A

REPORT

ON
"Basics of PLC , SCABA anu component useu in
automation"










SUBMI11ED BY:-
PRACYEY KUMAR KAUSHIK
P.C.C.S, CR.AOIDA
ROLL AO-89211(E.C)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement.................. 03

List OI Abbreviations...................04

Introduction.......................05

Main Component ....................06-08

Basic Component...................09-13

Application..........................................................14

Advantage .....................15-18

Conclusion..........................19

ReIerence......................................................20




ACKAOWLEDCEMEA1




In absence oI mother the birth oI a child is not possible and in the absence oI
teacher the right path oI knowledge is impossible, this report is a combined
eIIort oI a group oI intelligent persons who provided a great knowledge in the
inIra structure oI the report.
I express my deep gratitude and thank Irom the depth oI my heart oI hearts to
the Iollowing, without whom, this project would not have come into being:-


1. Mr. Bhupendra
2. Ms. Soniya


And last but not the least, I would acknowledgement Mr. Bhupendra who
were always ready Ior any sort oI help required.


BY:-
Pragyey Kumar Kaushik



LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
1)PLC Programmable logic controller)

2)SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)

3)CT Current transIormer)

4)SFU Switch Iuse unit)

5)MCB Miniature Circuit Breaker)

6)MCCB Moulded Case Circuit Breaker)

)ACB Air Circuit Breaker)

8)VCB Vacuum Circuit Breaker)

9)VFD variable Irequency drives)

INTRODUCTION

Automation is the use oI control systems and inIormati on
technologies to reduce the need Ior human work in the production oI
goods and services. In the scope oI industrialization, automation is a
step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provided human
operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular
requirements oI work, automation greatly decreases the need Ior
human sensory and mental requirements as well. Automation plays an
increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily
experience.
Automation has had a notable impact in a wide range oI industries
beyond manuIacturing where it began). Once-ubiquitous telephone
operators have been replaced largely by automated telephone
switchboards and answering machines. Medical processes such as
primary screening in electrocardiography or radiography and
laboratory analysis oI human genes, sera, cells, and tissues are carried
out at much greater speed and accuracy by automated systems.
Automated teller machines have reduced the need Ior bank visits to
obtain cash and carry out transactions. In general, automation has
been responsible Ior the shiIt in the world economy Irom industrial
jobs to service jobs in the 20th and 21st centuries.






MAIN COMPONENT
There are three main component used in automation.
(1)PLC (Programmable logic controller):-
A programmable logic controller PLC) or programmable
controller is a digital computer used Ior automation oI
electromechanical processes, such as control oI machinery on
Iactory assembly lines, amusement rides, or lighting Iixtures.
PLCs are used in many industries and machines. Unlike
general-purpose computers, the PLC is designed Ior multiple
inputs and output arrangements, extended temperature ranges,
immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and
impact. Programs to control machine operation are typically
stored in battery-backed or non-volatile memory. A PLC is an
example oI a hard real time system since output results must
be produced in response to input conditions within a bounded
time, otherwise unintended operation will result.
Five programming languages Ior programmable control
systems: FBD Function block diagram), LD Ladder
diagram), ST Structured text, similar to the Pascal
programming language), IL Instruction list, similar to
assembly language) and SFC Sequential Iunction chart).
These techniques emphasize logical organization oI
operations




(2)SCADA (Supervisory ControI and Data
Acquisition):-
SCADA is an acronym that stands for Supervisory
Control and Data Acquisition. SCADA refers to a system
that collects data from various sensors at a factory, plant
or in other remote locations and then sends this data to
a central computer which then manages and controls
the data
SCADA systems are used not only in industrial
processes: e.g. steel making, power generation
(conventional and nuclear) and distribution, chemistry,
but also in some experimental facilities such as nuclear
fusion. The size of such plants range from a few 1000
to several 10 thousands input/output (/O) channels.
However, SCADA systems evolve rapidly and are now
penetrating the market of plants with a number of /O
channels of several 100 K: we know of two cases of
near to 1 M /O channels currently under development.
A SCADA system performs four functions:
1. Data acquisition

2. Networked data communication

3. Data presentation

4. Control



(3)FVD (Frequency variable drives):-
Most FVD units consist of three basic parts. A rectifier
that converts the fixed frequency ac input voltage to
dc. An inverter that switches the rectified dc voltage to
an adjustable frequency ac output voltage. (The
inverter may also control output current flow, if
desired.) The dc link connects the rectifier to the
inverter. A set of controls directs the rectifier and
inverter to produce the desired ac frequency and
voltage to meet the needs of the FVD system at any
moment in time.

The advantages of FVDs do not stop with saving energy
and improving control. FVD technology can now be
applied to manufacturing equipment previously
considered too expensive or uneconomical. Such
applications are often unique to a particular industry
and its equipment, or even to a particular facility. Cost
benefits, such as those obtained from improved quality,
may be desirable for each application.




BASIC COMPONENT
Basic component can be divided into three type of
component.
(1)Protection Component
a)Fuses
b)SFU Switch Fuse Unit)
c)MCB Miniature Circuit Breaker)
d)MCCB Moulded Case Circuit Breaker)
e)ACB Air Circuit Breaker)
I)VCB Vacuum Circuit Breaker)
(2)Control Component
a)Control Relay
b)Power Contractor
(3)Other Component
a)CT Current transIormer)
b) Isolator
c)Splitter
d)Bus Bar
e)Terminals


(a)Fuse:- n electronics and electrical engineering a 1use is a
type of sacrificial over current protection device. ts essential
component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much
current flows, which interrupts the circuit in which it is
connected. Short circuit, overload or device failure is often the
reason for excessive current.
A fuse interrupts excessive current (blows) so that further
damage by overheating or fire is prevented. Wiring regulations
often define a maximum fuse current rating for particular
circuits. Over current protection devices are essential in
electrical systems to limit threats to human life and property
damage. Fuses are selected to allow passage of normal current
and of excessive current only for short periods.
t is two type.
(a)HRC Fuse
The main advantage oIIered by an HRC Iuse is that, when a Iault
current condition occurs, a tremendous amount oI heat is created
within the Iuse. That heat melts the silica sand Iilling oI the Iuse into
glass. Glass, being an insulator, suppresses any arc-over and breaks
the circuit instantaneously. This behavior minimizes the possibility oI
a continuing - and dangerous - "high arc current" situation Irom
developing, which is what happens iI a normal Iuse Iails to break a
heavy Iault current.

Compared to normal, "non-HRC" Iuses, the main disadvantage oI
using an HRC Iuse is that they cost a lot more to make - and to buy -
because oI the extra materials they contain. But choosing to use an
HRC Iuse instead oI a normal Iuse makes very good sense iI the
equipment that needs to be protected - or other equipment nearby -
would be very expensive to replace iI it all went up in smoke just
because oI a Iuse which was not capable oI stopping a high Iault
current Ilowing.


(b)Semiconductor Fuse (Very Fast-Acting)

(2)MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker):-
MCBs are miniature circuit breakers with optimum protection
facilities of over current only .These are manufactured for fault
level of up to 10KA only with operating current range of 0.5 to
63 Amps (the ranges are fixed), single ,double and three pole
verson. These are used for smaller loads -electronic circuits,
house wiring etc.
MCCB (ouIded Case Circuit Breaker):-
MCCBs are Moulded case Circuit breakers,with protection
facilities of over current, earth fault .t has a variable range of
50% to 100% operating current .They can be wired for remote
as well as local operation both .They are manufactured for fault
levels of 16KA to 50KA and operating current range of 25A to
630Amps.They are used for aplication related with larger power
flow requirement.
#eIay:-2ax to 10 a2p-used 1or controI ckt





(5)Contractor:-(up to 800 amp)-used for power ckt


(6)CT (Current transformer):-
In electrical engineering, a current transformer CT) is used Ior
measurement oI electric currents. Current transIormers, together with
voltage transformers VT) potential transformers PT)), are
known as instrument transformers. When current in a circuit is too
high to directly apply to measuring instruments, a current transIormer
produces a reduced current accurately proportional to the current in
the circuit, which can be conveniently connected to measuring and
recording instruments. A current transIormer also isolates the
measuring instruments Irom what may be very high voltage in the
monitored circuit. Current transIormers are commonly used in
metering and protective relays in the electrical power industry.
(7)Bus Bar:-
8us bars are Lyplcally used ln hlgh currenL low volLage
dlsLrlbuLlon and conLrol equlpmenL 1yplcal bus bar
appllcaLlons lnclude bus way sysLems low and
medlum volLage swlLchgear panel boards
swlLchboards and feeds Lo heavy elecLrlcal uses ln
commerclal and lndusLrlal bulldlngs such as plaLlng cells and feeder
sysLems

8us bars can be made from copper or alumlnum buL Lhe copper bus
bars are Lhe beLLer elecLrlcal conducLors 8ecause of coppers greaLer
elecLrlcal conducLlvlLy lnsLallers can use smaller bus bars lf Lhey are
made wlLh copper

1he hlgher Lhe currenL requlremenLs Lhe more llkely Lhe bus bar wlll
be made from copper Copper bus bars have beLLer reslsLance Lo
corroslon Lhan alumlnum bus bars and Lhe copper bus bars work
beLLer ln dlrLy envlronmenLs
(8) Choke A choke ls an lnducLor deslgned Lo block (have a hlgh
reacLance Lo) hlgher frequencles ln an elecLrlcal clrculL whlle passlng
slgnals of much lower frequency or dlrecL currenL
lL ls used for removlng harmonlc from ckL






APPLICATION
Automation applicable in various Iield .Its application can be divided
into diIIerent Iield.
FACTORY APPLICATION
a)Paper Iactory
b)Sugar Iactory
c)Drug Iactory
d)Car workshop
HOME APPLICATION
a) ReIrigerator

b) Microwave Oven
c)Television
OTHER APPLICATION
a)TraIIic Control signal
b)Toll booth
c)Security system
Here we can say that there are so many application oI automation in
our day to day liIe.




ADVANTAGE
There are so many advantages oI automation.
1)It reduce man power
2)It increase eIIiciency
3)It increase productivity
4)Reduce working hour
5)It is easy to observe on the plant
6)To reduce cost
)To improve saIe working condition
8)To improve quality
9)To reduce power consumption









CONCLUSION
Finally it can be say that automation makes our liIe easy
and comIort. We saw that how automation advantage
improve our working condition .Today big and small
Iactory also use automatic panel Ior observing there
plant or site .As the demand increase, according to that
supply should be increase Ior that we must be use latest
technology ,which can be occur on the behalI oI
automation.
Now we can say that automation is very essential part
oI our liIe.











REFERENCE

(a) WWW.google.com
(b) www.wikipedia.com