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Lecture 02:
End of Intro and
ER Diagrams
Thursday, September 8
Announcements
Homework #1 is out
Bucky is 2-0 (edit)
Outline
Finish Intro
Where ER fits in and why you care.
E/R diagrams (Chapter 2.2-2.4)
Design decisions
3
Challenges with Many Users

CMS application serves 1000s+ of users
Security: Different users, different roles
Disk access is slow, DBMS hide the latency by doing
more CPU work concurrently
Performance: Need to provide concurrent access

DBMS allows user to write programs as if they were the
only user.
Consistency: Concurrency can lead to update

problems
Transactions
Key concept is a transaction: an atomic
sequence of db actions (reads/writes)
Atomicity: An action either completes entirely or not at all
Transactions leave the DB in a consistent state

Users may write integrity constraints, e.g., a course
is assigned a single room
But, DBMS does not understand the real semantics
of the data consistency burden is still on the user!
5
Scheduling concurrent transactions

DBMS ensures that execution of {T1, Tn} is
equivalent to some serial execution
Locking: Before reading or writing transaction
reqs a lock from DBMS, holds until the end
If Ti writes an item x and Tj reads x then Ti, Tj conflict
only one winner gets the lock.
loser is blocked until winner finishes
What if Ti asks for X before Tj and
Tj asks for Y before Ti?
Deadlock! One is aborted

6
Ensuring Atomicity
DBMS ensures atomicity all-or-nothing
property even if a transaction crashes!
Idea: Keep a log of all writes the DB does
Write-ahead log (WAL): Before a change is made, the
corresponding log entry is forced to disk
Idea: After a crash, partially executed transactions are
undone using the log
NB: Thanks to WAL, if log entry not present then its not
applied to the DB
More details about the log

The following actions are in the log:
Ti writes an object: old value and new value
Ti commits/aborts
Log records chained by Xact ID so easy

undo
Log is on stable storage
All log maintenance and concurrency handled
transparently by DBMS
8
Friends of Databases
(people made happy)
End users and DBMS vendors
Reduces cost and makes money
DB application programmers
e.g., smart webmasters
Database administrators (DBA)

Designs logical/physical schema
Handles security/authorization
Tuning, crash recovery, and more
Must understand
DB internals
Structure of a DBMS
You get to
implement this!
(mostly)
Query Optimizer & Execution

Relational Operators
File and Access Methods
Buffer Management
Disk Space Management
Layered Architecture
(not the only one)
DB
Concurrency
Control is not
pictured but is
ubiquitous
10
Summary of DBMS
DBMS used to maintain, query, and manage
large datasets.
Provides concurrency, recovery from crashes,
quick application development, integrity, and
security
Key abstraction give independence

DBMS R&D is one of the broadest, most
exciting fields in CS
11
Database Design
12
Database Design
Why do we need it?
Agree on structure of the database before deciding on a
particular implementation.
Consider issues such as:

What entities to model
How entities are related
What constraints exist in the domain
How to achieve good designs
You care because it

is HW#1
Several formalisms exists

We discuss one flavor of E/R diagrams
13
Database design
high-level overview
1. Requirements analysis
What is going to be stored?
How is it going to be used?
Technical and nontechnical people are

involved
What are we going to do with the data?

Who should access the data?
14
Database design
high-level overview
2. Conceptual Design
A high-level description of the database
Sufficiently precise that technical people can understand it
But, not so precise that non-technical people cant participate
This is where E/R fits in.
15
Database design
high-level overview
2. Conceptual Design
2. is where E/R fits in.
This process is
iterated many
times
3. More: Logical Database Design, Physical

Design, Security
E/R is a visual syntax to share technical design
constraints with non-technical people
16
Interlude:
Impact of the ER model
The E/R model is one of the most cited
articles in Computer Science (#35)
The Entity-Relationship model toward a
unified view of data Peter Chen, 1976
Used by fortune 500 companies

Youll know it soon enough
17
Outline
Where this fits in and why you care.
Basic E/R diagrams (Chapter 2.2-2.4)
Basic Design Principles
Advanced E/R features and principals
18
Entities and Entity Sets

An entity is our primitive unit.
Products, Companies, Persons, etc.
An entity has attributes

Products have a name, price, category
name
category
price
Product
Shapes are important.

Colors are not
Represents a set of entities that
are products: an entity set
19
Keys
A key is a minimal set of attributes that
uniquely identifies an entity.
Denote elements of a
key by underlining.
name
category
price
Product
Here, {name, category}

is not a key.
- Why?
- What would it mean?
20
Key subtlety
A key is a minimal set of attributes that
uniquely identifies an entity.
There may be more than one candidate key.
ER forces us to designate one as the primary key
name
category
price
Product
21
The R in E/R: Relationship

A relationship is between two entities
name
name
category
price
Product
Makes
Company
22
name
category
name
price
makes
Company
Product
stockprice
buys
employs
Person
address
name
ssn
23
What is a Relation ?
A mathematical definition:
if A, B are sets, then a relation R is a subset of
A!B
A={1,2,3}, B={a,b,c,d},
A ! B = {(1,a),(1,b), . . ., (3,d)} A=
R = {(1,a), (1,c), (3,b)}
b
c
3
B=
- makes is a subset of Product ! Company:

Product
makes
Company
24
Relations and attributes

Relations may have attributes as well.
since
name
name
category
price
Product
since records when company
started making a product
Makes
Company
Aside: Why not how long?

25
Relations and attributes

Subtle point: Relations are defined as subsets of entity set (products)
Makes = {(p,c) | p " Product and c " Company}

since
name
name
category
price
Product
Makes
Company
NB: since is implicitly unique per pair! Why?

26
Multiplicity of E/R Relations

one-one:
a
b
c
d
1
2
3
many-one
1
2
3
many-many
1
2
3
a
b
c
d
a
b
c
d
Indicated using arrows
x arrow y: there is a function mapping x to y
27
name
category
name
price
makes
Company
Product
buys
stockprice
What does
this say?
employs
Person
address
name
ssn
28
Multi-way Relationships
How do we model a purchase relationship between buyers,
products and stores?
Product
Purchase
Store
Person
Can still model as a mathematical set (how ?)
29
Arrows in Multiway
Relationships
Q: what does the arrow mean ?
Product
Purchase
Store
Person
A: A person purchases at most one product and purchases that
product at one store. Bad business!
30
Arrows in Multiway
Relationships
Q: what does the arrow mean ?
Product
Purchase
Store
Person
A:Worse business!
31
Arrows in Multiway
Relationships
Q: How do we say that every person shops in at most one store ?
Product
Purchase
Store
Person
A: cannot. This is the best approximation.
(Why only approximation ?)
32
Converting Multi-way
Relationships to Binary
date
ProductOf
Product
StoreOf
Store
BuyerOf
Person
Purchase
33
Decision: Binary or Ternary?

1. Binary relationships are useful when we want to
add details (constraints or attributes) to the
relationship
- A person who shops in only one store
- How long a person has been shopping at a
store
2. Ternary is useful when a relationship really is
between three entities
- Contract
34
Participation Constraints:
Partial v. Total
Product
makes
Company
Are there products made by no Company?

Companies that dont make a product?
Product
makes
Bold line indicates total participation
Company
35
Outline
36
3. Design Principles
Whats wrong?
Product
Country
Moral: be faithful!
Purchase
President
Person
Person
37
Design Principles:
Whats Wrong?
date
Product
Purchase
Store
Moral: pick the right
kind of entities.
personAddr
personName
38
Design Principles:
Whats Wrong?
date
Dates
Product
Purchase
Store
Moral: dont
complicate life.
Person
39
Now for some examples
40
Examples: Entity vs. Attribute

Should address be an attribute or an entity?
1. What if an employee may have several addresses?

2. What if the structure is important, i.e. Zip Code for mailing?
When we want to record several
values, we choose entity.
41
Outline
42
Modeling Subclasses
Some objects in a class may be special
define a new class
better: define a subclass
Products
Software
products
So --- we define subclasses in E/R
Educational
products
43
Subclasses
name
category
price
Product
isa
Software Product
platforms
Educational Product
44
Age Group
Understanding Subclasses
Think in terms of records:
Product
field1
field2
SoftwareProduct
field1
field2
EducationalProduct
field3
field1
field2
field4
field5
45
Product
Think like tables

name
category
price
Product
Name
Price
Category
Gizmo
99
gadget
Camera
49
photo
Toy
39
gadget
Sw.Product
Name
platforms
Gizmo
unix
Name
Age Group
Gizmo
todler
Toy
retired
isa
Ed.Product
Software Product
platforms
Educational Product
Age Group
46
Difference between OO and E/R

inheritance
OO: classes are disjoint (same for Java, C++)
Product
p1
sp1
SoftwareProduct
p2
p3
ep1
ep2
sp2
EducationalProduct
ep3
47
Difference between OO and E/R

inheritance
E/R: entity sets overlap
Product
p1
sp1
SoftwareProduct
p2
p3
ep1
ep2
sp2
EducationalProduct
ep3
48
No need for multiple inheritance in E/R

Product
p2
p1
sp1
SoftwareProduct
p3
ep1
ep2
sp2
esp1 esp2
EducationalProduct
ep3
We have three entity sets, but four different kinds of

objects.
49
ISA reviews
If we declare A isa B then every A is a B
We use ISA to
Add descriptive attributes to a subclass
To identify entities that participate in a
relationship
No need for multiple inheritance

50
Modeling UnionTypes With

Subclasses
FurniturePiece
Person
Company
Say: each piece of furniture is owned either

by a person, or by a company
51
Modeling Union Types with

Subclasses
Say: each piece of furniture is owned either by a
person, or by a company
Solution 1. Acceptable, imperfect (Whats wrong ?)
Person
FurniturePiece
ownedByPerson
Company
ownedByComp
52
Modeling Union Types with

Subclasses
Solution 2: better, more laborious
FurniturePiece
ownedBy
Person
Owner
isa
Company
53
Constraints in E/R Diagrams

Finding constraints is part of the modeling process.
Commonly used constraints:
Keys: social security number uniquely identifies a person.

Single-value constraints: a person can have only one father.
Referential integrity constraints: if you work for a company, it
must exist in the database.
Other constraints: peoples ages are between 0 and 150.
54
Keys in E/R Diagrams

name
Underline:
category
price
No formal way
to specify multiple
keys in E/R diagrams
Product
Person
address
name
ssn
55
Single Value Constraints
makes
v. s.
makes
56
Referential Integrity Constraints

Product
makes
Company
Each product made by at most one company.

Some products made by no company?
Product
makes
Company
Each product made by exactly one company.

57
Weak Entity Sets

Entity sets are weak when their key comes from other
classes to which they are related.
affiliation
Team
sport
number
University
name
Football team v. The Wisconsin Football team.

E.g., Michigan has a football team too (sort of)
58
Weak Entity Sets: Details

Entity sets are weak when their key comes from other
classes to which they are related.
affiliation
Team
sport
number
University
name
1. number is a partial key. (denote with dashed underline).

2. University is called the identifying owner.
3. Participation in affiliation must be total. Why?
59
Aggregation
Inspectors
Inspectors for the
products made by
a company
Product
Where could we
hook it up?
Inspect
makes
Company
60
Other good stuff in Ch.2

More examples of decision decisions
A case study.
Nugget: Grading
1. Did you make these mistakes?
2. Follow these justifications
61
ER Summary
ER diagrams are a visual syntax that allows
technical and non-technical people to talk
For conceptual design
Basic constructs: entity, relationship, and
attributes
A good design is faithful to the constraints
of the application, but not overzealous
62
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Price
Category
Manufacturer
Gizmo
$19.99
Gadgets
GizmoWorks
Powergizmo
$29.99
Gadgets
GizmoWorks
SingleTouch
$149.99
Photography
Canon
MultiTouch
$203.99
Household
Hitachi
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Price
Category
Manufacturer
Gizmo
$19.99
Gadgets
GizmoWorks
Powergizmo
$29.99
Gadgets
GizmoWorks
SingleTouch
$149.99
Photography
Canon
MultiTouch
$203.99
Household
Hitachi
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Powergizmo
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Price
$19.99
$29.99
$149.99
$203.99
Category
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GizmoWorks
Gadgets
GizmoWorks
Photography
Canon
Household
Hitachi
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$19.99
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GizmoWorks
Powergizmo
$29.99
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$29.99
$149.99
$203.99
Category
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GizmoWorks
Gadgets
GizmoWorks
Photography
Canon
Household
Hitachi
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$19.99
GizmoWorks
Powergizmo
$29.99
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PName
Gizmo
Powergizmo
SingleTouch
MultiTouch
Price
$19.99
$29.99
$149.99
$203.99
Category
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Gadgets
Photography
Household
Manufacturer
GizmoWorks
GizmoWorks
Canon
Hitachi
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Country
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25
USA
Canon
65
Japan
Hitachi
15
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PName
Gizmo
Powergizmo
SingleTouch
MultiTouch
Price
$19.99
$29.99
$149.99
$203.99
Category
Gadgets
Gadgets
Photography
Household
Manufacturer
GizmoWorks
GizmoWorks
Canon
Hitachi
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PName
Price
Category
Manuf
Gizmo
$19
Gadgets
GWorks
Powergizmo
$29
Gadgets
GWorks
SingleTouch
$149 Photography
Canon
MultiTouch
$203
Hitachi
Household
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Cname
Stock
Country
GWorks
25
USA
Canon
65
Japan
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15
Japan
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PName
SingleTouch
Price
$149.99
2L&
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PName
Price
Category
Manuf
Gizmo
$19
Gadgets
GWorks
Powergizmo
$29
Gadgets
GWorks
SingleTouch
$149 Photography
Canon
MultiTouch
$203
Hitachi
Household
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Cname
Stock
Country
GWorks
25
USA
Canon
65
Japan
Hitachi
15
Japan
Country
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Product
Date
Price
Quantity
Bagel
10/21
20
Banana
10/3
0.5
10
Banana
10/10
10
Bagel
10/25
1.50
20
"U'U!?&&"+0D/,=)(&q&\+A7Q*BG&
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#$&
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Product
Date
Price
Quantity
Bagel
10/21
20
Bagel
10/25
1.50
20
Banana
10/3
0.5
10
Banana
10/10
10
#i&
LM&"U'U!?&
Product
Date
Price
Quantity
Bagel
10/21
20
Bagel
10/25
1.50
20
Banana
10/3
0.5
10
Banana
10/10
10
Product
TotalSales
Bagel
50
Banana
15
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Product
Date
Price
Quantity
Bagel
10/21
20
Banana
10/3
0.5
10
Banana
10/10
10
Bagel
10/25
1.50
20
"U'U!?&&"+0D/,=)(&q&\+A7Q*BG&
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Product
Date
Price
Quantity
Bagel
10/21
20
Bagel
10/25
1.50
20
Banana
10/3
0.5
10
Banana
10/10
10
#i&
LM&"U'U!?&
Product
Date
Price
Quantity
Bagel
10/21
20
Bagel
10/25
1.50
20
Banana
10/3
0.5
10
Banana
10/10
10
Product
TotalSales
Bagel
50
Banana
15
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Date
Price
Quantity
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10/21
20
Banana
10/3
0.5
10
Banana
10/10
10
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10/25
1.50
20
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Product
Date
Price
Quantity
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10/21
20
Bagel
10/25
1.50
20
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10/3
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10
Banana
10/10
10
<;&
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Product
Date
Price
Quantity
Bagel
10/21
20
Bagel
10/25
1.50
20
Banana
10/3
0.5
10
Banana
10/10
10
Product
TotalSales
Bagel
50
Banana
15
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Gg_hM&
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MAIN MEMORY
DISK
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SLOT DIRECTORY
24
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1 # slots
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Data
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Pages with
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Page 2
DIRECTORY
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10
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Examples of composite key

indexes using lexicographic order.
11,80
11
12,10
12
12,20
13,75
<age, sal>
10,12
20,12
75,13
name age sal

bob 12
10
cal 11
80
joe 12
20
sue 13
75
12
13
<age>
10
Data records
sorted by name
80,11
<sal, age>
Data entries in index

sorted by <sal,age>
20
75
80
<sal>
Data entries
sorted by <sal>
:V(,8=397&39&89&W96(L&
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10
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80
joe 12
20
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13
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10
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<sal>
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012(7&)3BV8)*(6&8x(,&6(2(=397G&
W96(L(7/&&
A2*&H@K?&HsK/&68*8&(9*,N&71<(&g&-.w&71<(&34&,()3,6&&
C87R/&\3&3`(,Q3D&>+)E(*7G&
m.w&V8;(&3))+V89)N&gu&012(&71<(&g&-G@#&68*8&71<(&
d,((/&$nw&3))+V89)N&H*R17&17&*NV1)82KG&
WBV21(7&[2(&71<(&g&&-G#&68*8&71<(&
A77+BV=397&H)39*6GK&
")897/&&
'(84&2(`(27&34&8&*,((k196(L&8,(&)R819(6G&
W96(L&68*8k(9*,1(7&V2+7&8)*+82&[2(&7)899(6&43,&
+9)2+7*(,(6&196(L(7G&
589;(&7(8,)R(7/&
o(&+7(&*,((&196(L(7&*3&,(7*,1)*&*R(&7(*&34&68*8&
,()3,67&4(*)R(6?&>+*&1;93,(&R87R&196(L(7G&
!37*&34&:V(,8=397&&
(a) Scan
(b)
Equality
(c ) Range
(d) Insert
(1) Heap
(2) Sorted
(3) Clustered
(4) Unclustered
Tree index
(5) Unclustered
Hash index
! Several assumptions underlie these (rough) estimates!
(e) Delete
!37*&34&:V(,8=397&&
(a) Scan
(b) Equality
(c ) Range
(d) Insert (e) Delete
(1) Heap
BD
0.5BD
BD
2D
(2) Sorted
BD
Dlog 2B
D(log 2 B +
# pgs with
match recs)
(3)
1.5BD
Dlog F 1.5B D(log F 1.5B
Clustered
+ # pgs w.
match recs)
(4) Unclust. BD(R+0.15)
D(1 +
D(log F 0.15B
Tree index
log F 0.15B) + # pgs w.
match recs)
(5) Unclust. BD(R+0.125) 2D
BD
Hash index
Search
+ BD
Search
+D
Search
+BD
Search
+D
Search
+D
Search
+ 2D
Search
+ 2D
Search
+ 2D
Search
+ 2D
c96(,7*89619;&*R(&o3,E2386&
03,&(8)R&O+(,N&19&*R(&D3,E2386/&
oR1)R&,(28=397&63(7&1*&8))(77T&
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oR1)R&8q,1>+*(7&8,(&19`32`(6&19&7(2()=39_i319&)3961=397T&&
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03,&(8)R&+V68*(&19&*R(&D3,E2386/&
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C3D&7(2()=`(&8,(&*R(7(&)3961=397&21E(2N&*3&>(T&
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*+,9G&&!39716(,&*R(&>(7*&V289&+719;&*R(&)+,,(9*&196(L(7?&
896&7((&14&8&>(q(,&V289&17&V3771>2(&D1*R&89&8661=3982&
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03,&93D?&D(&617)+77&71BV2(&-k*8>2(&O+(,1(7G&
b(43,(&),(8=9;&89&196(L?&B+7*&8273&)39716(,&*R(&
1BV8)*&39&+V68*(7&19&*R(&D3,E2386U&
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723D(,G&&5(O+1,(&617E&7V8)(?&*33G&
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Aq,1>+*(7&19&oCM5M&)28+7(&8,(&)896168*(7&43,&196(L&E(N7G&
ML8)*&B8*)R&)3961=39&7+;;(7*7&R87R&196(LG&
589;(&O+(,N&7+;;(7*7&*,((&196(LG&
!2+7*(,19;&17&(7V()1822N&+7(4+2&43,&,89;(&O+(,1(7h&)89&8273&R(2V&39&(O+821*N&
O+(,1(7&14&*R(,(&8,(&B89N&6+V21)8*(7G&
I+2=k8q,1>+*(&7(8,)R&E(N7&7R3+26&>(&)39716(,(6&DR(9&8&oCM5M&
)28+7(&)39*8197&7(`(,82&)3961=397G&
:,6(,&34&8q,1>+*(7&17&1BV3,*89*&43,&,89;(&O+(,1(7G&
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03,&196(Lk392N&7*,8*(;1(7?&)2+7*(,19;&17&93*&1BV3,*89*U&
d,N&*3&)R337(&196(L(7&*R8*&>(9([*&87&B89N&O+(,1(7&87&V3771>2(G&&
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>87(6&39&1BV3,*89*&O+(,1(7&*R8*&D3+26&>(9([*&*R(&B37*&4,3B&
)2+7*(,19;G&
ML8BV2(7&34&!2+7*(,(6&W96(L(7&
SELECT E.dno
FROM Emp E
WHERE E.age>40
bv&*,((&196(L&39&MG8;(&)89&>(&+7(6&
*3&;(*&O+8214N19;&*+V2(7G&
C3D&7(2()=`(&17&*R(&)3961=39T&
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!2+7*(,(6&QI-4,&196(L&B8N&>(&>(q(,U&
MO+821*N&O+(,1(7&896&6+V21)8*(7/&
SELECT E.dno, COUNT (*)

FROM Emp E
WHERE E.age>10
GROUP BY E.dno
!2+7*(,19;&39&QI3,HH1&R(2V7U&
SELECT E.dno
FROM Emp E
WHERE E.hobby=Stamps
W96(L(7&D1*R&!3BV371*(&"(8,)R&^(N7&&
C,2$,'/0#*D#%)+3*E#1'/&"(8,)R&39&
8&)3B>198=39&34&[(267G&
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8&)397*89*G&MG;G/&
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O+(,1(7G&
'(L1)3;,8VR1)&3,6(,?&3,&
"V8=82&3,6(,G&
Examples of composite key

indexes using lexicographic order.
11,80
11
12,10
12
12,20
13,75
<age, sal>
10,12
20,12
75,13
name age sal

bob 12
10
cal 11
80
joe 12
20
sue 13
75
12
13
<age>
10
Data records
sorted by name
80,11
<sal, age>

sorted by <sal,age>
20
75
80
<sal>
Data entries
sorted by <sal>
!3BV371*(&"(8,)R&^(N7&
d3&,(*,1(`(&MBV&,()3,67&D1*R&%&#gs.&A\a&'%"g%...?&
89&196(L&39&t%&#='%"u&D3+26&>(&>(q(,&*R89&89&196(L&
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W4&)3961=39&17/&&@.t%&#ts.&&A\a&&s...t'%"t#.../&&
!2+7*(,(6&*,((&196(L&39&t%&#='%"u&3,&t'%"=%&#u&17&>(7*G&
W4&)3961=39&17/&&%&#gs.&&A\a&&s...t'%"t#.../&&
!2+7*(,(6&t%&#='%"u&196(L&B+)R&>(q(,&*R89&t'%"=%&#u&
196(LU&
!3BV371*(&196(L(7&8,(&28,;(,?&+V68*(6&B3,(&3x(9G&
W96(Lk:92N&]2897&
A&9+B>(,&34&
<E.dno>
O+(,1(7&)89&>(&
897D(,(6&
D1*R3+*&
,(*,1(`19;&89N& <E.dno,E.sal>
*+V2(7&4,3B&39(& Tree index!
3,&B3,(&34&*R(&
,(28=397&
<E. age,E.sal>
or
19`32`(6&14&8&
<E.sal, E.age>
7+1*8>2(&196(L&17&
8`8128>2(G&
Tree index!
SELECT E.dno, COUNT(*)

FROM Emp E
GROUP BY E.dno
SELECT E.dno, MIN(E.sal)

FROM Emp E
GROUP BY E.dno
SELECT AVG(E.sal)
FROM Emp E
WHERE E.age=25 AND
E.sal BETWEEN 3000 AND 5000
W96(Lk:92N&]2897&H!39*6GK&
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)39716(,&*R(&
7()396&O+(,NT&

FROM Emp E
WHERE E.age=30
GROUP BY E.dno

FROM Emp E
WHERE E.age>30
GROUP BY E.dno
W96(Lk:92N&]2897&H!39*6GK&
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28*(,G&
SELECT D.mgr
FROM Dept D, Emp E
WHERE D.dno=E.dno
<E.dno,E.eid>
SELECT D.mgr, E.eid

FROM Dept D, Emp E
WHERE D.dno=E.dno
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Non-leaf
Pages
Leaf
Pages
(Sorted by search key)
! Leaf
pages contain data entries, and are chained (prev & next)
! Non-leaf pages have index entries; only used to direct searches:
index entry
P0
K 1
P1
K 2
P 2
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<age, sal>
11,80
11
12,10
12
12,20
13,75
10,12
<sal, age>
20,12
75,13
80,11

sorted by <sal,age>
name age sal

bob 12
10
cal 11
80
joe 12
20
sue 13
75
Data records
sorted by name
12
<age>
13
10
20
75
<sal>
80
Data entries
sorted by <sal>
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!E+3*(,(1&T3K&{0)E+3*(,(1&/01(2&
UNCLUSTERED
CLUSTERED
Index entries direct search
(Index File)
Data entries
Data Records
Data Records
(Data file)
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KL&A,((/&514*&D?6(7J&j4(6&S@6(T&
S@4(,*m6(7(*(&>*&712&V&o&)14*q&Q((B&*,((&:-"4:.>
?'0'&#-,F&&&HV&`&c>@1+*;&o&`&i&7(>c&B>2(4I&
5?@?=+=&#<s&1))+B>@)J&H(T)(B*&c1,&,11*IF&&]>)3&
@16(&)1@*>?@4&+&Z`&&=&&Z`&.+&(@*,?(4F&&A3(&
B>,>=(*(,&+&?4&)>77(6&*3(&%(,-(&1c&*3(&*,((F&
"+BB1,*4&(^+>7?*J&>@6&,>@2(p4(>,)3(4&(d)?(@*7JF&
Index Entries
(Direct search)
Data Entries
("Sequence set")
]T>=B7(&KL&A,((&
"(>,)3&9(2?@4&>*&,11*;&>@6&Q(J&)1=B>,?41@4&
6?,()*&?*&*1&>&7(>c&H>4&?@&S"[5IF&
"(>,)3&c1,&#f;&-#f;&>77&6>*>&(@*,?(4&\`&.%f&FFF&
Root
13
2*
3*
5*
7*
14* 16*
17
24
19* 20* 22*
30
24* 27* 29*
! Based on the search for 15*, we know it is not in the tree!
33* 34* 38* 39*
KL&A,((4&?@&e,>)C)(&
AJB?)>7&1,6(,/&-<<F&&AJB?)>7&g77pc>)*1,/&$XsF&
>E(,>2(&c>@1+*&`&-::&
AJB?)>7&)>B>)?C(4/&
N(?23*&%/&-::%&`&:-.;a<<;X<<&,()1,64&
N(?23*&:/&-:::&`&&&&&.;:#.;$:X&,()1,64&
!>@&1r(@&3176&*1B&7(E(74&?@&9+n(,&B117/&
'(E(7&-&`&&&&&&&&&&&-&B>2(&&`&&&&&W&w9J*(4&
'(E(7&.&`&&&&&&-::&B>2(4&`&&&&&-&59J*(&
'(E(7&:&`&-X;$Wa&B>2(4&`&-::&5KJ*(4&&&&&&&&
S@4(,C@2&>&U>*>&]@*,J&?@*1&>&KL&A,((&
V?@6&)1,,()*&7(>c&@2&&
e+*&6>*>&(@*,J&1@*1&@F&
Sc&@*3>4&(@1+23&4B>)(;&,%&-R&
]74(;&=+4*&/A0".&&@*B"&.%*@*'&,*'*&-7*&%,-*@CD&
0(6?4*,?9+*(&(@*,?(4&(E(@7J;&4567%86%=?667(&Q(JF&
S@4(,*&?@6(T&(@*,J&B1?@C@2&*1&@C*?@*1&B>,(@*&1c&@F&
A3?4&)>@&3>BB(@&,()+,4?E(7J&
A1&4B7?*&?@6(T&@16(;&,(6?4*,?9+*(&(@*,?(4&(E(@7J;&9+*&
689:%86%=?667(&Q(JF&&H!1@*,>4*&G?*3&7(>c&4B7?*4FI&
"B7?*4&y2,1Gz&*,((q&,11*&4B7?*&?@),(>4(4&3(?23*F&&&
A,((&2,1G*3/&2(*4&7",-(&1,&%&-*0-E-0*.'00-(*'.*.%A2*
S@4(,C@2&Wf&?@*1&]T>=B7(&KL&A,((&
894(,E(&31G&
=?@?=+=&
1))+B>@)J&?4&
2+>,>@*((6&?@&
91*3&7(>c&>@6&
?@6(T&B2&4B7?*4F&
o1*(&6?n(,(@)(&
9(*G((@&#%A)>1A&
>@6&A1/:>1Aq&9(&
4+,(&J1+&
+@6(,4*>@6&*3(&
,(>41@4&c1,&*3?4F&
Entry to be inserted in parent node.

(Note that 5 is
s copied up and
continues to appear in the leaf.)
2*
3*
5*
17
13
24
7*
8*
Entry to be inserted in parent node.

(Note that 17 is pushed up and only
appears once in the index. Contrast
this with a leaf split.)
30
]T>=B7(&KL&A,((&
D(O,(&21?@2&*1&?@4(,*&WF&
Root
13
2*
3*
5*
7*
14* 16*
17
24
19* 20* 22*
30
24* 27* 29*
! Based on the search for 15*, we know it is not in the tree!
33* 34* 38* 39*
]T>=B7(&KL&A,((&[r(,&S@4(,C@2&Wf&
Root
17
2*
3*
24
13
5*
7* 8*
14* 16*
19* 20* 22*
30
24* 27* 29*
33* 34* 38* 39*
! Notice that root was split, leading to increase in height.

! In this example, we can avoid split by re-distributing
entries; however, this is usually not done in practice.
U(7(C@2&>&U>*>&]@*,J&c,1=&>&KL&A,((&
"*>,*&>*&,11*;&g@6&7(>c&@&G3(,(&(@*,J&9(71@24F&
0(=1E(&*3(&(@*,JF&
Sc&'&?4&>*&7(>4*&3>7cpc+77;&,%&-F**
Sc&'&3>4&1@7J&+;.%(@*,?(4;&
A,J&*1&,(p6?4*,?9+*(;&91,,1G?@2&c,1=&/"?0"&4*B',G'#-&.*&%,-*7".:*
/'=-*A'(-&.*'/*@DF&
Sc&,(p6?4*,?9+C1@&c>?74;&=-(4-&@*>@6&4?97?@2F&
Sc&=(,2(&1))+,,(6;&=+4*&6(7(*(&(@*,J&HB1?@C@2&*1&@&
1,&4?97?@2I&c,1=&B>,(@*&1c&@F&
5(,2(&)1+76&B,1B>2>*(&*1&,11*;&6(),(>4?@2&3(?23*F&
U(7(*(&
]T>=B7(&KL&A,((&[r(,&S@4(,C@2&Wf&
Root
17
2*
3*
24
13
5*
7* 8*
14* 16*
19* 20* 22*
30
24* 27* 29*
! Were going to delete 19 and 20
33* 34* 38* 39*
]T>=B7(&A,((&[r(,&HS@4(,C@2&Wf;&
A3(@I&U(7(C@2&-af&>@6&.<f&FFF&
Root
17
2*
3*
27
13
5*
7* 8*
14* 16*
22* 24*
30
27* 29*
33* 34* 38* 39*
o(T*;&G(&6(7(*(&.%&
U(7(C@2&-af&?4&(>4JF&
U(7(C@2&.<f&?4&61@(&G?*3&,(p6?4*,?9+C1@F&
o1C)(&31G&=?667(&Q(J&?4&#%A"-,*1AF&
&&&&&&&&FFF&[@6&A3(@&U(7(C@2&.%f&
5+4*&=(,2(F&
894(,E(&{.%//O&1c&
?@6(T&(@*,J&H1@&,?23*I;&
>@6&{A100*,%7&O&1c&
?@6(T&(@*,J&H9(71GIF&
30
22*
27*
29*
33*
34*
38*
39*
Root
5
2*
3*
5*
7*
8*
13
14* 16*
17
30
22* 27* 29*
33* 34* 38* 39*
]T>=B7(&1c&o1@p7(>c&0(p6?4*,?9+C1@&
A,((&?4&431G@&9(71G&,1("&4*,-0-$%&*1c&.%fF&
HD3>*&)1+76&9(&>&B144?97(&?@?C>7&*,((bI&
S@&)1@*,>4*&*1&B,(E?1+4&(T>=B7(;&)>@&,(p
6?4*,?9+*(&(@*,J&c,1=&7(r&)3?76&1c&,11*&*1&,?23*&
Root
)3?76F&&&
22
2* 3*
5* 7* 8*
13
14* 16*
17
30
20
17* 18*
20* 21*
22* 27* 29*
33* 34* 38* 39*
[r(,&0(p6?4*,?9+C1@&
S@*+?CE(7J;&(@*,?(4&>,(&,(p6?4*,?9+*(6&9J&
{A1/:"&4&.:(%14:O&*3(&4B7?u@2&(@*,J&?@&*3(&
B>,(@*&@16(F&
S*&4+d)(4&*1&,(p6?4*,?9+*(&?@6(T&(@*,J&G?*3&Q(J&
Root
.<q&G(OE(&,(p6?4*,?9+*(6&-X&>4&G(77&c1,&
17
?77+4*,>C1@F&
5
2* 3*
5* 7* 8*
13
14* 16*
20
17* 18*
20* 21*
22
30
22* 27* 29*
33* 34* 38* 39*
8BC=?h>C1@4&c1,&S@6(T?@2&
e,(gT&w(J&!1=B,(44?1@&
S=B1,*>@*&*1&?@),(>4(&c>@p1+*F&&HD3JbI&
w(J&E>7+(4&?@&?@6(T&(@*,?(4&1@7J&{6?,()*&*,>d)Oq&)>@&
1r(@&)1=B,(44&*3(=F&
]F2F;&Sc&G(&3>E(&>6v>)(@*&?@6(T&(@*,?(4&G?*3&4(>,)3&Q(J&
E>7+(4&!'&&%&*H%41(.;&!'E",*I=".:*>@6&!-E'('8%&,'*
J1(.:);&G(&)>@&>99,(E?>*(&!'E",&I=".:&*1&!'EF&&HA3(&
1*3(,&Q(J4&)>@&9(&)1=B,(44(6&*11&FFFI&
S4&*3?4&)1,,()*b&&o1*&^+?*(R&&D3>*&?c&*3(,(&?4&>&6>*>&(@*,J&!'E-)*
K%&-/b&&H!>@&1@7J&)1=B,(44&!'E",*I=".:**1&!'E"I&
S@&2(@(,>7;&G3?7(&)1=B,(44?@2;&=+4*&7(>E(&(>)3&?@6(T&(@*,J&
2,(>*(,&*3>@&(E(,J&Q(J&E>7+(&H?@&>@J&4+9*,((I&*1&?*4&7(rF&
S@4(,*m6(7(*(&=+4*&9(&4+?*>97J&=16?g(6F&
K+7Q&'1>6?@2&1c&>&KL&A,((&
Sc&G(&3>E(&>&7>,2(&)177()C1@&1c&,()1,64;&>@6&G(&
G>@*&*1&),(>*(&>&KL&*,((&1@&41=(&g(76;&61?@2&
41&9J&,(B(>*(67J&?@4(,C@2&,()1,64&?4&E(,J&471GF&
L108*@%',"&4*)>@&9(&61@(&=+)3&=1,(&
(d)?(@*7JF&
&
Root
Sorted pages of data entries; not yet in B+ tree
3* 4*
6* 9*
10* 11*
12* 13* 20* 22* 23* 31* 35* 36*
38* 41* 44*
K+7Q&'1>6?@2&H!1@*6FI&
Root
S@6(T&(@*,?(4&c1,&7(>c&
B>2(4&>7G>J4&(@*(,(6&
?@*1&,?23*p=14*&?@6(T&
B>2(&v+4*&>91E(&7(>c&
7(E(7F&&D3(@&*3?4&g774& 3*
+B;&?*&4B7?*4F&&H"B7?*&=>J&
21&+B&,?23*p=14*&B>*3&
*1&*3(&,11*FI&
5+)3&c>4*(,&*3>@&
,(B(>*(6&?@4(,*4;&
(4B()?>77J&G3(@&1@(&
)1@4?6(,4&71)Q?@2R&
10
4*
3* 4*
6* 9*
20
12
23
20
10
6* 9*
not yet in B+ tree
10* 11* 12* 13* 20* 22* 23* 31* 35* 36* 38* 41* 44*
Root
Data entry pages
35
12
Data entry pages

not yet in B+ tree
35
23
38
10* 11* 12* 13* 20* 22* 23* 31* 35* 36* 38* 41* 44*
"+==>,J&1c&K+7Q&'1>6?@2&
8BC1@&-/&=+7CB7(&?@4(,*4F&
"71GF&
U1(4&@1*&2?E(&4(^+(@C>7&4*1,>2(&1c&7(>E(4F&
8BC1@&./*L108*@%',"&4*&
N>4&>6E>@*>2(4&c1,&)1@)+,,(@)J&)1@*,17F&
V(G(,&Sm84&6+,?@2&9+?76F&
'(>E(4&G?77&9(&4*1,(6&4(^+(@C>77J&H>@6&7?@Q(6;&1c&
)1+,4(IF&
!>@&)1@*,17&yg77&c>)*1,z&1@&B>2(4F&
[&o1*(&1@&{8,6(,O&
+(,-(&H+I&)1@)(B*&,(B7>)(6&9J&B3J4?)>7&4B>)(&
),?*(,?1@&?@&B,>)C)(&H{'.*0-'/.*:'0M>M100OIF&
S@6(T&B>2(4&)>@&*JB?)>77J&3176&=>@J&=1,(&(@*,?(4&*3>@&
7(>c&B>2(4F&
P>,?>97(&4?h(6&,()1,64&>@6&4(>,)3&Q(J4&=(>@&6?n(,@*&
@16(4&G?77&)1@*>?@&6?n(,(@*&@+=9(,4&1c&(@*,?(4F&
]E(@&G?*3&gT(6&7(@2*3&g(764;&=+7CB7(&,()1,64&G?*3&*3(&
4>=(&4(>,)3&Q(J&E>7+(&H,1A0"#'.-/I&)>@&7(>6&*1&
E>,?>97(p4?h(6&6>*>&(@*,?(4&H?c&G(&+4(&[7*(,@>CE(&H:IIF&
0?64&
Sc&*3(&KL&A,((&?4&)7+4*(,(6;&*3(@&Q((B?@2&*3(&
?@6(T&41,*(6&,(^+?,(4&Q((B?@2&*3(&g7(&41,*(6&
>4&G(77&
[4&G(&7(>,@(6;&,?6&+4+>77J&`&HB>2(;471*I&
D3>*&?c&G(&=1E(&>&,()1,6&*1&>&6?n(,(@*&B>2(b&
D(&3>E(&*1&?@c1,=&1*3(,&?@6(T(4R&
&D3J&61(4@O*&*3?4&3>BB(@&G?*3&
@1@)7+4*(,(6&?@6(T(4b&
"+==>,J&
A,((p4*,+)*+,(6&?@6(T(4&>,(&?6(>7&c1,&,>@2(p
4(>,)3(4;&>741&2116&c1,&(^+>7?*J&4(>,)3(4F&
S"[5&?4&>&4*>C)&4*,+)*+,(F&
8@7J&7(>c&B>2(4&=16?g(6q&1E(,t1G&B>2(4&@((6(6F&
8E(,t1G&)3>?@4&)>@&6(2,>6(&B(,c1,=>@)(&+@7(44&4?h(&
1c&6>*>&4(*&>@6&6>*>&6?4*,?9+C1@&4*>J&)1@4*>@*F&
KL&*,((&?4&>&6J@>=?)&4*,+)*+,(F&
S@4(,*4m6(7(*(4&7(>E(&*,((&3(?23*p9>7>@)(6q&712&V&o&)14*F&
N?23&c>@1+*&H<I&=(>@4&6(B*3&,>,(7J&=1,(&*3>@&:&1,&%F&
[7=14*&>7G>J4&9(M(,&*3>@&=>?@*>?@?@2&>&41,*(6&g7(F&
"+==>,J&H!1@*6FI&
AJB?)>77J;&$Xs&1))+B>@)J&1@&>E(,>2(F&
j4+>77J&B,(c(,>97(&*1&S"[5;&=16+71&0%#8"&4&
)1@4?6(,>C1@4q&>6v+4*4&*1&2,1G*3&2,>)(c+77JF&
Sc&6>*>&(@*,?(4&>,(&6>*>&,()1,64;&4B7?*4&)>@&)3>@2(&,?64R&
w(J&)1=B,(44?1@&?@),(>4(4&c>@1+*;&,(6+)(4&3(?23*F&
K+7Q&71>6?@2&)>@&9(&=+)3&c>4*(,&*3>@&,(B(>*(6&
?@4(,*4&c1,&),(>C@2&>&KL&*,((&1@&>&7>,2(&6>*>&4(*F&
514*&G?6(7J&+4(6&?@6(T&?@&6>*>9>4(&=>@>2(=(@*&
4J4*(=4&9()>+4(&1c&?*4&E(,4>C7?*JF&&8@(&1c&*3(&=14*&
1BC=?h(6&)1=B1@(@*4&1c&>&UK5"F&
N>43&*>97(4&
N>43&A>97(4&
"()1@6>,J&4*1,>2(&3>43&*>97(4&>,(&=+)3&7?Q(&
=>?@&=(=1,J&1@(4&
0()>77&9>4?)4/&
A3(,(&>,(&@&?1#8-./*
[&3>43&c+@)C1@&cHQI&=>B4&>&Q(J&Q&*1&|<;&-;&};&@p-~&
"*1,(&?@&9+)Q(*&cHQI&>&B1?@*(,&*1&,()1,6&G?*3&Q(J&Q&
"()1@6>,J&4*1,>2(/&9+)Q(*&`&971)Q;&+4(&
1E(,t1G&971)Q4&G3(@&@((6(6&
$#&
N>43&A>97(&]T>=B7(&
[44+=(&-&9+)Q(*&H971)QI&4*1,(4&.&Q(J4&L&
B1?@*(,4&
3H(I`<&
e
<&
3H9I`3HcI`-&
b
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3H2I`.&
f
g
.&
3H>I`3H)I`:&
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a
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N(,(/&3HTI&`&T&=16&%&
$$&
"(>,)3?@2&?@&>&N>43&A>97(&
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!1=B+*(&3H>I`:&
0(>6&9+)Q(*&:&
-&6?4Q&>))(44&
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e
b
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a
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e7>)(&?@&,?23*&9+)Q(*;&?c&4B>)(&
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-&
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b
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g
d
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a
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$W&
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]F2F&3HQI`-&
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-&
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51,(&1E(,p& :&
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N>43&A>97(&e(,c1,=>@)(&
]T)(77(@*;&?c&@1&1E(,t1G&971)Q4&
U(2,>6(4&)1@4?6(,>97J&G3(@&@+=9(,&1c&Q(J4&
(T)((64&*3(&@+=9(,&1c&9+)Q(*4&HSF(F&=>@J&
1E(,t1G&971)Q4IF&
X<&
]T*(@4?97(&N>43&A>97(&
[771G4&3>4&*>97(&*1&2,1G;&*1&>E1?6&
B(,c1,=>@)(&6(2,>6>C1@&
[44+=(&>&3>43&c+@)C1@&3&*3>*&,(*+,@4&
@+=9(,4&?@&|<;&};&.Q&&-~&
"*>,*&G?*3&@&`&.?&ZZ&.Q&;&1@7J&711Q&>*&g,4*&?&=14*&
4?2@?g)>@*&9?*4&
X-&
]T*(@4?97(&N>43&A>97(&
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i=1
0(010)
-&
1(011)
-&
<&
-&
o1*(/&G(&1@7J&711Q&>*&*3(&g,4*&9?*&H<&1,&-I&
X.&
S@4(,C1@&?@&]T*(@4?97(&N>43&A>97(&
S@4(,*&---<&
i=1
0(010)
-&
1(011)
-&
<&
-&
1(110)
X:&
S@4(,C1@&?@&]T*(@4?97(&N>43&A>97(&
o1G&?@4(,*&-<-<&
i=1
0(010)
-&
1(011)
-&
<&
-&
1(110), 1(010)
o((6&*1&(T*(@6&*>97(;&4B7?*&971)Q4&
?&9()1=(4&.&
X%&
S@4(,C1@&?@&]T*(@4?97(&N>43&A>97(&
i=2
0(010)
-&
10(11)
.&
<<&
<-&
-<&
--&
10(10)
11(10)
.&
X#&
S@4(,C1@&?@&]T*(@4?97(&N>43&A>97(&
o1G&?@4(,*&<<<<;&*3(@&<-<-&
i=2
0(010)
-&
0(000), 0(101)
<<&
<-&
-<&
--&
o((6&*1&4B7?*&971)Q&
10(11)
.&
10(10)
11(10)
.&
X$&
S@4(,C1@&?@&]T*(@4?97(&N>43&A>97(&
[r(,&4B7?u@2&*3(&971)Q&
00(10)
i=2
<<&
<-&
-<&
--&
.&
00(00)
01(01)
.&
10(11)
.&
10(10)
11(10)
.&
XX&
]T*(@4?97(&N>43&A>97(&
N1G&=>@J&9+)Q(*4&H971)Q4I&61&G(&@((6&*1&
*1+)3&>r(,&>@&?@4(,C1@&b&
N1G&=>@J&(@*,?(4&?@&*3(&3>43&*>97(&61&G(&
@((6&*1&*1+)3&>r(,&>@&?@4(,C1@&b&
XW&
e(,c1,=>@)(&]T*(@4?97(&N>43&A>97(&
o1&1E(,t1G&971)Q4/&>))(44&>7G>J4&1@(&,(>6&
KjA/&
]T*(@4?1@4&)>@&9(&)14*7J&>@6&6?4,+BCE(&
[r(,&>@&(T*(@4?1@&*>97(&=>J&@1&71@2(,&g*&?@&
=(=1,J&
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H2)' HI,G&' H0&)2#D'

Challenges with Many Users

Performance: Need to provide concurrent access

Consistency: Concurrency can lead to update

Transactions leave the DB in a consistent state

Scheduling concurrent transactions

Deadlock! One is aborted

More details about the log

Log records chained by Xact ID so easy

Database administrators (DBA)

Query Optimizer & Execution

Key abstraction give independence

Consider issues such as:

You care because it

Several formalisms exists

Technical and nontechnical people are

What are we going to do with the data?

3. More: Logical Database Design, Physical

Used by fortune 500 companies

Entities and Entity Sets

An entity has attributes

Shapes are important.

Here, {name, category}

The R in E/R: Relationship

- makes is a subset of Product ! Company:

Relations and attributes

Aside: Why not how long?

Relations and attributes

Makes = {(p,c) | p " Product and c " Company}

NB: since is implicitly unique per pair! Why?

Multiplicity of E/R Relations

Indicated using arrows

x arrow y: there is a function mapping x to y

Decision: Binary or Ternary?

Are there products made by no Company?

Bold line indicates total participation

Now for some examples

Examples: Entity vs. Attribute

1. What if an employee may have several addresses?

Think like tables

Difference between OO and E/R

Difference between OO and E/R

No need for multiple inheritance in E/R

We have three entity sets, but four different kinds of

No need for multiple inheritance

Modeling UnionTypes With

Say: each piece of furniture is owned either

Modeling Union Types with

Modeling Union Types with

Constraints in E/R Diagrams

Keys: social security number uniquely identifies a person.

Keys in E/R Diagrams

Single Value Constraints

Referential Integrity Constraints

Each product made by at most one company.

Each product made by exactly one company.

Weak Entity Sets

Football team v. The Wisconsin Football team.

Weak Entity Sets: Details

1. number is a partial key. (denote with dashed underline).

Other good stuff in Ch.2

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