X2 Grap Sket ph tching

Translations:

Review of Basic Trans w sformati ions

A graph ma be transla by shif ay ated fting it horiz zontally, ve ertically, or in both dire ections. When x is r replaced by x h in the equation the graph is shifted h units to th right. t n, h he When y is r replaced by y k , the graph is sh e hifted k uni up. its
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e.g. x 2 4a and x h 4a y k . The p parabola ha been shift so that i vertex is at h, k . as ted its ay Similarly, x 2 y 2 r 2 and x h y k r 2 .
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The circle h been shi has ifted so that its centre i now at h, k . t is h

HORI IZONTAL SHIFT: VERT TICAL SHI IFT:

To shift h units to th right, replace x with he To shift h units to th left, repla x with he ace To shift k units up, replace y wi r ith To shift k units down replace y with n, . . .

Stretches s:
A graph ma be stretch horizon ay hed ntally, vertic cally or in both directio b ons. x When x is r replaced by a , the grap is stretch horizont ph hed tally by a fa actor of a. aph NB If a > 1 then the g 1, graph is exp panded ho orizontally, whereas if a < 1 the gra is shru w unk horizontally y. y When y is r replaced by b , the grap is stretch verticall by a facto of b. ph hed ly or NB If b > 1 then the g 1, graph is expanded ve ertically, wh hereas if b < 1 the graph is shrunk vertically h k y. (i) Com mpare y si x , y sin 2x and y sin 1 x and then comp pare y sin x , y 2sin x and in n n n 2 1 . y 2 sin x (ii) Let f x x 3 4x . Com mpare y f x , y f 2x and y f 1 x an then com nd mpare y f x , y 2 f x and 2

y 1 f x 2

HORI IZONTAL STRETCH To stretch horizonta by a factor of a, rep H: h ally place x with h VERT TICAL STR RETCH: To stretch vertically by a factor of b, replac y with . h y r ce

Reflectio in the A on Axes:

A graph ma be reflected in the yay -axis, in the x-axis or in both axes. e n When x is r replaced by x in the equation, th graph is reflected in the y-axis. e he r When y is r replaced by y, the grap is reflect in the xph ted -axis. x x e.g (i) tions of each other in th y-axis. h he y 2 and y 2 are reflect (ii) reflections of each othe in the x-ax o er xis. y tan x and y tan x are r T reflect in the y-axis, replace x w x. To with T reflect in the x-axis, replace y w y. To with

HORI IZONTAL REFLECTI ION: VERT TICAL REF FLECTION N:

Odd and Even Fun nctions:

Two specia cases of re al eflections in the axes a odd and even functi n are ions. In the case of an even function, th graph is u he unaltered by a reflectio in the y-a y on axis. i.e. y f x and y f x appe the same ear e. In the case of an odd fu function, the graph is un e naltered afte reflecting in both of the coordin axes. er g f nate i.e. y f x and y f x app the sam pear me. EVEN FUNCTIONS : ODD F FUNCTION NS: is ca alled even if f is ca alled odd if , for all x in the domain. l , for al x in the do ll omain.

NB An odd function ca also be considered t be unaltered by a rot d an c to tation of 18 about th origin. he 80

Inverses:
A graph ma be reflected in the line y = x an then the reflection is called its in ay nd r nverse. If the inverse is not a f function, it is called the inverse rel i e lation. Algebraical this is ac lly chieved by swapping x and y throu s ughout the equation. e If the inverse of y f x is a fun nction then i is denoted by y f 1 x . it d e.g (i) nverse y 2 4ax are ay x 2 4 a and its in symmet in the li y = x. tric ine (ii) are y x 2 2x and x y 2 2y a inverses of one a another.

INVE ERSES:

The inverse relat tion is obtai ined by reflecting in the line y = x. he x braically, sw x and y. wap y Algeb On th number p he plane, revers each orde pair. se ered

Reflectio in the l x = 2a on line a:

By combini translati ing ions, stretch and refl ections, new transform hes w mations can b created. be e.g. When y f x is reflected in the y-axis the result is y f x . s i s, If this is tra anslated 2a units to the right the r e result is y f x 2a f 2a x . This combi ination of re eflection and shift is eq d quivalent to a simple reflection in t line line x = a. the e e.g. The graph of y x3 3x is reflected in the line x = 2. e i Rep place all the x with 4 x and the re esulting cur is rve 2 3 y 52 45x 12x x .

REFL LECT IN A VERTICA LINE: AL

To re eflect in the vertical line x = a e replace x with .