1

1995

1999 3 15


ABSTRACTS
Since the 1930s a good deal of attention has been paid by
scholars to China's land-system during the period of the Western
and Eastern Zhou Dynasties which is obviously a quite important
question for discussion in the study of the Pre-Qin History.In
recent years the very question has been restudied by the author
of this dissertation from a new point of view and a series of
new conclusions has been reached consequently.In the first
place,the author approached a number of theoretical problems
relating to that question and,by analyzing concretely the
essence and origin of the systems of ownership,pointed out that
the systems of ownership should be explained by the relations
of production but not the contrary.The author also pointed out
that while the theory of five social formations,which bears
considerable defects,does not coincide with the theory of Karl
Marx and Friedrich Engels at all,the classification of the
social formations should be multistratified and multilineal.The
author held that the traditional problem of Asiatic mode of
production should be restudied by way of new thinking.The author
also believed that the basic feature of the pre-capitalist
community is not the public ownership of means of production but
its economic and social relation with external society as a whole
which has its own internal system and is self-adjustable.Based
on the above mentioned theories,the author made a concrete
analysis of the land-system during the period of the Western and
Eastern Zhou Dynasties.As a result of this analysis,it appears
that the collective mode of exploitation prevailing in the
4

Western Zhou times determined the then land-system dealing with

only the part of cultivated land used to materialize the surplus
labour,which was called tian (land),while the part of
cultivated land used by the exploited to materialize their
necessary labour was not influenced by the system but was
self-controlled and self-adjusted within the exploited group
belonging

to

the

pre-capitalist

community.It

was

the

fundamental content of economic reforms carried out in various

states during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Period of
Warring States to abolish the intermediate link in the form of
community of the exploited.By establishing a system for the
state to deliver land,the state extended its controlling power
over the exploited direct to their basic unit that were jia
(household).The principal land-system of the Period of
Warring States was the state-deliver-land-system which involved
major matters of land planning,land relations and agricultural
technique.On the basis of his study of the land-system of the
Warring States Period,the author reexamined various theories
concerning

the

so-called

jing-tian

square-land-system) of the Western Zhou period by a comparative

method.He believed that the square-land-system described in the
book Zhou-li(
The Rites of Zhou) was nothing but
a reflection of the state-deliver-land-system established in
the course of social changes during the Spring and Autumn Period
and the Period of Warring States,and the square-land-system
described in the book Meng-zi(,Mencius) was alike
except a kind of servitude form of exploitation mixed in
it.Generally speaking,both of the Zhou-li system and the
Meng-zi system do not reflect the land-system of the
Western

Zhou

Dynasty.The

collapse

of

the

state-deliver-land-system of the Warring States type began with

5

the movement for the black heads(the common people) to own

their own landwhich was conducted in the 31st year of the First
Emperor of the Qin(216 B.C.) and afterwards the ming-tian

land-system( land-occupation-system)

was

established.Though the private ownership of land had been

developed fully since the Emperor Ai of the Han(6-1 B.C.),the
state-deliver-land-system

didn't

disappeared

completely.Instead,it continued existing in a form of both

delivering land to the peasants and restricting excessive
development of the landlords' private ownership of land
simultaneously.It revived in the jun-tian land-system(
land-equalization-system) which came into being in the
Northern Wei Period(386-534 A.D.) and it was during the Song
Dynasty when no land-system was established()
and annexing land was not restrained() that the
state-deliver-land-system proclaimed its end formally.


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