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Investigating Bess' Law

Nina Deoras
12
th
Grade
IB Chem HL
American School oI
Bombay
Ms. Anna Pagdiwalla
Iocus uest|on 1o lnvesLlgaLe Lhe enLhalpy change of dlfferenL reacLlons uslng Pess's Law
Var|ab|es See Leacher lnsLrucLlon sheeL
Mater|a|s See 1eacher lnsLrucLlon sheeL
rocedure See Leacher lnsLrucLlon sheeL

A tab|e to show the change |n temperature |n the react|on w|th Sod|um 8|carbonate and nC|
1|me (s) 1emperature (C)
0 2173
30 2170
60 2170
90 2166
120 2114
130 2027
180 1886
210 1666
240 1496
270 1322
300 1333


33
0
3
10
13
20
23
0 30 100 130 200 230 300 330
1
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

(

S

1|me (s)
A graph to show the change |n heat of the
system w|th the react|on of Sod|um
8|carbonate
T
A tab|e to show the change |n temperature |n the react|on w|th Sod|um Carbonate and nC|
1|me (s) 1emperature (SC)
0 2278
30 2273
60 2273
90 2322
120 2378
130 2431
180 2438
210 2443
240 2464
270 2482
300 2310
330 2329
360 2334
390 2363
420 2366
430 2332
480 2336


223
23
233
24
243
23
233
26
0 100 200 300 400 300 600
1
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m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

(
S

1|me (s)
A graph to show the change |n temperature |n the
react|on between NaCC
3
and nC|
T
Ca|cu|at|ons
Systemat|c Lrrors
rror of Lhe ApparaLus
Welghlng Scale 0003g
Measurlng Cyllnder 1ml
1ota| Systemat|c Lrror 100S
1) NanCC
3
14 0003g 0033
2) nC| 100ml 1ml 1
a 1C1AL 103S
3) NaCC
3
8 0003g 0063
4) nC| 100ml 1ml 1
a 1C1AL 1063

nLhalpy (C) MC 1
Where
M Mass of Lhe soluLlon (g)
C Speclflc PeaL CapaclLy k!dm
3
k
1

1 LemperaLure change

1) -aPCC
3
+ PCl -aCl + P
2
C + CC
2


M 100g
C 4183 k!dm
3
k
1

1 84 SC
C (100)(4183)(84)
3S112 I
Mol of (-aPCC
3
) (14/84) 0167 mol
1herefore 0167 mol wlll produce 3S112I of heaL
n 210672kI]mo|

2) -a
2
CC
3
+ 2PCl 2-aCl + P
2
C + CC
2



M 100g
C 4183 k!dm
3
k
1
1 288

C 1200384 !

n 1S9S kI]mo|

2-aPCC
3
-a
2
CC
3
+ P
2
C + CC
2

2-aPCC
3
+ 2PCl 2 -aCl + 2P
2
C +2CC
2
P 2(210672) k!/mol (103S)
2-aCl + P
2
C + CC
2
-a
2
CC
3
+ 2PCl P 1393 k!/ mol (1063)

2-aPCC
3
-a
2
CC
3
+ P
2
C n S807 kI]mo| (21)



art 8

A tab|e to show the change |n temperature as 2|nc was p|aced |ns|de Copper (II) su|phate so|ut|on over
t|me
1|me (s) 1emperature (SC)
0 2273
30 2287
60 2289
90 2289
120 2283
130 4830
180 3366
210 3801
240 6013
270 6332
300 6326
330 6068
360 3984
390 3720
420 3382
430 3341
480 3118
310 4922
340 4787
370 4697
600 4600



Ca|cu|at|ons
C MC1
M 30g
C 4183 k!dm
3
k
1
1 441SC

C (30)(418)(441) 92169 !
PS 11982 k!/mol (002)

2200
2700
3200
3700
4200
4700
3200
3700
6200
6700
7200
0 100 200 300 400 300 600 700
1
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m
p
e
r
a
t
u
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e

(
S

1Ime (s)
A graph to show the change |n temperature of
the react|on w|th Copper Su|phate over t|me
1
Conc|us|on
Ca|cu|at|ng ercent Lrror
art A
Lrror 1heoret|ca| Va|ue Lxper|menta| Va|ue k 100
1heoret|ca| Va|ue

Lrror (83 3807)/ 83 x 100 3168 error

art 8
1heoret|ca| Va|ue 210kI]mo|
Lxper|menta| Va|ue 19982kI]mo|

Lrror (210 (11982))/210 x 100 4294 (002)


art A
When we look aL Lhe flnal enLhalpy LhaL we encounLered we can noLlce LhaL Lhe LheoreLlcal
value ls slgnlflcanLly hlgher Lhan our value We recelved a value much lower Lhan was expecLed
As a resulL we obLalned a 32 error Powever around 2 of Lhe error obLalned can be
resulLed due Lo sysLemaLlc errors ln Lhe apparaLus used durlng Lhe experlmenL 1here could be
Lwo reasons for Lhls hlgh error and dlfference ln Lhe values As we gradually poured Lhe
carbonaLe and blcarbonaLe soluLlons lnLo Lhe PCl we could have losL heaL Lo Lhe envlronmenL
Lhereby resulLlng ln skewed resulLs a slgnlflcanL dlfference ln Lhe LemperaLure change and
hence a slgnlflcanL dlfference ln Lhe overall enLhalpy Cn Lhe oLher hand Lhe CarbonaLe and
8lcarbonaLe used could have been exposed Lo alr and as a resulL waLer may have been
absorbed ln Lhe crysLal leadlng Lo Lhe anhydrous salL Lo no longer have lL value 1herefore
when Lhe masses were welghed ouL we may noL have goLLen a pure mass of Lhe soluLlon
needed buL a hydraLed salL lnsLead As a resulL we obLalned resulLs qulLe dlfferenL from Lhe
expecLed value
art 8
As we saw wlLh arL A we procured qulLe dlsslmllar resulLs Lo LhaL of Lhe expecLed value Whlle 002
of Lhe LoLal 42 error we obLalned ls due Lo sysLemaLlc errors of Lhe apparaLus slmllar reasons for Lhls
dlfference could be used Lo explaln Lhe resulLs 1he zlnc was gradually added Lo Lhe soluLlon Lhereby
allowlng for heaL Lo be losL Lo Lhe envlronmenL ln beLween Lhe pourlng of Lhe zlnc As a resulL we could
have procured lncorrecL or lnaccuraLe resulLs n addlLlon sLandard condlLlons were noL meL lor
example a 298k LemperaLure of Lhe sysLem was noL obLalned as can be seen by Lhe lnlLlal LemperaLure
of Lhe daLa 1herefore lL ls posslble LhaL lnaccuraLe LesLlng condlLlons as well as lnaccuraLe meLhods of
carrylng ouL Lhe experlmenL lLself could have led Lo lncorrecL resulLs

Lva|uat|on
1) We assumed LhaL Lhe speclflc heaL capaclLy of Lhe soluLlon ln parL A ls 418 k!dm
3
k
1
1herefore
Lhe enLhalpy calculaLed may noL be as accuraLe lf Lhe real speclflc heaL capaclLy were dlfferenL
2) 1here may have been a loss of mass of Lhe CarbonaLe or Lhe 8lcarbonaLe when Lransferrlng
1herefore Lhls resldual mass would noL be accounLed for and could lead Lo a random error Lo
occur
3) 1here may have been a loss of heaL Lo Lhe surroundlng as plasLlc cups were used 1hese cups are
noL Lhe mosL efflclenL aL lnsulaLlng Lhe sysLem and prevenLlng Lhe loss of heaL As a resulL
slgnlflcanL amounLs of heaL may have been losL Lo Lhe surroundlng
4) SLandard enLhalpy condlLlons were noL meL As a resulL Lhe accuracy of Lhe calculaLed resulLs of
Lhe experlmenL could noL be cerLlfled lor example Lhe exacL concenLraLlon of Lhe PCl soluLlon
was unknown as lL was prepared by Lhe Lechnlclan As a resulL Lhere could have been
lnaccuracles ln Lhe resulL
Suggest|ons to Improve
1) 1he correcL speclflc heaL capaclLy of PCl should be researched and used ln Lhe calculaLlons ln
order Lo lmprove Lhe accuracy of Lhe resulLs
2) 1he requlred welghL should be dlrecLly placed lnLo Lhe soluLlon so as Lo prevenL loss of any
resldual mass of Lhe compounds
3) A calorlmeLer should be used ln order Lo beLLer lnsulaLe Lhe sysLem and prevenL Lhe loss of heaL
Lo Lhe surroundlng as much as posslble
4) 1he soluLlons should be sLandardlzed uslng LlLraLlon meLhod Lo deLermlne Lhe exacL
concenLraLlon of Lhe soluLlons n addlLlon Lhe pressure of Lhe surroundlngs as well as Lhe
LemperaLure of Lhe surroundlngs should be recorded and ad[usLed accordlngly ln order Lo
adhere Lo Lhe requlremenLs for Lhe sLandard enLhalpy

Bibliograpby
(nd) 8eLrleved -ovember 2011 from hLLp//lbchemcom/8/lbnoLes/brlef/eneslhLm
(nd) 8eLrleved november 2011 from hLLp//wwwscoolcouk/alevel/chemlsLry/chemlcal
energeLlcs/revlselL/hesslaw
(nd) 8eLrleved -ovember 2011 from hLLp//wwwchembookcouk/chap7hLm

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