8eproducLlon pro[ecL

AnLenaLal care

means care of feLus before blrLh Lo help Lhe feLus Lo develop lnLo healLhy baby

lncludes Lhe followlng
MusL lnclude
O More proLeln for bulldlng cells
O More carbohydraLes and faLs for more energy
O More mlnerals such as calclum Lo bulld Lhe bones and lron Lo form
hemoglobln

urugs
O MusL be avolded because Lhey can pass Lhrough Lhe placenLa Lo feLal
blood and harm Lhe feLus especlally durlng Lhe flrsL weeks leadlng Lo
muLaLlons (abnormallLles)

Smoklng MuS1 8L AvCluLu because lL can resulL ln small and less healLhy
baby because
O C of smoklng can reduce Lhe oxygen supply as lL comblnes wlLh
hemoglobln formlng sLable carboxyhemoglobln (sLable compound of
carbon monoxlde)
O -lcoLlne makes Lhe feLal hearL beaL more qulckly

Alcohol
O May form abnormallLles ln Lhe feLus
O May resulL ln premaLure bables

ulseases
O vlral dlseases may cause a damaglng effecL eg Cerman measles whlch
may cause deafness of baby
Lxerclse
O elps moLher keep flL and Lhls helps ln blrLh (labor)
O elps keep her clrculaLory sysLem worklng efflclenLly






Sexually LransmlLLed dlseases (S1u or venereal dlseases)
ueflnlLlon dlseases whlch are LransmlLLed from an lnfecLed
person Lo a healLhy one durlng sexual lnLercourse
8reasL mllk 8oLLle feedlng
O onLalns nearly all Lhe Lypes of food excepL for
lron ln Lhe rlghL proporLlon Also lncreases
accordlng Lo demand of Lhe baby
O ree from bacLerla
O 9rovldes emoLlonal and psychologlcal beneflLs Lo
boLh moLher and baby
O lLs LemperaLure ls sulLable Lo Lhe bables
O osLs noLhlng
O 8eady
O colosLrums conLalns anLlbodles from Lhe moLher
Lo proLecL from lnfecLlons

O conLalns more proLeln sodlum and phosphorus
buL less sugar vlLamln Au Lhan moLhers mllk 8uL
lL can be modlfled
O may conLaln bacLerla
O lLs LemperaLure may be hlgher/lower Lhan
LemperaLure of Lhe baby
O -oL cheap
O -eeds Llme Lo prepare
O an be used Lo measure Lhe amounL needed by Lhe
baby
O 9eople oLher Lhan moLher can feed Lhe baby


WhaL nuLrlenLs do pregnanL women need?





ldenLlcal Lwlns (MonozygoLlc)

-on ldenLlcal Lwlns (ulzygoLlc)
aused aused when a sperm ferLlllzes an ovum
formlng a zygoLe whlch dlvldes formlng a
ball of cells and Lhen for an unknown
reasons Lhe ball of cells dlvldes formlng Lwo
embryos each grow separaLely formlng Lwo
lndlvlduals


aused when Lwo sperm ferLlllze Lwo
separaLe ova formlng Lwo separaLe
zygoLes each grows formlng an lndlvldual
acLs O Share Lhe same placenLa
O ave slmllar feaLures and have Lhe
same sex
O Lach has a placenLa
O ave dlfferenL feaLures
O Maybe dlfferenL sexes









Acqu|red |mmune def|c|ency syndrome (AIDS)
caused by a vlrus known as human lmmune deflclency vlrus or lv

1hls vlrus
O llves ln Lhe blood or body flulds
O lves ln Lhe lymphocyLes decreaslng lmmunlLy
O lL may llve many years wlLhouL any sympLoms

MeLhods of Lransmlsslon

O lnLercourse wlLh lnfecLed person
O blood Lransfuslon from lnfecLed person
O organ LransplanL from lnfecLed person
O sharlng needles wlLh lnfecLed person

how Lo avold lL?

O avold lnLercourse wlLh many parLners
O use a condom durlng lnLercourse
O never ln[ecL drugs wlLhouL professlonal help or noL under
professlonal orders
O -ever share razors or LooLhbrushes

ow lv affecLs Lhe lmmune sysLem?
O lL lnfecLs and desLroys lymphocyLes decreaslng efflclency of Lhe
lmmune sysLem 1herefore Lhe body becomes llable Lo ln[ecLlon by
oLher paLhogens













onorrhea
aused by a Lype of spherlcal bacLerla LhaL can llve ln molsL places such as
Llssues llnlng Lhe Lubes of Lhe reproducLlve sysLem Lg cervlx and vaglna
ln females ureLhra ln males

MeLhods of Lransmlsslon

O lnLercourse wlLh lnfecLed person
O from lnfecLed moLher Lo her baby durlng blrLh (buL noL Lhrough
placenLa)

how Lo avold lL?

O avold lnLercourse wlLh many parLners
O use a condom durlng lnLercourse
O use spermlcldes
O urlnaLe and wash Lhe genlLals afLer lnLercourse


Maln sympLoms

1he sympLoms appear afLer Lwo seven days afLer lnfecLlon SympLoms
are clearer ln males Lhan females

O 8urnlng sensaLlon durlng urlnaLlon
O Sore penls and dlscharge from Lhe ureLhra ( greenlsh yellow) of Lhe male or vaglna of
Lhe female
O ln laLer sLages lL leads Lo sLerlllLy due Lo Lhe blockage of ureLhra and sperm ducLs also
lnfecLs LesLes
1reaLmenL

O an be LreaLed aL Lhe early sLages by uslng any anLlbloLlc such as penlclllln

lLs effecL ln case of pregnancy

O an pass Lo Lhe baby durlng blrLh lnfecLlng lLs eyes
prenaLal care
checks on feLus
checks on moLher





























Slze and poslLlon can be felL by genLle
pressure on Lhe uLerus 1owards Lhe end of
pregnancy Lhe besL poslLlon for Lhe baby ls
head downwards and faclng Lhe moLhers
back
earLbeaL can be measured uslng a
sLeLhoscope durlng Lhe second half of
Lhe pregnancy 1he feLal hearL raLe ls
usually 120160 bpm whlch ls abouL
Lwlce as hlgh as Lhe moLhers
ulLra sound scannlng can be used Lo
produce a plcLure of Lhe feLus ln Lhe
uLerus lL provldes lnformaLlon on
O 8aby's age slze sex and poslLlon
O 9oslLlon of Lhe placenLa
O WheLher Lhey are Lwlns
WelghL check from abouL Lhe 3
rd
monLh of
Lhe pregnancy a woman galns abouL 1lb
(430g) per week uurlng Lhe whole
pregnancy she wlll galn abouL 30lbs (12kg)
1hls lncludes Lhe welghL of Lhe baby Lhe
placenLa and Lhe amnloLlc fluld as well as
some faL under Lhe skln lf she galns Loo
much welghL she wlll be advlsed Lo dleL
8lood LesLs
O aemoglobln Lo check LhaL Lhe
moLher ls noL anaemlc
O 8lood group lncase an emergency
blood Lransfuslon ls needed and
Lo check for rhesus compaLlblllLy
O Cerman measles anLlbodles Lo
check LhaL she ls lmmune and
Lhere s no rlsk of Lhe rubella vlrus
crosslng Lhe placenLa
urlne LesLs
O 8lood sugar(glucose)Lo check for
dlabeLes
O 9roLeln (albumln) Lo check for
any damage Lo Lhe kldneys
vaglnal examlnaLlon on Lhe flrsL vlslL Lo Lhe anLenaLal cllnlc
Lhe vaglna ls checked for
O 9resence of lnfecLlon eg Lhrush
O 1o obLaln a cervlcal smear Lo ldenLlfy cancer cells laLe
ln pregnancy Lhe vaglna ls checked Lo make sure LhaL
lL wlll be blg enough for baby's head Lo pass Lhrough
8lood pressure checked aL every vlslL as hlgh 89 may lndlcaLe Laxaemla
of pregnancy whlch can be very serlous for boLh moLher and baby
ormones Lhe level of oesLrogen on Lhe blood lndlcaLes how well Lhe
placenLa ls funcLlonlng Lo supply Lhe feLus wlLh food and oxygen