place 5D25 at each face of the section.
10.5.2
APPLICATION 02 SHEAR DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED DEEP BEAM
470 500 15000
50
d=70.5
10770
15000
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM
PROBLEM
Design the web reinforcement of simply supported deep beam above.
MATERIAL
Concrete strength Steel grade Concrete cylinder strength
= K 300 = Grade 240 = f 'c = 0.83 30 = 24.9 MPa 1 = 0.85
10770
DESIGN SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM
275
275
10 - 11
DIMENSION
b h Concrete cover d
DESIGN FORCE
= 500
mm
= 2750 mm = 50 mm
= 2700 mm
x = 0.15Ln = 0.15 4700 = 705 mm Vu = 1.4(10770 ) = 15078 kg Vu = 150780 N

LIMITATION CHECKING
2 2 Vu = 150780 f 'c b w d = 0.85 24.9 500 2700 = 3817342 N 3 3 The section is not enlarged.
CONCRETE SHEAR STRENGTH
262500000 M 3 .5 2 .5 u = 3 .5 2 .5 = 1.88 150780 2700 Vud w = As 4906 = = 0.0036 b w d 500 2700
V d M 1 Vc = 3.5 2.5 u f 'c + 120 w u b w d Mu Vud 7 1 150780 2700 Vc = 1.88 24.9 + (120 0.0036 ) 500 2700 = 2052143N 262500000 7 Vc = 0.85 2052143 = 1744322 N 0.5Vc = 0.5 1744322 = 872161 N
DESIGN OF STIRRUPS
Vu = 150780 < 0.5Vc = 872161
Provide minimum web reinforcement
For horizontal and vertical stirrups we choose 2 legs 10. 1 1 A v = 2 2 = 2 102 = 157 mm2 4 4
HORIZONTAL STIRRUPS sh 125 Avh-min sv 200
VERTICAL STIRRUPS Av-min
A vh = 0.0025(bsh ) A vh = 0.0025(500 125 )
A v = 0.0015(bsv ) A v = 0.0015(500 200 ) A v = 150
A vh = 156
10 - 12
10-200 10-125
10 - 13

The Flexural and Shear Design of Deep Beam

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http://syaifulsipil96.blogspot.

THE FLEXURAL AND SHEAR DESIGN OF DEEP BEAM

10.2 BEHAVIOR OF DEEP BEAM

MID SPAN SUPPORT

STRESS DISTRIBUTION OF DEEP BEAM

COMPRESSIVE ARC ACTION

CRACKS OF DEEP BEAM

10.3 FLEXURAL DESIGN OF DEEP BEAM

CEB DESIGN OF DEEP BEAM

jd = 0.2(L + 2h) 1 jd = 0.6L

jd = 0.2(L + 1.5h) 1 jd = 0.5L

Positive Reinforcement Distribution Negative Reinforcement Distribution

y = 0.25h 0.05L < 0.20h

y = 0.25h 0.05L < 0.20h

DISTRIBUTION OF NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENTS IN CONTINUOUS BEAMS

STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS

jd = 0.2(L + 2h) 1 jd = 0.6L

jd = 0.2(L + 1.5h) 1 jd = 0.5L

Calculate the required positive or negative reinforcement As+, As-.

TYPE Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS

Mu+ fy ( jd) Mu fy (jd)

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS

Choose the number of bars and the reinforcement is distributed as follows :

y = 0.25h 0.05L < 0.20h

y = 0.25h 0.05L < 0.20h L A s1 = 0.5 1 A s h

10.4 SHEAR DESIGN OF DEEP BEAM

BASIC DESIGN EQUATION

CONCRETE SHEAR STRENGTH

The concrete shear strength of deep beam is taken as :

(N) (Nmm) (N) (MPa)

Or the concrete shear strength can be determined as :

The maximum limit of concrete shear strength is :

2 Vu f 'c b w d 3 Ln for < 2. 0 d Or

1 L Vu 10 + n f 'c b w d 18 d for 2.0 Ln 5. 0 d

STIRRUP SHEAR STRENGTH

LIMITS OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

The minimum shear reinforcement area is : A v min = 0.0015(bs v ) A vh min = 0.0025(bsh )

The maximum spacing of shear reinforcement is :

MAXIMUM SPACING OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT HORIZONTAL STIRRUPS

CRITICAL SECTION IN DEEP BEAM

STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE

If Vu > Vc then provide the shear reinforcements.

Calculate the ultimate shear force carried by the stirrups Vs.

Design the flexural reinforcement of simply supported deep beam above.

Concrete strength Steel grade Concrete cylinder strength

= K 300 = Grade 400 = f 'c = 0.83 30 = 24.9 MPa 1 = 0.85

1 1 Mu = 1.4 qL2 = 1.4 6000 52 = 26250 kgm 8 8

DEEP BEAM CHECKING

1.0 1.74 5.0

Deep Beam Action

Mu = 262500000 Nmm A s+ = Mu+ 262500000 2 = = 348 mm fy ( jd) 0.9 400(2100 )

24.9 2 500 2700 = 4211 mm 4 400

1 .4 1 .4 2 bw d = 500 2700 = 4725 mm fy 400

A s = 4725 mm2 1 1 Use 10D25, A s = 10 D2 = 10 252 = 4906 mm2 4 4

DISTRIBUTION OF POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

APPLICATION 02 SHEAR DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED DEEP BEAM

470 500 15000

SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

Design the web reinforcement of simply supported deep beam above.

Concrete strength Steel grade Concrete cylinder strength