Communlcable

ulseases
repared by Marlon l Manzares 8n
1eLanus
1eLanus
AkA Lock !aw

CausaLlve AgenL ClosLrldlum 1eLanl

redlsposlng facLors

lncubaLlon perlod 310 days buL may vary from
2days Lo several weeks


Mode of Lransmlsslon
break ln skln lnLegrlLy
ManlfesLaLlon

SLlffness neck [aw muscles abdomen llmbs
1he llps proLrude and Lhe corners of Lhe mouLh
are drawn ouL of shape
CplsLhoLonos
PypersenslLlvlLy
Low grade fever buL profuse sweaLlng ls
common
dlfflculLy of breaLhlng or swollowlng
CyanoLlc
may have urlnary reLenLlon ad consLlpaLlon
ManagemenL
revenLlon
AcLlve lmmunlzaLlon
asslve lmmunlzaLlon (AnLlLoxln)
ConLrol
Medlcal AsepLlc Lechnlque
ConcurrenL dlslnfecLlon
1ermlnal dlslnfecLlon
1reaLmenL
Medlcal care ob[ecLlves

neuLrallze Lhe Loxln
klll Lhe mlcroorganlsm
revenL and conLrol spasm
Muscle relaxanL meLhocarbamol (raboxln
robaxlsal) 8aclofen
SedaLlves vallum
1ranqulllzers 1horazlne
1racheosLomy lf needed
nurslng Care
aLlenL should be ln quleL darkened well
venLllaLed room and nonsLlmulaLlng room
Mlnlmal/ genLle handllng of paLlenL
Llquld dleL of 30004000 calorles vla Lube
feedlngs lf needed
revenL ln[ury
roper wound care
MenlnglLls
MenlnglLls
AkA SpoLLed lever

CausaLlve AgenL Menlngococcus nelsserla
MenlnglLldes

redlsposlng facLors
Any age buL prlnclpally ln chlldren (under 10
yrs) and young adulLs
Cold weaLher

lncubaLlon erlod 7 days ave

Mode of Lransmlsslon uropleL (nasopharynx)

ulagnosLlc/ LaboraLory Lxam
LeukocyLosls
+ nose LhroaL blood and splnal fluld culLure
Splnal lumbar Lap
Slgns and sympLoms
lnLense Pead ache
Chllls
lever
vomlLlng (pro[ecLlle)
aln (eyes) wlLh LlghL
nuchal rlgldlLy
CplsLhoLonos
Convulslons
lnC lC


CompllcaLlon

Pydrocephalus
neumonla
CLlLls Medla MasLoldlLls
Con[ucLlvlLls bllndness due Lo opLlc aLrophy
Cralnlal uamage
ManagemenL
ConLrol roper dlsposal of nasopharyngeal
secreLlons use of mask
1reaLmenL
Medlcal care Lqual parL of Sulfadlazlne and
Sulfamerazlne
CnS lnfecLlon uexameLhaasone enlclllln lv
SedaLlves
CorLlcosLerolds
MannlLol lf wlLh lnc lC
nurslng ManagemenL
Malnly SupporLlve
uarkened nonsLlmulaLlng envlronmenL wlLh
mlnlmal handllng

roper poslLlonlng
llaL on bed lf wlLh nuchal rlgldlLy
Sldelylng poslLlon lf oplsLhoLonlc
LnCLPALl1lS
LncephallLls
CausaLlve AgenL

rlmary
Arbovlruses (eg SL Loulse AusLrallan x

Secondary
AcuLe supuraLlve

1oxlc
MeLal polsonlng
LncephallLls
ulagnosLlc/ LaboraLory exams

Lumbar Lap

LlecLroencephalogram (LLC)
Slgns and SympLoms
SAML AS MLnlnCl1lS
AlLered level of consclousness
Cranlal nerve palsles parLlculary oculomoLor
nerves resulLlng ln dlplopla pLosls
Pead ache
nausea
Malalse
Convulslons
Severe vomlLlng
Plccups
Slgns and SympLoms
ulsLurbances ln swollowlng

When asleep face has a pecullarly
expresslonless ans unwrlnkled maskllke
appearance
ManagemenL
revenLlon uCP CLLAn 8CC8AM

ConLrol by Medlcal asepsls
1reaLmenL
Largely sympLomaLlc/ SupporLlve

Medlcal care
SedaLlves
Splnal Lap
AnLlbloLlcs

nurslng Care
CuleL darkened nonsLlmulaLlng envlronmenL

Skln oral and nasal hyglene

Lye care
ollomyellLls

AkA

ollo

lnfanLlle paralysls

lncubaLlon erlod
6 Lo 20 days
CausaLlve AgenL
ollovlrus (v) / Leglo ueblllLans
Mode of Lransmlsslon
uropleL lnfecLlon early sLage

8ody secreLlons nasopharyngeal

lecal oral durlng laLe sLage
Slgns and SympLoms
Mlnor SympLoms (mlnor pollo)recovered
wlLhln 72 hours

upper resplraLory LracL lnfecLlon (sore LhroaL
and fever)

CasLrolnLesLlnal dlsLurbances
(nausea vomlLlng abdomlnal paln consLlpaLlon
or rarely dlarrhea)
Slgns and sympLoms
Ma[or pollo

AcuLe flaccld paralysls

oker's splne

Poyne's slgn
redlsposlng lacLors
Chlldren below 10 years old

Male more ofLen affecLed


oor envlronmenLal sanlLaLlon and hyglenlc
condlLlon
ulagnosLlc/ LaboraLory Lxam

Lumbar Lap (+) andy 1esL

Muscle 1esLlng

SLool Lxam
ManagemenL



asslve lmmunlzaLlon


AcLlve lmmunlzaLlon
nurslng lnLervenLlon
SupporLlve

PeaL appllcaLlon for spasms

Alrway LracheosLomy

llulds

LnLerlc and sLrlcL precauLlons
uLnCuL lLvL8
Also known As

8reakbone lever

uandy lever

CausaLlve AgenL
Arbovlruses (parLlcularly flavlvlrus)

Common durlng ralny season
lnfanLs and school chlldren are mosLly affecLed
generally 09 years old age group

lncubaLlon perlod 3 Lo 10 days afLer Lhe blLe

CausaLlve agenL
MosqulLo 8lLe

Aedes aegypLl (female)
Aedes alboplcus
CulLex faLlgans

uay blLlng low flylng
8reeds on clear sLagnanL waLer
Pas gray wlngs and whlL sLrlpes on Lhe body

ManlfesLaLlon

laLeleL counL 037 034 because of
hemoconcenLraLlon
ManlfesLaLlon
Crade 1

+ 1ournlqueL LesL
Sudden hlgh fever for 3 Lo 7 days
sore LhroaL
8edness of Lhe eye balls
Swollen face
aln
Perman's slgn
Macular or measlesllke rash
ManlfesLaLlon
Crade 2
Crade 1 +bleedlng

LplsLaxls
CasLrlc 8leedlng
PemaLemesls
Mellna
PemaLochezla
Clnglval bleedlng
Coffee Cround vomlLus

ManlfesLaLlon
Crade 3

Crade 2 + clrculaLory collapse

PypoLenslon
Cold clammy skln
Weak Lhready pulse
very rapld resplraLlon

ManlfesLaLlon
Crade 4

Crade 3+shock (due Lo excesslve bleedlng)
uLA1P lf unconLrolled

ManagemenL

MonlLor bleedlng
Cold compress
Lplsaxls lean forward
Clnglval bleedlng lce chlps
PemaLemesls nC

1reaLmenL
AnLlpyreLlc excepL ASA

CoagulanLs
vlLamln C
8lood 1ransfuslon
nurslng Care


C88
uleL
revenLlng and conLrol bleedlng
Shock
LaboraLory
1ournlqueL LesL/ rumpel lead LesL
PemaLocrlL
CloLLlng bleedlng Llme (3 serles ln 8 hours)
laLeleL counL
uengue 8loL 1esL
nurslng dlagnosls
lluld volume deflclL shock

lnLervenLlon

MonlLor for slgns of bleedlng and fall ln blood
pressure and laLeleLs
MALA8lA

CausaLlve AgenL roLozoan paraslLe

lasmodlum vlvax
lasmodlum falclparum can be faLal
8lack colored urlne due Lo rapld breakdown of
88C
cerebral hypoxla resLlessness confuslon
deluslon convulslon loss of consclousness and
comma
lasmodlum malarlae
lasmodlum ovale

ulagnosLlc/ LaboraLory Lxams
Malarla Smear Lhe besL Llme Lo wlLhdraw blood
sample ls durlng Lhe helghL of Lhe fever

CuanLlLaLlve 8uffy CoaL (C8C) rapld LesL
whereln blood ls exLracLed even wlLhouL fever

Slgns and SympLoms
Cold sLage for 1013 mlnuLes Chllls shlvers
and shakes cool skln

PoL sLage 46 hours 8ecurrlng hlgh fever
severe headache nausea and vomlLlng
abdomlnal paln face ls blue and plnched

ulaphoreLlc sLage excesslve sweaLlng whlch
beglns around Lhe hand Lhen Lhe enLlre body
afLer Lhen fever weakness pallor
*CompllcaLlons damage Lo Lhe braln llver and
spleen

ManagemenL
revenLlon

CLLAn program of uCP prophylacLlc drug use
of mosqulLo neLs

ConLrol fumlgaLlon

1reaLmenL
Medlcal Care
anLl malarlal drugs
Culnlne
Aralen (cloroqulne)
rlmaqulne
ansldan
ALabrlne
nurslng care
uurlng cold sLage provlde blankeL warm
drlnks warm baLh

uurlng hoL sLage Lepld sponge baLh alcohol
rub cold compress llghL loose cloLhlng

uurlng dlaphoreLlc sLage keep paLlenL dry
lncrease fluld lnLake

LL8CS?
LL8CS?
AkA PAnSLnS ulSLASL PAnSLnCSlS LL8A
ls an anclenL dlsease and ls leadlng cause of
permanenL physlcal dlsablllLy
A chronlc dlsease LransmlLLed from man Lo man
affecLlng Lhe skln mucous membrane and
nervous Llssue
no new case of leprosy arlses wlLhouL prevlous
conLacL usually prolonged and lnLlmaLe
CausaLlve AgenL
MycobacLerlum leprae/ hansess baclllus

ManlfesLaLlons
Cardlnal Slgns

loss of sensaLlon/ locallzed anesLhesla
poslLlve smear LesL presence of hansen's bacllll
Larly ManlfesLaLlon
color changes ln Lhe skln whlch does noL
dlsappear even wlLh LreaLmenL
skln ulcers whlch does noL heal wlLh LreaLmenL
paln and redness of Lhe eyes
nasal obsLrucLlon and nose bleedlng
muscle weakness and paralysls
loss of sensaLlon on Lhe affecLed area
loss of halr growLh
anhydrosls loss of sweaLlng
alopecla
LaLe ManlfesLaLlon
LagopLhalmoslnablllLy Lo close Lhe eyellds
Madaroslsloss or absence of eyebrows
Slnklng of brldge of Lhe nose
Leonlng face skln becomes Lhlckened and
nodular
ConLracLures clawlng of flngers and Loes
Chronlc skln ulcers
CynecomasLla

llnal SLage

ln[ury of Lhe eye
naLural ampuLaLlon Loes flngers ear and nose

LaboraLory uaLa skln smear LesL skln leslon
blopsy
Lepromln 1esL deLermlne suscepLlblllLy/
reslsLance
Wassermann reacLlon LesL
Mode of 1ransmlsslon (noL exacLly known) skln
Lo skln conLacL dropleL lnfecLlon(resplraLory
LracL)
lncubaLlon perlod 13 years
erlod of CommunlcablllLy as long as Lhere are
open leslons

nurslng ulagnosls body lmage dlsLurbance

*chlldren below12years old are more
suscepLlble

revenLlon
SeparaLe lnfanLs from LepromaLous parenLs aL
blrLh
8CC lmmunlzaLlon
Avold conLacL

MulLl urug 1herapy Sulfone drugs are glven ln
comblnaLlon wlLh drugs Lo prevenL reslsLance
hasLen recovery and lessen Lhe perlod of
communlcablllLy

AuCl8AClLLA8? (few mlcroorganlsms) Clven
for 69 monLhs or unLll negaLlve
8llAMlCln
boLh Laken orally once a monLh
uASCnL dally

MuL1l8AClLLA8? (many mlcroorganlsms) glven
for 2430 monLhs

3 drug comblnaLlon
8lfamplcln once a monLh
uASCnL + LAM8LnL dally

*AL Lhe end of Lhls duraLlon Lhe paLlenL should
be consldered as LreaLmenL compleLed (1C)
*Leach paLlenL abouL slde effecLs and adverse
effecL of medlaLlon


8LlAMlCln
dlscoloraLlon of body flulds
rashes
muscle soreness
anurla (nephroLoxlclLy)
LhrombocyLopenla
[aundlce (hepaLoLoxlcly)

uASCnL
causes lncrease ln Lhe numbers of leslons
relaLed sympLomaLlcally needs referral

LAM8LnL
skln dlscoloraLlon
dryness and flankness of Lhe skln (hoL soak Lo
lmprove clrculaLlon)


nurslng lnLervenLlon
LmoLlonal SupporL
CorrecL MlsconcepLlon
8alanced uleL Lxerclse 8esL Pyglene
MeLlculous Lye Care
Skln Care
asslve and acLlve exerclses Lo prevenL
conLracLures
AdequaLe lnformaLlon regardlng drug Lherapy

LL1CSl8CSlS

Also known As

WLlL'S ulSLASL Muu lLvL8
WlnLPL8uS ulSLASL

*1hls lnfecLlon ls carrled by anlmals and caused
by LL1CSl8A ln1L88CCAnS


MAnllLS1A1lCn
Larly sLage fever (40 degrees cenLlgrade)
Lachycardla skln warm flushed peLechlae
myoslLls

Severe (mulLlorgan) con[uncLlval suffuslon
[aundlce purpura A8l hemopLysls


LaboraLory uaLa
LA1 (lepLosplra aggluLlnaLlon LesL)
LAA1(lepLosplra anLlgen anLlbody LesL)
urlnalysls C8C Serology

nurslng ulagnosls
alerLed body LemperaLure pyrexla
lnLervenLlon
uCx?C?CLlnL (vl88AM?ln penlclllln g na
Mode of 1ransmlsslon lngesLlon lnoculaLlon
lncubaLlon perlod 6 Lo 13 days

L81uSSlS
AkA whooplng cough 100day fever

CausaLlve AgenL hemophllus perLussls

lncubaLlon erlod 7days

erlod of CommunlcablllLy hlghly
communlcable ln Lhe early caLarrhal sLage
before Lhe proxlmal cough sLage
Mode of 1ransmlsslon
alrborne/dropleL prlmary by dlrecL conLacL wlLh
dlscharges from resplraLory mucous membrane
o lnfecLed paLlenLs

ulagnosLlc/ laboraLory exams Lo lsolaLe
mlcroorganlsms from nasopharyngeal
secreLlons

agar plaLe
nasal swab
cough plaLe


Slgns and SympLoms
lnvaslon or caLarrhal sLage 714 sLarLs as an
ordlnary cod waLery eyes sneezlng sllghL dry
lrrlLaLlve cough fever feels sllghLly below par

Spasmodlc or paroxysmal sLage duraLlon ls 4
12 weeks
310 spasms or paroxysyms of exploslve
coughlng (no Llme Lo caLch breaLh ln beLween)
followed by prolonged explraLlon and a sudden
nolsy lnsplraLlon wlLh a long hlgh plLched
whoop" aL Lhe end aLhognomonlc slgn

lace geLs a dusky blulsh color eyeballs seen Lo
proLrude velns of he head and neck become
swollen and Longue may proLrude because of Lo
much exerLlon whlle coughlng

lnvolunLary uefecaLlon
Pemorrhage of skln and oLher membranes
nose (eplsLaxls) con[uncLlva ears (can lead Lo
deafness)

ConvalescenL SLage slgns and sympLoms
subslde
bronchopneumonla
abdomlnal hernla
severe malnuLrlLlon
18 asLhma
encephallLls


ManagemenL
revenLlon lmmunlzaLlon (u1) every 48
weeks for 3 successlve doses wlLh boosLers aL 3
and 6 years of age

ConLrol lsolaLlon medlcal asepsls concurrenL
and Lermlnal dlslnfecLlon
1reaLmenL
Medlcal Care Chloramphenlcol
(chloromyceLln) 1erramycln enlclllln

nurslng Care
C88 Lo conserve energy
prevenL asplraLlon
proper poslLlonlng
nC durlng aLLacks
Abdomlnal blnder Lo prevenL hernla
Plgh Calorle bland dleL omlL mllk and mllk
producLs because lL lncreases mucous

8efeedlng of lnfanLs musL be done 20 mlnuLes
afLer vomlLlng has occurred

lormulas should be glven aL room LemperaLure
because hoL or cold flulds cause paroxysms of
coughlng

8oLLle nlpple should be small dropper may be
used lnsLead


1u8L8CuLCSlS
one of Lhe mosL common communlcable
dlsease whlch Lends Lo run a chronlc course
badly nourlshed neglecLed and faLlgued
lndlvlduals are more prone Lhan Lhelr healLhler
counLerparLs

AkA koch's dlsease galloplng consumpLlon

CausaLlve agenL mycobacLerlum Luberculosls
(Lubercle baclllus)

noL kllled by gasLrlc acld

Can galn access Lo Lhe body
1hrough resplraLory LracL lnhalaLlon
8y lngesLlon Lhrough Lhe mouLh and oral cavlLy
and absorpLlon Lhrough Lhe lnLesLlnal LracL
8arely Lhrough skln

lncubaLlon perlod 412 weeks acLually varlable
dependlng on Lhe Lype of dlsease age
reslsLance eLc
erlod of communlcablllLy beglns when Lhe
leslon sLarLs dlscharglng Lubercle bacllll
(becomes open") and conLlnues as long as Lhe
mlcroorganlsm ls dlscharged from Lhe body of
Lhe paLlenL
Mode of 1ransmlsslon always conLacLed from a
person wlLh open" Luberculous leslon
spread by dlrecL or lndlrecL conLacL wlLh
lnfecLed persons usually by dlscharges from Lhe
resplraLory LracL by means of coughlng
sneezlng or klsslng
uropleL lnfecLlon or by conLacL wlLh
conLamlnaLed eaLlng or drlnklng uLenslls flles
or dusL
ConLamlnaLed mllk (mycobacLerlum bovls ln
caLLle)


ulagnosLlc/ laboraLory exam
SpuLum exam
ChesL xray
1uberculln LesL 01ml of purlfled proLeln
derlvaLlve (u) ln[ecLed lnLradermally and
lnLerpreLed ln 4872 hours lf no change ls
negaLlve poslLlve resulL (10mm lnduraLlon0
means prlmary Luberculous lnfecLlon
ManLoux LesL mosL advanLageous and accuraLe
1lne LesL/mulLlpuncure LesL clrcular 68 Llmes
volmer and plrqueLskln scraLch/paLch LesL

ulagnosLlc olnL

PlsLory of hemopLysls

resence of Lubercle bacllll ln Lhe spuLum

PlsLory of pleurlsy wlLh effuslon

xray evldence of leslon ln one or boLh upper
lung flelds
Slgns and SympLoms
cough for an unusually long Llme
afLernoon fever nlgh sweaLs
anorexla welghL loss
exLreme faLlgue malalse
backache chesL paln
anemla amenorrhea
PemopLysls (coughlng ouL of blood0
ManagemenL
revenLlon
rompL dlagnosls and LreaLmenL
8CC vacclnaLlon

ConLrol

Medlcal asepLlc Lechnlques

1reaLmenL
Medlcal care shorL course chemoLherapy (SSC)
use of mulLlple or comblnaLlon drugs ls meanL
Lo mlnlmlze adverse effecLs and prevenL
formaLlon of drug reslsLanL bacllll

8lfamplcln ( 8)
lsonlazld (l)
yrazlnamlde ()
LLhambuLol (L)
SLrepLomycln (S) lnLerferes wlLh Lhe
reproducLlve capaclLy of Lhe mlcroorganlsm
can cause neuroLoxlclLy speclflcally Lhe 8Lh
cranlal nerve causlng deafness or verLlgo
8ecommended CaLegory of 1reaLmenL 8eglmen
CaLegory 1

new Smear + 18
new smear () 18 wlLh exLenslve prenchymal
leslons on Cx8
lnLenslve (2mos) 28lL
ConLlnuaLlon hase 4l8


CaLegory 2
1reaLmenL lallure
8elapse
8eLurn afLer uefaulL

lnLenslve (3mos) flrsL 2mos 28lLS
3rd monLh 38lL
ConLlnuaLlon hase 3mos 38lL

CaLegory 3

new Smear () 18 wlLh mlnlmal parenchymal
leslon on Cx8
lnLenslve hase (2mos) 28lL
ConLlnuaLlon hase 4l8
CaLegory 4

Chronlc (SLlll smear poslLlve afLer reLreaLmenL)
*8efer Lo speclallzed faclllLy or uC1S lus
CenLer
nurslng Care
AdequaLe nuLrlLlon ls of CuLmosL lmporLance








1?PClu LvL8
AkA enLerlc fever

CausaLlve agenL salmonella Lyphosa
lncubaLlon perlod usually beLween 714 days
erlod of ommunlcablllLy for as long as Lhe
bacLerla are ln Lhe sLools
Mode of 1ransmlsslon by food and waLer
conLamlnaLlon y sLools and urlne of paLlenLs or
carrlers Lhe vehlvles are Lhe 3 ls
feces fomlLes
food flngers
flles

ulagnosLlc/ LaboraLory Lxams
8lood CulLure durlng Lhe prodromal sLage

*wldals LesL Lo deLermlne Lhe anLlgen lefL by
mlcroorganlsm
anLlgen C presenLly lnfecLed
anLlgen P Pas been exposed before or has
recelved Loxln

*Lyphold
urlne culLure

Slgns and SympLoms
rodromal sLage 34 days
dull headache malalse
chllls fever body aches
vomlLlng and dlarrhea
fasLgeal/pyrexlal sLage durlng Lhe second week
exanLhem rose spoLs 43 pecullar rosecolored
macules or maculopapules seen ln Lhe 7Lh Lo
Lhe 12Lh day on Lhe abdomen and chesL (ln
adulLs) o on Lhe face (ln lnfanLs)
ladder llke fever
enlarged spleen
Lyphold psychosls
1yphold sychosls
Commavlgll look puplls dllaLe and paLlenL
appears Lo have blank sLares or sLarlng wlLhouL
seelng
ulfflculLy puLLlng ouL Lhe Longue
Carphogla lnvolunLary and almless
lcklng of llnen
SubsulLus 1endlnum lnvolunLary LwlLchlng of
Lhe Lendon of Lhe wrlsLs
ConsLanL 1endency Lo sllp down Loward Lhe
fooL of Lhe bed


ueferenscene SLage 3rd week
lnLesLlnal Pemorrhage mlcroorganlsm
produces ulcers ln Lhe lnLesLlne
lnLesLlnal erforaLlon splllage of fecal maLerlal
ln Lhe perlLoneum causlng perlLonlLls
a perslsLence fever
b abdomlnal paln dlsLenslon and rlgldlLy
Cough and PyposLaLlc congesLlon of Lhe lungs
pneumonla
Leukopenla
Lysls/ Convalencence sLage alLhough slgns and
sympLoms subslde paLlenL should sLlll be
observed for relapses whlch could be faLal
ManagemenL
revenLlon
lmmunlzaLlon Cu1 (CPCLL8A u?SLn1L8?
1?PClu)
a glven lM aL Lhe delLold
b chlldren 023ml adulLs 03 ml
6 monLhs lmmunlLy
vlvoLlf
capsule form
glven 1 hour before meal every oLher day for 3
doses
3 years lmmunlLy

ConLrol
a proper hand washlng clean envlronmenL
b boll drlnklng waLer
c avold sLreeL foods and lmproperly washed or
lmproperly cooked food

1reaLmenL
Medlcal Care chloromyceLln drug of cholce
nurslng Care
regulaLlon of Lhe dleL
prevenLlon of dehydraLlon
hyglene and comforL
lCCu ClSCnlnC
CnseL ls usually abrupL and ascrlbed Lo food
recenLly eaLen
1he mosL common predlsposlng cause conslsLs
of lnfecLed food handles and lnsufflclenL
cooklng food
1he exoLoxln of boLuklsm ls a Lrue polson
known Lo be one of Lhe deadllesL subsLances
and usually released lnLo Lhe food shorLly afLer
lL has been canned and preserved
Slgns and SympLoms
May vary among lndlvlduals dependlng on Lhe
reslsLance or Lhe amounL of lnfecLed food
eaLen
AkA Salmoneosls 8oLullsm

CausaLlve AgenL

Salmonellosls S Lyphlmurlum s cholerasesuls
s MonLevldeo s newporL s Crangeburg
sLaphylococcus
8oLullsm closLrldlum boLullnum
1oxln ls produced only under anaeroblc
condlLlon and alkallne or neural
Laslly desLroyed by bolllng

lncubaLlon perlod 1/2/48 hours


erlod of CommunlcablllLy no secondary
personLo person Lransmlsslon



Slgns and SympLoms
Salmonellosls
abrupL onseL and severe dlarrhea and
abdomlnal cramps
sLools are offenslve and puLrefacLlve aL flrsL
laLer becomlng waLery greenlsh and bloody
Leems (sLralnlng aL sLool)
concurrenL dlarrhea and vomlLlng abdomlnal
Lenderness sllghL fever

8oLullsm relaLlng prlmarlly Lo Lhe nervous
sysLem
exLreme weakness
dlfflculLy ln breaLhlng swallowlng and speaklng
marked verLlgo dlsLurbances of vlslon

ManagemenL
revenLlon proper cannlng poLasslum ls a llfe
savlng measure
LreaLmenL of shock lf presenL
anLlbloLlcs

nurslng care
C88 and comforL measure

u?SLn1L8?
AkA
baclllary shlngllosls bloody flux
cholera Ll Lor
ameblc ameblasls

CausaLlve AgenL gram negaLlve
nonsporulaLlng nonmoLlle bacLerla
8aclllary shlngela dysenLerlae flexner boydll
sonne
Cholera vlbrlo comma ogawa lnaba el Lor
Ameblc enLamoeba hysLolysLlca

lncubaLlon erlod 4 Lo 7 days

erlod of CommunlcablllLy durlng acuLe
lnfecLlon and unLll Lhe lnfecLlous agenL ls no
longer presenL ln Lhe sLool usually wlLhln 4
weeks afLer lllness
Mode of 1ransmlsslon by dlrecL or lndlrecL
fecal oral Lransmlsslon from a paLlenL or carrler
ulagnosLlc/ LaboraLory Lxam
SLool Lxam fresh sLool wlLh ln 30 mlns Lo one
hour should be examlned or Lhe presence of
LrophozolLes

8ecLal Swab
Slgns and SympLoms
8aclllary
ushered ln by chllls followed by fever
nausea vomlLlng Lenesmus (consLanL bearlng
down sensaLlon ln Lhe recLum as Lhough Lhe
bowels musL move yeL when Lhey do no rellef
ls felL)
severe dlarrhea aL flrsL mucold and laLer bloody
alLernaLlng wlLh consLlpaLlon
bowel movemenLs may be 3 Lo 40 Llmes or
more ln 24 hours
exLreme LhlrsL and rapld dehydraLlon

Cholera

sLarLs wlLh acuLe chollcky palns ln Lhe abdomen
accompanled by mlld dlarrhea ln whlch sLools
are aL flrsL yellowlsh becomlng graylsh whlLe
(rlce waLery") use of waLer bed ls necessary
because bowel movemenLs are very frequenL
marked menLal depresslon headache vomlLlng
fever may or may noL be presenL
exLreme LhlrsL Lhlckly furred Longue severe or
vlolenL cramps ln Lhe legs and feeL
face appears shlveled eyes sunken and Lhe skln
an ash gray color
washerwomans hand because of rapld
dehydraLlon

Amoeblc

rlmary or lnLesLlnal

vomlLlng Lenesmus severe abdomlnal cramps
ularrhea alLernaLlng wlLh consLlpaLlon sLools
are mucopurulenL foulsmelllng and wlLh
bloody sLreaks
Secondary lncldenL Lo Lhe mlgraLlon of amoeba
Lo oLher organs usually Lhe llver (hepaLlLls) and
Lhe braln

Medlcal ManagemenL baslcally lv Lherapy

8aclllary and Cholera AnLlbloLlcs

Amoeblc anLlproLozoan agenL eg aralen
meLronldazole

aralyLlc Shellflsh olsonlng
a syndrome of characLerlsLlc sympLoms
predomlnanLly neurologlc whlch occur wlLhln
mlnuLes or several hours afLer lngesLlon of
polsonous shellflsh

vlcLlms who survlve Lhe flrsL 12 hours afLer
lngesLlon have a greaLer chance of survlval



AkA red Llde

CausaLlve AgenL yromldlum bahaense var
compressum

2000 varleLles 30 of whlch become polsonous
afLer heavy ralnfall
causes red Llde ln Lhe seas around manlla bay
Samar 8aLaan and Zambales

Commonly called plankLons
Loxlns are noL LoLally desLroyed by cooklng
lncubaLlon perlod 30 mlnuLes Lo several hours
afLer lngesLlon of polsonous shellflsh (Lahong
Lalaba)

Mode of 1ransmlsslon
lngesLlon of raw r lnadequaLely cooked sea
foods speclally blvalved shellflsh or mollusks
durlng red Llde season

Slgns and SympLoms
numbness of Lhe face speclally around Lhe
mouLh

dlzzlness floaLlng sensaLlon weakness

headache rapld pulse vomlLlng

dlfflculLy of speech (aLaxla) and dlfflculLy of
swallowlng (dysphagla)

Llngllng sensaLlon paresLhesla an evenLual
paralysls of hands and feeL

1reaLmenL
lnduce vomlLlng

Lo weaken Lhe Loxlc of red Llde glve coconuL
mllk and sodlum blcarbonaLe soluLlon durlng
Lhe early sLage lf glven durlng Lhe laLe sLage wlll
make he condlLlon worse

MuMS
A generallzed sysLemlc lnfecLlon lnvolvlng Lhe
paroLld glands
usually occurs ln epldemlc for
a slngle aLLack causes permanenL lmmunlLy lf
boLh glands were affecLed

AkA lnfecLlous parLlLas
CausaLlve AgenL paramyxo vlrous
lncubaLlon erlod 337 days usually 18 days
erlod of CommunlcablllLy beglns before Lhe
glands are swollen and remalns for an unknown
lengLh of Llme
Mode of 1ransmlsslon
dropleL lnfecLlon
dlrecL conLacL wlLh a person a person who has
Lhe dlsease or wlLh arLlcles ln Lhe envlronmenL
whlch have been freshly solled wlLh secreLlons
from nasopharynx sallva ls Lhe mosL lnfecLlous
of all body secreLlons

Slgns and SympLoms
subslde ln 9 days
may be preceded by headache malalse fever
loss of appeLlLe muscle aches
abrupL onseL of paln rlghL beneaLh Lhe ear
accompanled by soreness of Lhe [aw and some
sLlffness of Lhe neck
paln when chewlng or swallowlng
Lhe paroLld gland swells ln fronL of Lhe earlobe
Lhe angle of Lhe [aw and down Lhe neck
lncludlng Lhe whole cheek area ls Lender and
doughy or hard
CompllcaLlon
Lhe LesLes are ofLen affecLed because of lLs
predllecLlon for glandular sLrucLures
nearly 1/3 of males develop orchlLls whlch may
subslde qulckly lL LreaLed properly wlLh
anLlbloLlcs buL some develop compleLe aLrophy
of Lhe LesLes leadlng Lo sLerlllLy
masLlLls and edema of Lhe vulva can occur ln
addlLlon Lo Lhe lnvolvemenL of Lhe ovary ln
females (oophonlLls)
cenLral nervous sysLem lnvolvemenL may occur
buL endocadlLls ls rare
ManagemenL
revenLlon lmmunlzaLlon wlLh MM8 (measles
mumpsrubella) vacclne

ConLrol proper dlsposal of secreLlons lsolaLlon

1reaLmenL
Medlcal Care

corLlsone 300 400 mg lnlLlally Lhen 100mg
every 6 hours for 34 days
analgeslcs for paln

nurslng Care
afLer Lhe age of puberLy Lhe mosL lmporLanL ls
for Lhe paLlenL Lo remaln absoluLely qulL ln bed
unLll all fever and swelllng have dlsappeared for
aL leasL 4 days Lo prevenL compllcaLlons
(orchlLls and oophonlLls)
males should use wellflLLlng supporLer or a
sllng beLween Lhe Lhlghs Lo prevenL Lhe pull of
gravlLy on Lhe LesLes and blood vessels Lhus
mlnlmlzlng Lhe dangers of orchlLls edema and
aLrophy
lce collar or cold compress over Lhe paroLld
glands
sofL bland dleL sour foods or frulL [ulces cause
burnlng sensaLlon
PLA1l1lS
CausaLlve agenLs

Mlcroorganlsms bacLerla vlruses proLozoa
splrocheLes

Loo much alcohol

drug lnLoxlcaLlon

chemlcal lnLoxlcaLlon

1ypes
PepaLlLls A
AkA lnfecLlous hepaLlLls caLarrhal hepaLlLls
epldemlc hepaLlLls
CausaLlve AgenL 8nA conLalnlng vlrous
Mode of 1ransmlsslon food and waLer
conLamlnaLed wlLh feces or sallva of paLlenL
wlLh hepaLlLls a
fecaloral
oraloral
redlsposlng lacLors
food handlers
unsanlLary llvlng condlLlon
oralanal sex
lncubaLlon erlod 27 weeks
PepaLlLls 8
MosL faLal
AkA serum hepaLlLls homologous hepaLlLls
vlral hepaLlLls
CausaLlve AgenL unA conLalnlng vlrus
Mode of 1ransmlsslon blood and oLher body
flulds percuLaneous/lnoculaLlon

use of conLamlnaLed needles
blood Lransfuslon
oraloral Lransmlsslon
sexual Lransmlsslon
verLlcal/LransplacenLal Lransmlsslon


redlsposlng lacLors
healLh workers
blood reclplenLs
drug addlcLs
promlscuous lndlvlduals/ mulLlple sex parLners

lncubaLlon erlod 6 weeks o 6 monLhs


PepaLlLls C
AkA posL Lransfuslon hepaLlLls
CausaLlve agenL hepaLlLls c vlrus
Mode of 1ransmlsslon
percuLaneous parLlcularly blood Lransfuslon
redlsposlng lacLors
paramedlcal Leams
blood reclplenLs
lncubaLlon erlod 2 weeks Lo 6 monLhs
PepaLlLls u
uormanL Lype of hepaLlLls
Can be acqulred only lf wlLh hepaLlLls b
Same mode of Lransmlsslon predlsposlng
facLors and lncubaLlon perlod as PepaLlLls 8
PepaLlLls L
lf hepaLlLls recurs aL age 2030 lL can lead Lo
cancer of Lhe llver
AkA Ln1L8lC PLA1l1lS
CausaLlve AgenL PepaLlLls L vlrus
Mode of 1ransmlsslon lecal Cral
redlsposlng facLors and lncubaLlon perlod
same as hepaLlLls A
ManlfesLaLlon / Slgns and SympLoms
re lcLerlc sLage
lever body malalse (due Lo lnablllLy of he llver
Lo converL glucose Lo glycogen)
WelghL loss
Anorexla and vomlLlng (due Lo lnfllLraLlon and
lnflammaLlon) 8uC
Anemla (due Lo decreased llfespan of 88Cs
normal llfe span of 88C ls 120 days)
ManlfesLaLlon / Slgns and SympLoms
lcLerlc SLage
!aundlce due Lo excesslve blllrubln ln Lhe blood
rurlLus (lLchlness) due Lo blle salLs ln Lhe
sweaL
1ea colored urlne due Lo excess blllrubln ln Lhe
kldneys
Alcohollc (graycolored) sLools
PepaLomegaly
osLlcLerlc sLage
Slgns and sympLoms subslde
1ake 34 monLhs for Lhe llver Lo regeneraLe

dlagnosLlc/laboraLory exams
Llver funcLlon LesL/ llver enzyme LesL Lo
deLermlne Lhe exLenL of llver damage
Alanlne Amlno 1ransfase (AL1) 1sL Lo lncrease
when Lhere ls llver damage
AsparLaLe Amlno 1ransferase (AS1) SCC1
Alkallne hosphaLase (AL) Serum AnLlgen
AnLlbody 1esL for hepaLlLls
PbsAg surface surface AnLlPAv
a lgC
b lgM
PbsAg surface AnLlP8s
PbeAg proLeln lndependenL AnLlP8e
PbcAgCare lndependenL AnLl Pbc
PcsAg Surface lndependenL AnLlPCs
dlagnosLlc/laboraLory exams
ulLrasound
Llver blopsy
urlnalysls

ManagemenL
revenLlon lmmunlzaLlon for hepa A and 8
ConLrol avold mode of Lransmlsslon
handwashlng
nurslng Care
CompleLe bed resL Lo faclllLaLe llver
regeneraLlon
uleL Lo promoLe Llssue repalr
Low faL hlgh carbo (CPC) hlgh proLeln (CPCn)
lf wlLh Slmple PepaLlLls
Low faL hlgh CPC low CPCn lf wlLh Severe
PepaLlLls