REDUCINGTHESLOSHINGPROBLEM INLARGEFLNGPSOSWITHUNIQUE TANKDESIGN

ThomasLamb
InnovativeMarineProductDevelopment,LLC Lynnwood,Washington,USA

ReguRamoo MohanParthasarathy JulienSantini

ALTAIREngineering,Inc. Troy,Michigan,USA
June15,2011 FLNG2011 1

Introduction
Beforewegetintothesloshingproblemabriefdescriptionof theCDTSwillbegiven. Forfurtherdetailspleaseseefollowingreferences:
LAMB,T.,andRAMOO,R.,TheApplicationofaNewTankContainment SystemtoULTRALargeLNGCarriers,"OTC2009 RAMOO,R.,PARTHASARATHY,M.,SANTANI,J.,andLAMB,T.,"Theuseof AdvancedStructuralAnalysisandSimulationToolstoValidatea New IndependentLNGTankContainmentSystem," ICCAS2009 LAMB,T.,andRAMOO,R.,ANewConceptforCNGCarriersandFloating CNG/OilProcessingandStorageOffshorePlatforms,"CNGForum,London 2009 LAMB,T,andRAMOO,R,ANewTankContainmentSystemforFloatingLNG andCNGProcessingandStorageOffshorePlatforms,"OTC2010
June15,2011 FLNG2011 2

CurrentGeometryoftheCDTS

June15,2011

FLNG2011

CylindersandInnerVolume

June15,2011

FLNG2011

ComparisonofTankVolumetricEfficiency
TankType PrismaticSelfStandingIHISPB Membrane MembranePRISM CDTS Spherical
*Efficiencycomparedtosolidcubeof49,108cm

Volume 46,162 43,706 38,304 40,000 25,713

Efficiency* 0.96 0.88 0.78 0.87 0.53

June15,2011

FLNG2011

Tank Space Required by Tank Containment System for 300,000 m3 Capacity - Membrane, Spherical and CDTS
SPHERICAL
Length272.5m Breadth52.5m Depth52.5m

SPHERICAL
Length232m Breadth56m Depth56m

MEMBRANEandIHISPB
Length218m Breadth53m Depth32m

CDTS
Length206m Breadth49.5m Depth49.5m
June15,2011 FLNG2011 6

Current Tank Arrangement Design

Comparisonof CDTSOIL/LNG FPSOwith other Arrangements and Containment Systems

Length Overall 370 m, Beam 70 m, Depth 36 m

Parallel Tank Arrangement

Length Overall 350 m, Beam 74 m, Depth 34 m

Tank Arrangement with CDTS

Length Overall 264 m, Beam 80 m, Depth 39 m at Side & 44 m at Center

June15,2011

FLNG2011

ConceptFONGPSOArrangement

June15,2011

FLNG2011

ComparisonofFLNGDesigns
CHARACTERISTIC IHI SPB CDTS LOA m 488 425 Beam m 74 85 Depth m 44 46 Draft m 20 19 Displacement t 602000 578000 Lightship Weight t 316000 288000 Deadweight t 286000 290000 LNG t 205920 205920 Condensate t 57200 57200 LPG t 22880 22880 LNG cm 460000 460000 Condensate cm 65000 65000 LPG cm 50000 50000 Tank Length m 350 290 Number of LNGTanks 7x2 12 Tank Dimensions 50x64x34 38x38x38 Tank Weight t 50000 18000 COST RATIO Platform 100 95 Cost Ratio Tanks 100 70 Note Shell Tanks Steel - CDTS Aluminum
June15,2011 FLNG2011 9

SeakeepingConsiderations VesselHydrodynamics
Seakeepingevaluationinvolves3parts ExpectedSeaConditions ResultingVesselMotion SeaKeepingDesignCriteria ForLNGCarriers,wearealsointerestedin the
ResultingLiquidMotionintheLNGTanks TankResonantFrequenciesatdifferent LiquidFilllevels TankStructuralDesignCriteria AffectofSloshingMotiononVessel Motion,i.e.,thecouplingeffect

TankSloshing

June15,2011

FLNG2011

10

ExpectedSeaConditions
Estimationofthelikelyenvironmentalconditionsencounteredbythevessel,based onhindcastorpredictedweatherdataasapplicable(e.g.wind,windwave,swell);

June15,2011

FLNG2011

11

ResultingVesselMotion
ComputeShipsResponse(RAO)using:
PriorExperience TowTankTesting Numericalmethods:
TimeDomainAnalysis FrequencyDomainAnalysis

MostoftheCommercialCodes(Seakeeper, Hydrostar,SEALAM)usefrequencydomainStrip Theory:

Dividevesselintoanumberoftransversesections Computehydrodynamicpropertiesofthese sectionassuming2Dinviscidflowassumingno interferencefromupstreamsection Calculatecoefficientin equationofmotion whichyieldsvessels responsetowaves

June15,2011

FLNG2011

12

ResultingVesselMotion
TheRAOsshownontherightaretypical:
Atlowfrequency(longwave),thevesselfollows thewaveprofile,ridingupanddownlikeacork Atthehighfrequencyendofthescale(very shortwaves),therearesomanywavesalongthe lengthoftheshipthattheireffectcancelandthe vesselisunaffectedbythewaves Somewhereinbetween,thereisaresonant peakwhichoccursatthenaturalfrequencyof thevessel Atresonancethevesselmotioncanbeseveral timesthatofthewave Theamplitudeofthepeakdependsonthe amountingofdampingassociatedwiththat motion Motionssuchasheaveandpitcharehighly dampedcomparedtorollmotion
June15,2011 FLNG2011 13

SeakeepingDesignCriteria
RelevantNormalDesignCriteriawouldbeasfollows:
AddedResistance PropellerEmergence Slamming DeckWetness VerticalAccelerations(MSI) VelocitiesandAccelerations

ForanLNGCarrierorFLNGthe DesignCriteriawouldalsoinclude:
DesignSloshingloads onContainmentTank AffectsofTankSloshing onVesselsMotion

June15,2011

FLNG2011

14

PhysicalConsiderationsofSloshing Phenomena
Sloshingisatypicalresonancephenomenon;itisnotnecessarilythemost extremeshipmotionsorexternalwaveloadsthatcausethemostsevere sloshing Thisimpliesthatexternalwaveinducedloadscaninmanypracticalcasesbe describedbylineartheory,however,nonlinearitiesmustbeaccountedforin thetankfluidmotions Sinceitisthehighestsloshingperiod(naturalperiod)thatis ofprime interest,verticaltankexcitationisofsecondaryimportance Generallyspeakingthelargerthetanksizeisandthelessinternalstructures obstructingtheflowinthetankarepresent,themoreseveresloshingis, because: a) Increasedtanksizetendstoincreasethehighestnaturalsloshingperiodand hencehigherseastatesandlargershipmotionswillexcitethesevere sloshing. b)Internalstructuresdampenthefluidmotions.
Faltinsen,O.M.AndRognebakkeO.F. DepartmentofMarineHydrodynamics NorwegianUniversityofScienceandTechnology
June15,2011 FLNG2011 15

TheoreticalConsiderationsof SloshingPhenomena
ItseemsgenerallyacceptedthatCFDcodeshavedifficultiesinpredicting impactloads.Thiswasalsotheconclusionoftheloadcommittee of13th ISSCin1997.Areasonisrapidchangesintimeandspaceoccurringeven forrelativelylargelocalanglesbetweentheimpactingfreesurfaceandthe bodysurface([17]) AnalyticalMethodsarelimitedtosimplifiedgeometriesandhigh fill volumes FSImethodsappeartobethemostsuitableapproachforestimating sloshingimpactloads: SmoothParticleHydrodynamics ALEnonlineartransientdynamicsimulation CELnonlineartransientdynamicsimulation

June15,2011

FLNG2011

16

SelectionofCriticalWaveConditions forDesignSloshingLoad
ClassificationSocietiesrequiresloshingmodel testwithirregulartankmotionscorresponding tothemostsevereseaconditionsthatcanoccur duringthelifetimeoftheLNGCarrier Theseverityoftheseaconditionshouldbe judgedbasedontheseverityofthesloshing loadonthecontainmentsystem Agroupofseastatesareselectedforthemodel testbasedon: Theprobabilityofoccurrence Tankmotionresponse Proximityofencounteringwaveperiodto tanknaturalperiod Qualifiedsloshingsimulationtoolscanalsobe usedtoprescreentheseastatestocausethe mostsignificantsloshingloads
June15,2011 FLNG2011 17

ValidationofSimulationProgram
Pressuresensor

Centerofrotation

18.4cm

Therollmotionwithaperiodof1.91s andamplitudeof4degrees.

June15,2011

FLNG2011

18

SloshingWaves
StandingWaves Movementsoftheliquidparticlesarepredominantlyvertical Thesurfacehasoneofmorenodeswherenoverticaldisplacement takesplace GenerallyoccurwhenF/Ls=>0.2 Highpressureisimpartedontanktop TravelingWaves Thesurfacehasnonodes,awavecresttravelsbackandforthbetweentank boundaries GenerallyoccurwhenF/Ls=<0.2 Highpressureisimpartedonbothsidewallsandtanktop HydraulicJump Thisisaspecialcaseofastandingwave Characterizedbyadiscontinuity(jump)insurfaceformingaverticalfront whichtravelsbackandforthinthetank Usuallyoccurwhenfilllevelsis20%orlessofhorizontalfreesurface CombinationWave Thisisacombinationofstandingandtravelingwaves
Source:lloydsRegister,2008
June15,2011 FLNG2011 19

Comparison of Tank Geometry

RADIOSS SPH Sloshing Simulation Model Setup
LNG (50% filled)

Model setup was similar for other tanks but only the model setup for the New CDTS Tank is shown

Enforced angular velocity: 30o rotation about with a period of 10s Gravity was constant during the entire simulation

June15,2011

FLNG2011

20

Tank Faces for Sloshing Load Extraction

IHITank

June15,2011

FLNG2011

21

Sloshing Load on the Tank 50% Filled, Roll

June15,2011

FLNG2011

22

Sloshing Load on the Tank with Swash Bulkheads 50% Filled, Roll

June15,2011

FLNG2011

23

Membrane Tank Sloshing Animation 50% Filled, Roll, 10s Period

Membrane Tank Sloshing Animation 30% Filled, Roll, 10s Period

Membrane Tank Sloshing Animation 50% Filled, Pitch, 10s Period

Membrane Tank Sloshing Animation 50% Filled, Roll, 20s Period

June15,2011

FLNG2011

24

Spherical Tank Sloshing Animation - 50% Filled, 10s Period

IHI Tank Sloshing Animation - 50% Filled, Roll, 10s Period

June15,2011

FLNG2011

25

CDTS Tank Sloshing Animation - 50% Filled, 10s Period

CDTS Tank Sloshing Animation - 30% Filled, 10s Period

CDTS Tank Sloshing Animation - 50% Filled, 10s Period

IHI Tank Sloshing Animation - 50% Filled, Roll, 10s Period

June15,2011

FLNG2011

26

Ship&TankRoll&PitchPeriods
LloydsRulesforApproximating Roll& PitchPeriods
19m 27m 39m

Source:lloydsRegister,2008
June15,2011 FLNG2011 27

Total Sloshing Load on the Tank - 30% Filled

June15,2011

FLNG2011

28

PeakSloshingLoad(kN)at2900ms

VonMisesStress(MPa)duetoSloshingLoads Baseline

BaselineModel Thickness:100mm TankMass:1954T(baseexcluded) Material:Aluminum5083_O,Ultimate:290MPa AllowableStress:121MPa (50%ofUltimatewithafactorsafetyof1.2)

June15,2011

FLNG2011

29

TopologyOptimization
Objective:Minimizecompliance Stressconstraint:121MPa Tankthicknessfixedat75mm FreeSizeonBase:15mmto250mm Volumefraction:<60% TopologyLoadPath
(symmetryenforced)

Topology design Space Onlyaconceptualdesign(tooheavy) Adesignwhichislighterandfeasibleformanufacturing needstobedevelopedusingthisconceptualdesignasa guideline

June15,2011

FLNG2011

30

GaugeOptimization(InternalBulkheads)
Objective:Minimizecompliance Stressconstraint:121MPa Thickness:15mmto250mm,Basefixedat100mm
Thickness(mm)afterGaugeOptimization3

TankMass:1304T
Elementsintheareasofhighstressconcentrationwereexcluded fromthestressconstraint June15,2011 FLNG2011 31

GaugeOptimization(InternalBulkheads)
Objective:Minimizecompliance Stressconstraint:121MPa Thickness:15mmto250mm,basefixedat100mm
VonMisesStress(MPa)afterGaugeOptimization3

TankMass:1304T
Elementsintheareasofhighstressconcentrationwereexcluded fromthestressconstraint June15,2011 FLNG2011 32

Conclusion
TheCDTSoffersasuperiorandcosteffectivesolutiontothesloshing problemforlargeLNGFPSOs andotherapplicationswheretherecanbeno fillingrestrictions TheIHISPBhasthelowestsloshingloadsduetocenterlinewatertight bulkhead TheCDTShasnopeaksloshingloadsasfoundinothertankcontainment systems.Ifaswashbulkheadisinstalledinthecylindersattheircenter linesthentheCDTShasthesamesloshingloadsastheIHISPB ThecombinationoftheuniquegeometryoftheCDTSaswellasthe reducedsloshingforcesandresultingloadsonthetanksides,reducesthe tankmanufacturingandinstallationcostcomparedtoothercontainment systems

June15,2011

FLNG2011

33