C

I
a
s
s

o
f

D
r
u
g
Name of Drug
What It
Does/Mechani
sm of Action Uses of Drug
Adverse
Effects
C
h
o
I
i
n
e
r
g
i
c

A
g
o
n
i
s
t
s
Cevimiline Acts as
agonists at
muscarinic
receptor.
Produces
same effect
as
acetylcholine
sterase
Alzheimers,
Glaucoma,
myesthenia
Gravis,
Urinary
Retnetion,
Xerostomia
Abdominal
effects,
Bradycardia,
Flushing/swe
ating,
Hypotetnsion
C
h
o
I
i
n
e
r
g
i
c

A
g
o
n
i
s
t
s
Pilocarpine Acts as
agonists at
muscarinic
receptor.
Produces
same effect
as
acetylcholine
sterase
Alzheimers,
Glaucoma,
myesthenia
Gravis,
Urinary
Retnetion,
Xerostomia
Abdominal
effects,
Bradycardia,
Flushing/swe
ating,
Hypotetnsion
C
h
o
I
i
n
e
s
t
e
r
a
s
e

I
n
h
i
b
i
t
o
r
s
Neostigmine Inhibitors
prolong
effect of
acetylcholine
.
Cholinestera
se is an
enzyme that
break down
acetylcholine
Alzheimers,
Glaucoma,
Insecticide,
Myesthenia
Gravis,
Nerve Gas
Same as
cholinergic
agonists
(cevimiline
and
pilocarpine)
C
h
o
I
i
n
e
r
g
i
c

M
u
s
c
a
r
i
n
i
c

A
n
t
a
g
o
n
i
s
t
s
Atropine Muscular
interceptor
that blocks
effects of
cholinesteras
e which is an
enzyme that
breaks down
acetylcholine
.
Cardiovascul
ar system,
decrease
sweating,
antidiarrhea
agent,
respiration
(used to be
used in
drugs to
treat
asthma),
decrease
salivary flow
S
y
m
p
a
t
h
o
m
i
m
e
t
i
c
s
Epinephrine Mimic effects
or some of
the effects of
stimulation
of
sympathetic
NS.
Vasoconstric
tion,
Hemostatic
agent,
Allergies,
Bronchodilat
or
S
y
m
p
a
t
h
o
m
i
m
e
t
i
c
s
Phenylephrin
e I.E.
Sudafed
(OTC
decongestan
t)
Mimic effects
or some of
the effects of
stimulation
of
sympathetic
NS.
Vasoconstric
tion,
Hemostatic
agent,
Allergies,
Bronchodilat
or
PharmacoIogy Drugs
I
n
d
i
r
e
c
t

S
y
m
p
a
t
h
o
m
i
m
e
t
i
c
Ephedrine Not true
agonists,
therefore do
not elict a
response per
say from
tissue. No
effect on
adrenergic
receptors.
Replaces/dis
places
norepinephri
ne and NE
produces the
effect.
I
n
d
i
r
e
c
t

S
y
m
p
a
t
h
o
m
i
m
e
t
i
c
PseudoephedrSimilar to
Ephedrine
but with less
abuse
potential
Nasal
decongestan
ts I.E.
Dristan or
Advil Cold
and Sinus
I
n
d
i
r
e
c
t

S
y
m
p
a
t
h
o
m
i
m
e
t
i
c
Salbutamol,
Albuterol
Bronchial
relaxation
and uterine
relaxation
See what it
does.
Example is
Ventolin
Dry mouth,
potential
candidiasis
A
d
r
e
n
e
r
g
i
c

A
n
t
a
g
o
n
i
s
t
s
Phentolamine Used for
hypertension
A
d
r
e
n
e
r
g
i
c

A
n
t
a
g
o
n
i
s
t
s
Prazosin Acts on CNS
to reduce
blood
pressure
Used for
hypertension
A
d
r
e
n
e
r
g
i
c

A
n
t
a
g
o
n
i
s
t
s
Propranolol,
nadolol,
pindolol,
timolol
Acts on
Cardiovascul
ar system of
hypertensive
individuals
Angina,
Anxiety,
Arrythmias,
Glaucoma,
Hypertensio
n
Depression,
Dry Mouth,
Fever,
Orthostatic
Hypotension,
Rash,
Sleep
Disturbances
A
n
t
i
b
i
o
t
i
c
s
CephalosporinBactericidal
(kills
microorganis
ms)
Kill bacteria Allergic rxns,
GI side
effects less
common
than
penicillans
A
n
t
i
b
i
o
t
i
c
s
Erythromycin Bacteriostati
c (Slow
growth -
stop
microorganis
ms from
growing)
Used in pts
allergic to
penicillan
GI side
effects
common,
Little allergic
potential
A
n
t
i
b
i
o
t
i
c
s
MetronidazoleBactericidal
(kills
microorganis
ms)
A
n
t
i
b
i
o
t
i
c
s
Tetracyclines Bacteriostati
c (Slow
growth -
stop
microorganis
ms from
growing)
GI,
Depositioni
into
bones/teeth
during
calcification,
photosensiti
vity,
infrequent
allergies,
superinfectio
n frequent,
contraindicat
ed during
pregnancy,
not to be
used for
children <8
A
n
t
i
b
i
o
t
i
c
s
Fluoro-
quiinolones
I.E.
Ciprofloxin,
norfloxacin,
olfoxacin
Bactericidal
(kills
microorganis
ms)
UTI, lower
respiratory
tract
infections,
skin, bones,
joint
infections,
gonorrhea,
infectious
diarrhea,
Used
dentally for
rare
pseudomona
s infections
A
n
t
i
-
F
u
n
g
a
I
Nystatin Fungicidal
drug with
very frew
effets on
mammalian
cells
Fungal
infections,
Mouth rinse,
long term
therapy may
be required
Very few
side effects
A
n
t
i
-
F
u
n
g
a
I
Ketoconazole Fungicidal
drug more
widely used
by dentists
Oralpharang
eal
candidiasis,
Mucocutaneo
us
candidiasis
Photophobia,
Dizziness,
Drowsiness,
(AVOID
ALCOHOL)
A
n
t
i
-
F
u
n
g
a
I
Fluconazole Fungicidal
drug similar
to
ketoconazole
but much
better
tolerated.
Drug of first
choice for
HIV related
oropharynge
al and
esophageal
candidiasis
Oropharynge
al and
esophageal
candidiasis
Fewer side
effects esp.
hepatotoxicit
y (i.e.
jaundice)
A
n
t
i
-
V
i
r
a
I
Acyclovir Manages
Herpes
infections.
Prevents
viral DNA
replication
Herpes I, II,
varicella
zoster
If
administered
locally may
have
burning,
stinging or
even painful
sensation
A
n
t
i
-
V
i
r
a
I
Penciclovir Manages
recurrent
orolabial
HSV in
immunocom
petent
adults.
Newer drug
similar to
Acyclovir
A
n
t
i
-
V
i
r
a
I
Amantadine,
Rimantadine
Active
against
Influenza A
(but not B),
Rubella,
Tumor
Viruses if
given
BEFORE viral
exposure
Prophylatcial
ly for
Influenza A
Nausea,
Edema,
Insomnia,
Lightheaded
ness
A
n
t
i
-
V
i
r
a
I
Azidothymidi
ne (AZT)
Management
of HIV.
Inhibits HIV
reverse
transcriptase
Decreases
opportunistic
infections
Bone Marrow
Suppresion,
Fever, GI
effects,
Headache,
Insomnia,
Rashes
A
n
t
i
-
V
i
r
a
I
Saquinavir Treats HIV
infections.
HIV protease
inhibitor that
prevents
packaging of
viral DNA for
further
infection
Treats HIV
infections
Poor oral
absorption
A
n
t
i
-
V
i
r
a
I
Raltegravir New HIV
drug.
Inhibits
enzyme HIV
integrase
which
prevents
integration
of HIV DNA
into target
cell DNA
which
inhibits
replication of
HIV DNA.
Used in
combo
therapy for
HIV
treatment
Limited
adverse side
effects, Ltd
drug
interactions
A
n
t
i
-
V
i
r
a
I
Enfuvirtide Newer
agent.
Peptide that
interferes
with fusion
of virus with
cell. Not
used on Out
pt basis.
Interferes
with fusion
of virus with
mammalian
cell,
therefore
nothing else
happens
after this
occurs
Very few
side effects
B
e
n
z
o
d
i
a
z
e
p
i
n
e
s
Diazepam,
Lorazepam,
Chlordiazepo
xide
Causes
channels to
open and
close more
frequently in
presence of
GABA.
General
reduction in
CNS activity
Anxiety,
Hypnotic
Neurotic
anxiety
Epilepsy
Alcohol
withdrawal
Muscle
relaxation
Anaesthesia
Dizziness
Oral ulcers
Orthostatic
hypotension
Potentiates
other
hypnotics
(opiods,
alcohol)
Xerostomia
B
e
n
z
o
d
i
a
e
p
i
n
e

A
n
t
a
g
o
n
i
s
t
Flumazenil Reverses
effects of
Benzodiazepi
nes
Reverses
conscious
sedation
Reverses
benzodiazepi
ne overdose
B
e
n
z
o
d
i
a
z
e
p
i
n
e
s
Chloral
Hydrate
Induces
conscious
sedation in
pediatric
medical and
dental pts
Induces
conscious
sedation in
pediatric pts
Nausea,
vomiting,
diarrhea
(reduced if
administered
with H1 -
histamine
antagonist -
i.e gravol,
benedryl),
rash,
potentiation
of other CNS
depressants
D
i
p
h
e
n
y
I
m
e
t
h
a
n
e
s
Diphenhydra
mine
Hydroxyzine
Borderline
anti-anxiety
drug,
primarily
anti-
spasmodic,
anti-emetic,
anti-
histamine -
admin.
Orally or
intra-
muscularly
anxiety
related
allergies,
treat/preven
t nausea &
vomiting,
preop and
postop
sedative
anti-
cholinergic
(dry mouth),
Drowsiness,
Low toxicity,
Potentiates
effects of
other CNS
depressants
B
-
A
d
r
e
n
e
r
g
i
c

A
n
t
a
g
o
n
i
s
t
s
Propanolol Reduce
sympathetic
symptoms of
anxiety if
anxiety has
prominent
CDV effects
N
S
A
I
D
S
Apririn Analgesic
(COX1),
Anti-pyretic
(reduce
fever)
(COX1,
COX2), Anti-
Infamm
(COX2),
Anti-platelet
Decrease
prostaglandi
ns
Anti-platelet
effects
GI effects
common
Bleeding
may occur
Reyes's
Syndrome
Delayed
parturition
Allergy
(extremely
rare)
Intolerance
N
S
A
I
D
S
Ibuprogen Analgesic
(COX1),
Anti-pyretic
(reduce
fever)
(COX1,
COX2), Anti-
Infamm
(COX2),
Anti-platelet
Same as
Apirin along
with Dry
mouth
N
S
A
I
D
S
Acetaminoph
en
Analgesia &
Anti-pyretic
but NO anti-
inflamm or
anti-platelet
function
decrease
pain and
reduce fever
Side effects
rare with few
effects of GI,
CV or
respiratory
systems
N
S
A
I
D
S
Celecoxib Specific COX-
2 inhibitor
Treats
various
inflammator
y conditions
COX2
inhibitor
used for
treatment of
various
inflamm
conditions
Low
incidence of
GI ulceration
but
abdominal
pain
prevalent
O
P
I
O
D
S
Morphine
Central
Effects:
Analgesic,
Euphoria,
sedation,
depressed
respiration,
anti-tussive,
miosis,
truncal
rigidity,
emesis
Peripheral
Effects:
Constipation,
biliary colic,
urinary
retention,
prolongs
labor,
sweating,
flushing
Reduce pain,
sedation,
anti-tussive
%oIerance -
loss of
effectiveness
with
repeated
administratio
n of
therapeutic
doses
Addiction -
sign of
addice is
miosis and
constipation
WithdrawaI -
delirium,
lacrimation,
perspiration,
rhinorrhea,
yawning
O
P
I
O
D
S
Codeine Used for
mild to
moderate
pain.
- often used
in combo
with aspirin
222 or
acetaminoph
en (tylenol
#3)
Sedative,
analgesic,
anti-tussive,
anti-diarrhea
Similar to
morphine
but to a
lesser
degree
O
P
I
O
D
S
Oxycodone Semi-
synthetic
opioid.
Often used
for severe
dental pain if
codeine is
insufficient.
May also be
used in
combo with
aspirin or
acetaminoph
en
Used as
heroin
substitute in
treatment
programmes
for opiod
addiction.
Also used as
analgesic or
anti-tussive
O
P
I
O
D
S
Dextrometho
rphan
(Benylin DM
etc)
Semi-
synthetic
opiod. Anti-
tussive, non-
analgesic b/c
free of
analgsic.
Non
addictive
Avail OTC in
many anti-
tussive
preparation
Produces
less
constipatory
effects than
codeine. No
analgesic
effects, no
GI effects,
no addiction
O
P
I
O
D
S
Meperidine
(Demerol)
Used when
patient
displays
allergic
responses to
morphine/co
diene
Used for
management
of moderate
to severe
pain
O
P
I
O
D
S
Loperamide
(Imodium)
Enhances
sedative
effect of
other opiods.
Used in OTC
anti-
diarrheal
preparations
Low
addictive
potential
O
P
I
O
D
S
Methadone Tolerance
and
addiction
develop
slower and
the effects of
withdrawal
are less
severe, but
longer
lasting.
Used as
heroin
substitute in
treatment
programmes
for opiod
addiction
Similar
therapeutic
actions and
side effects
to morphine
but longer
1/2 life
O
P
I
O
D
S
Naloxone Inhibits and
reverses
effects of
morphine
and codeine.
Effects seen
rapidly
Drug of
choice to
reverse
respiratory
depression
of unknown
origin
A
n
t
i
-
H
i
s
t
a
m
i
n
e
s
H1
Antagonists
Decreases
edema
formation
and
respiratory
smooth
muscle
constriction.
These drugs
do not
manage
asthma
Treats or
prevents
symptoms of
allergic rxns,
treats
nausea and
vomiting,
OTC cold/flu
preparations
, OTC sleep
aids, dental
uses
Sedation,
anti
muscarinic
effects (GI -
constipation,
anorexia,
xerostomia,
blurred
vision,
urinary
retention)
D
i
u
r
e
t
i
c
s
Furosemide,
Chlorothiazid
e,
Spironolacto
ne,
Amiloride
Decrease
volume, and
decrease
extracellular
fluid, blood
volume, BP
Decrease
BP/volume/fl
uid
Dry mouth,
orthostatic
hypotension,
interacts
with
NSAIDS,
caution
re:stress
S
y
m
p
a
t
h
o
p
I
e
g
i
c

A
g
e
n
t
s
Reserpine,
Methyldopa,
Clonidine
Reduces
blood
pressure
Decrease BP DM, OH,
NSAIDs
interaction
(Reserpine
and
Methyldopa
have an
increase in
BP with use
of EPI.)
S
y
m
p
a
t
h
o
p
I
e
g
i
c

A
g
e
n
t
s
Propranolol
(B-
adrenergic
antagonist)
Reduce
sympathetic
symptoms of
anxiety if
anxiety has
prominent
CDV effects.
Acts on
Cardiovascul
ar system of
hypertensive
individuals
Angina,
Anxiety,
Arrythmias,
Glaucoma,
Hypertension
Depression,
Dry Mouth,
Fever,
Orthostatic
Hypotension,
Rash,
Sleep
Disturbances
A
C
E

i
n
h
i
b
i
t
o
r
Captopril Inhibits
angiotension
II formation,
decreases
BP. Slows
progression
of heart
failure
Hypertensio
n assoc with
heart failure
Cough,
Neutropenia,
Aphthous
ulcers,
transient
loss of taste
A
n
t
g
i
o
t
e
n
s
i
n

I
I

r
e
c
e
p
t
o
r

a
n
t
a
g
o
n
i
s
t
Losartan
(Cozaar)
Inhibits
angiotension
II formation,
decreases
BP. Slows
progression
of heart
failure
Hypertensio
n assoc with
heart failure.
Neutropenia,
Aphthous
ulcers
C
a
r
d
i
a
c

G
I
y
c
o
s
i
d
e
s
Digitoxin,
digoxin
Increases
force and
rate of
contraction
by causing a
diuresis.
Monitor
vitals, OH
Use EPI with
caution
Interaction
with
erythromyci
n/tetracyclin
e Caution
re:stress
N
i
t
r
a
t
e
s
Nitroglycerin
sublingual,
isosorbide
dinitrate
Acts directly
to relax
vascular
smooth
muscle.
Reduces
workload on
heart and
reduces
pain.
Angina
Pectoris
Xerostomia,
OH
Caution
re:stress
Monitor
vitals
Caution with
EPI
C
a
I
c
i
u
m

C
h
a
n
n
e
I

B
I
o
c
k
e
r
s
Nifedipine,
Diltiazem,
Amlodipine
Prevent
calcium from
entering into
smooth
muscle walls
which
relaxes
smooth
muscle and
decreases
angina pain
Angina
Pectoris
Xerostomia,
OH,
gingival
overgrowth,
Caution
re:stress,
monitor
vitals,
caution with
EPI
S
y
m
p
a
t
h
o
p
I
e
g
i
c

A
g
e
n
t
s

(
a
n
g
i
n
a
)
Propranolol
(B-
adrenergic
antagonist)
Reduce
sympathetic
symptoms of
anxiety if
anxiety has
prominent
CDV effects.
Acts on
Cardiovascul
ar system of
hypertensive
individuals
33,
Anxiety
Arrythmias
Glaucoma
Hypertension
Depression,
Dry Mouth,
Fever,
Orthostatic
Hypotension,
Rash,
Sleep
Disturbances
A
n
t
i
-
A
r
r
y
t
h
m
i
c

D
r
u
g
s
Quinidine Used for
various
forms of
tachycardia.
Blocks Na+
and K+
channels.
Arrythmias OH,
nausea/vomi
ting, caution
with EPI
A
n
t
i
-
A
r
r
y
t
h
m
i
c

D
r
u
g
s
Tocainide Lidocaine
analogue.
Blocks Na+
channels
Arrythmias Dry mouth,
OH
A
n
t
i
-
A
r
r
y
t
h
m
i
c

D
r
u
g
s
Amiodarone B-
antagonist,
Na+ channel
blocker and
Ca2+
channel
blocker
Arrythmias Dry mouth,
OH
Bitter taste
Caution with
EPI
A
n
t
i
-
A
r
r
y
t
h
m
i
c

D
r
u
g
s
Propranolol
(B-
adrenergic
antagonist)
Reduce
sympathetic
symptoms of
anxiety if
anxiety has
prominent
CDV effects.
Acts on
Cardiovascul
ar system of
hypertensive
individuals
ngina
Anxiety
Arrythmias
Glaucoma
Hypertension
Depression,
Dry Mouth,
Fever,
Orthostatic
Hypotension,
Rash,
Sleep
Disturbances
A
n
t
i
-
%
h
r
o
m
b
o
t
i
c
s
Aspirin,
clopidrogel
(plavix)
Affect
platelet
function
ood cot
risk
Caution with
use of
NSAIDs.
Bleeding
may be prop
during/after
dental
procedures
A
n
t
i
-
C
o
a
g
u
I
a
n
t
s
Haparin
calcium
Inactivates
coagulation
factors/interf
eres with
coagulation
cascade -
not oral.
Maintains
extracorpore
al circulation
(surgery/dial
ysis)
!revent
coaguation
A
n
t
i
-
C
o
a
g
u
I
a
n
t
s
arfarin Antagonises
vitamin K-
dependent
coagulation
factors -
oral.
eep vein
thrombosis,
IH, artificia
heart vaves,
rheumatic
heart disease
Bleeding
may be
concern
before/after
dental
procedures.
Caution with
use of
NSAIDs.
Other
multiple
drug
interactions.
H
y
p
e
r
I
i
p
i
d
e
m
i
a

d
r
u
g
s
Colestipol,
Lovastatin,
Probucol
CoIestipoI -
prevents
uptake of
dietary
cholesterol.
Lovastatin -
inhibits
synthesis of
cholesterol
but as result
doesn't
affect dietary
cholesterol
at all.
ProbucoI -
Reduces LDL
by reducing
# LDL
receptors
#educe
circuating
eves of
ipids
especiay
choestero
Not many.
Possible
decreased
absorption of
some drugs.
i.e.
penicillins.
A
n
t
i
-
c
o
n
v
u
I
s
a
n
t
s
Phenytoin Blocks Na
channel.
Alters Na+,
K+, Ca2+
conduction.
Stabilizes
membrane
potentials,
inhibits
gernation of
action
potentials.
Affects
GABA, Ach,
NE, 5HT
levels
$eizures
Increased
bone
turnover for
women.
Sedation,
Hirsutism,
gingival
overgrowth
A
n
t
i
-
c
o
n
v
u
I
s
a
n
t
s
Carbamazepi
ne
Alters Na+,
K+, Ca2+
conduction.
Stabilizes
membrane
potentials.
Inhibits
gernation of
repetitive
action
potentials.
Affects Ach,
NE, 5HT
levels (NO
GABA)
$eizures, anti-
depressant,
pain reief
Drowsiness,
headache,
dizziness,
nausea/vomi
ting,
leucopenia,
reversible
thromboycyt
openia
A
n
t
i
-
c
o
n
v
u
I
s
a
n
t
s
Valproate MOA centers
in on GABA.
Blocks Na+
channel
different
from
phenytoin.
Blocks CA
conduction.
Alters Na+,
K+, Ca2+
conduction,
stablizes
membrane
potential and
inhibts
generation
of repetitive
action
potentials
#educes
frequency of
absence
seizures,
tonic-conic
seizures
GI upset,
tremours,
drowsiness,
hirsuitism,
menstraul
abnormalitie
s, platelet
dysfunction
with
abnormal
bleeding
B
a
r
b
i
t
u
r
a
t
e
s
barbital Prolonged
opening/closi
ng of Cl-
channels.
Bind to
GABA
receptors.
Enhanced Cl-
ion
conductance
b/c
prolonged
opening/closi
ng Cl-
channels.
Depression
of excitation.
$edation,
hypnosis,
genera
anaesthesia,
respiratory
arrest
Bleeding.
Enhanced
effects with
CNS
depressants.
Interactions
with
OPIOIDs,
acetaminoph
en,
tetracycline.