KN1 2251 Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory III

Faculty oI Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak


1

Table of Contents

No. Contents Page
1 Lab code & title oI experiment 2
2 Theory 3
3 Objectives 4
4 Apparatus 4
5 SaIety precautions 4-5
6 Procedure 5
7 Result 6-8
8 Discussion 8-10
9 Conclusion 10
10 ReIerences 11


KN1 2251 Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory III
Faculty oI Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak


2


T1
TEMPERATURE
MEASUREMENT AND
CALIBRATION

KN1 2251 Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory III
Faculty oI Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak


3

THEORY:

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of hot water bath and ice flask

Figure 1 shows the hot water bath and ice Ilask to generate the Iixed points and variable
temperatures. Temperature sensors having diIIerent thermometric principles and
characteristics are supplied. An accurate platinum resistance thermometer (PT100) indicated
directly in OC. The unit is designed Ior saIe operation with insulation surrounding the vessel
and a protected steam vent. A radiation shield surrounds the sensors to be calibrated to
minimize measurement errors. A common carrier allows all sensors to be transIerred
simultaneously Irom hypsometer to the ice Ilask.

The response oI a temperature sensitive device to a step change in temperature varies
according to the type oI the device. Sheathing around the sensor can also aIIect the response,
as both oI the sensor and the sheath must reach thermal equilibrium with the body. The
accuracy oI a reading will be aIIected iI the sensor has not had suIIicient time to achieve
thermal equilibrium with the body, as the sensor will not provide a stable output.


KN1 2251 Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory III
Faculty oI Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak


4

OB1ECTIVE:
To investigate the response oI temperature sensing devices to sudden changes in temperature.

APPARATUS:
Temperature measurement and calibration unit.

Diagram 1 temperature measurement and calibration unit

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:
1. BeIore the experiment begins, the apparatus is check properly so that the temperature can
be taken accurately.
2. The setting oI the soItware that we used in the experiment had to be adjust earlier such as
the time interval and the other sensor device.
3. Student should click the go button when another student had just transIerred the
thermocouple to the ice Ilask so that the time interval in the same in both experiment.
4. Read the lab manual Iirst beIore conduct experiment.
5. Be alert when using the equipments in the laboratory, it might cause injured.
6. Avoid touching the hot surIace when the plate is liIting Irom heater.
7. Must use the correct type oI thermocouple extension wire. Any connectors used must be
made oI the correct thermocouple material and correct polarity must be observed.
KN1 2251 Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory III
Faculty oI Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak


5

8. Measure the resistance oI the thermocouple beIore use.
9. Common mode voltages can be minimised using the same cabling precautions outlined
Ior noise, and also by using insulated thermocouples.

PROCEDURE:
1. The heater and stirrer are switched on. The heater power is increased to maximum.
2. The heater is switched oII when the reIerence thermometer indicates a value signiIicantly
higher than the temperature in the insulated Ilask.
3. The reading is taken Ior the sensor under investigation. The temperature indicated by the
PT100 reIerence thermometer, T
1
is recorded.
4. The sensor carrier is moved quickly Irom the water-bath to the insulated Ilask.
5. The sensor reading is recorded at 5 seconds interval. The recording is stopped when the
sensor reading has stabilized.
6. The temperature reading shown by the PT100 reIerence thermometer, T
2
is recorded.


KN1 2251 Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory III
Faculty oI Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak


6

RESULTS:
First Thermocouple
EIapsed
Time

s
PT100
REF

C
PT100
IND LO

Ohms

ThermocoupIe

V

Thermistor

Ohms
0:00 85.27 132.95 934.34 607.86
0:05 55.62 125.36 938.79 3848.07
0:11 29.54 118.06 941.01 7454.03
0:16 15.88 112.97 936.56 9045.80
0:20 9.88 109.96 934.34 9437.30
0:25 5.29 107.37 936.56 9586.69
0:31 2.59 105.55 938.79 9638.21
0:36 1.30 104.29 941.01 9663.96
0:41 0.92 103.47 945.46 9679.42
0:45 0.70 102.93 941.01 9689.72
0:50 0.59 102.50 936.56 9700.02
0:56 0.54 102.11 938.79 9700.02
1:01 0.54 101.87 949.91 9705.18
1:05 0.49 101.65 952.13 9710.33
1:10 0.54 101.53 943.23 9710.33
1:16 0.49 101.41 943.23 9715.48
1:21 0.54 101.28 945.46 9720.63
1:26 0.54 101.19 949.91 9730.93
1:30 0.54 101.14 952.13 9725.78
Table 1
Second Thermocouple
EIapsed
Time

s
PT100
REF

C
PT100
IND LO

Ohms

ThermocoupIe

V

Thermistor

Ohms
0:01 92.13 135.66 958.81 499.68
0:05 69.72 129.16 952.13 2730.22
0:10 40.61 120.87 947.68 6557.69
0:16 22.30 114.98 954.36 8566.72
0:21 12.58 110.91 956.58 9267.31
0:25 8.26 108.61 949.91 9468.21
0:30 4.64 106.45 958.81 9576.39
0:36 2.43 104.90 958.81 9607.30
0:41 1.30 103.85 956.58 9627.91
0:46 0.97 103.15 965.48 9653.66
0:50 0.70 102.76 965.48 9658.81
0:55 0.59 102.30 965.48 9663.96
1:01 0.59 101.99 961.03 9663.96
KN1 2251 Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory III
Faculty oI Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak


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1:06 0.59 101.79 954.36 9663.96
1:10 0.59 101.65 961.03 9674.27
Table 2

Graph 1 temperature vs. time between the Iirst and second thermocouple.


Graph 2 Thermocouple versus time between the Iirst and second thermocouple.
0
10
20
30
40
30
60
70
80
90
100
0

0
0
0

0
3
0

1
1
0

1
6
0

2
0
0

2
3
0

3
1
0

3
6
0

4
1
0

4
3
0

3
0
0

3
6
1

0
1
1

0
3
1

1
0
1

1
6
1

2
1
1

2
6
1

3
0
1
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

C
1|me s
Graph temperature vs t|me
ll8S1 1PL8MCCCuLL SLCCnu 1PL8MCCCuLL
913
920
923
930
933
940
943
930
933
960
963
970
0

0
0
0

0
3
0

1
1
0

1
6
0

2
0
0

2
3
0

3
1
0

3
6
0

4
1
0

4
3
0

3
0
0

3
6
1

0
1
t
h
e
r
m
o
c
o
u
p
|
e

V
1|me s
Graph thermocoup|e vs t|me
ll8S1 1PL8MCCCuLL SLCCnu 1PL8MCCCuLL
KN1 2251 Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory III
Faculty oI Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak


8


Graph 3 Thermistor vs. time between the Iirst and second thermocouple


DISCUSSION:

Siti Nazirah binti Abdullah (28266)
1. Based on the graph 1, it is showed that the slope oI the graph Ior the Iirst
thermocouple is slightly steeper than the second thermocouple. Thus, the response oI
sensor Ior Iirst thermocouple is Iaster than second thermocouple and so do its
accuracy is higher.
2. Graph 2 showed a zigzag pattern oI graph. This is due to the unstable readings Ior
both thermocouples. This may due to the eIIect oI the surrounding`s temperature or
room temperature that causes the increase in the temperature detected as the room
temperature is quite high compared to the temperature in Ilask.
3. In graph 3, both slopes increased steadily beIore they maintain their stability at 50-
110 seconds. As in graph 1, the Iirst thermocouples showed more sensitivity than the
second thermocouple.
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
0

0
0
0

0
3
0

1
1
0

1
6
0

2
0
0

2
3
0

3
1
0

3
6
0

4
1
0

4
3
0

3
0
0

3
6
1

0
1
1

0
3
1

1
0
1
h
e
r
m
|
s
t
o
r

1|me s
Graph therm|stor vs t|me
ll8S1 1PL8MCCCuLL SLCCnu 1PL8MCCCuLL
KN1 2251 Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory III
Faculty oI Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak


9

4. The experiment should conduct in room temperature instead oI air conditional
environment.
5. Increasing the diameter oI the thermocouple wire gauge can reduce the impact Irom
the surIace metal to the surrounding environment.
6. The thermocouple should Iully immerse into the ice Ilask and cover the ice Ilask
tightly to prevent heat lost to the surrounding and the thermocouple will totally reach
thermal equilibrium with the ice.

Nur Atiqah Nadia bt Remmy Iskandar (27593)
1. From graph 1, we can conclude that the temperatures Ior the Iirst and second
thermocouple are slowly decreasing to the time beIore they reached the constant
reading. As we could see, the Iirst thermocouple showing more sensitivity towards
the temperature as it reached stability earlier.
2. In graph 2, both oI the thermocouple is not stabilized. The graph is obtained in a
zigzag Iorm. This may due to the thermocouples are too sensitive or the sheath is too
thick Ior both the sensor and the sheath must reach thermal equilibrium to obtain
stabilized value during the PT100 reIerence thermometer, T2. This aIIects the
accuracy taking the reading.
3. Graph 3 showed that the thermistor increased against times Ior both thermocouples
beIore it reached the stability around 50 to 110 seconds. The second thermocouple
reacted slow in the thermistor versus time graph. This may due to the thermocouple is
too sensitive or the sheath is too thick Ior both the sensor and the sheath must reach
thermal equilibrium to obtain stabilized value during the PT100 reIerence
thermometer, T2. This aIIects the accuracy taking the reading.


Mohammad Ashaari Bin Kiprawi (26925)
Abu Bakar Bin Umar Syaifudin (29067)


CONCLUSION:

KN1 2251 Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory III
Faculty oI Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak


10

REFERENCES:
Applied Thermodynamics Ior Engineering Technologists, FiIth Edition, EASTOP &
McConkey, Prentice Hall.
Thermodynamics Engineering Approach, Third Edition, Dr Yunus A.Cengel &
Dr.Michael A.Boles, McGraw-Hill.
Theory and Design Ior Mechanical Measurement- Richard S. Figliola/Donald E.Beasley
http://www.patentstorm.us/resources.html
http://www.armfield.co.uk/th1_datasheet.html
http://www.library.cqu.edu.au/tutorials/litreviewpages/index.htm