Why do we fall ill 1 POINTS TO REMEMBER Health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being.

d social well-being. For maintaining good health, balanced diet, hygienic surroundings, proper habits, exercise and relaxation habits are necessary. Disease is any condition which interferes with the normal functioning of the body. Disease may be caused by infection like virus and bacteria, lack of good nourishment, genetic difference etc. Infectious diseases are caused by microbes or micro-organisms. Disease like cancer, high blood pressure etc. are non-infectious and do not spread from one person to another. Infectious diseases are caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and unicellular animals like protozoans. Also, some multicellular organisms like worms may also cause infectious diseases. The diseases that last for short periods only are called acute diseases, e.g. common cold. The diseases that last for very long periods, sometimes even for lifetime, are called chronic diseases, e.g. elephantiasis. On the basis of period of occurrences, diseases may be either congenital, i.e. inborn diseases or diseases right from the birth, e.g. haemophilia, and acquired, i.e. acquired during the lifetime. Acquired diseases are two types-communicable diseases (which can be transmitted from an infected to a healthy person, and non-communicable, which cannot be transmitted. Infectious agents spread through air, water, physical contact or vectors. The period between the entry of the organisms inside the body and the appearance of the symptoms of disease is called incubation period. Some infectious disease caused by viruses are common cold, influenza, dengue and AIDS. Some bacterial diseases of bacteria are typhoid, cholera, tuberculosis and anthrax. Common infectious skin diseases are caused by fungi. Protozoan animals cause diseases like malaria and kala-azar. Worms cause intestinal diseases as well as elephantiasis. The preventive inoculation against a disease is called vaccination. The system of the body which protects it from various infectious agents and cancer is called immune system. TEXTUAL QUESTIONS A. QUESTIONS FROM WITHIN THE CHAPTER Q1. State any two conditions essential for good health : Ans. Two conditions that are essential for good health are : 1. One should be disease-free. 2. There should be good social and economic conditions. Q2. State any two conditions essential for being free of disease. Ans. Two conditions essential for being disease-free are : 1. Eating nutritious and balanced food. 2. Personal and community hygiene. Q3. Are the answers to the above questions necessarily the same or different ? Why ? Ans. To some extent they are the same, because if the conditions that are essential for good health are maintained, then automatically the chances of getting a disease will be minimised. But at the same time, we can say that they are different because being health or good health means physical, mental and social well-being while being disease-free means not suffering from a particular disease(s). Q4. List any three reasons why you would think that you are sick and ought to see a doctor. If only one of these symptoms were present, would you still go to the doctor ? Why or why not ? Ans. Common symptoms which indicate sickness are : (i) Headache (ii) Cough and

(iii) Dysentery If I see any one of the above symptoms, Ill immediately go the doctor. It is because any of these symptoms can be the sign of sickness or disease. Ignoring it may lead to increase in the disease. The doctor will make his diagonosis and if need be, hell get some tests done and then start medication, if need be. Q5. In which of the following case do you think the long-term effects on your health are likely to be most unpleasant ? q if you get jaundice, q if you get lice, q if you get acne. Why ? Ans. If I have lice and acne, it will not have long-term effect on my body. But if I get jaundice, it will result in drastic long term effect. I will symptoms like, High temperature, headache, joint pains. Loss of appetite and feeling of nausea and vomiting. Moreover, I may even get irritating rashes. Apart from that, I will have general poor health for some days which will require complete bed rest for recovery. Q6. Why are we normally advised to take bland and nourishing food when we are sick ? Ans. The immune power of the body decreases during diseases or infection. Therefore, to maintain the immune power we are advised by the doctor to take sufficiently they nourishing and bland, i.e. easily digestable food. Q7. What are the different means by which infectious diseases are spread ? Ans. Infectious diseases spread by the following means : 1. Through air : When an infected person coughs or sneezes, the microbes spread into the air and enter the body of healthy man. A few diseases that spread through air include common cold, T.B. (tuberculosis) pneumona etc. 2. Through water : The microbes from the excreta of a person suffering from a gut (alimentary canal) disease enter the body of a healthy person when he drinks polluted and contaminated water. 3. Through sexual contact : Microbal diseases like AIDS and syphilis are trasmitted by sexual contact with an infected person. 4. By vectors : Some organsims like work as vectors of disease causing agent spread diseases, e.g., female anopheles mosquito (which spread malaria). Q8. What precautions can you take in your school to reduce the incidence of infectious diseases ? Ans. We can take the following preventions in our school to reduce the incidence of infectious diseases : (i) By making available fresh and hygienic drinking water. (ii) By preventing accumulation of water, anywhere in the school. (iii) By keeping the toilet neat and clean. (iv) By avoiding the consumption of uncovered food and other eatables. (v) By using a handkerchief to cover the mouth while sneezing or coughing. (vi) By using vaccines and immunisation. (vii) By spraying insecticides after every few months. Q9. What is immunisation ? Ans. The process of inoculating, i.e. injecting of a vaccine into a person to develop immunity against a particular disease is called immunisation. Q10. What are immunisation programmes available at the nearest health centre in your locality ? Which of these diseases are the major health problems in your area ? Ans. Immunisation programmes available at the health centre near our school are : 1. Vaccination against chicken pox. 2. Vaccination against small pox. 3. Vaccination against Hepatites. 4. Vaccination against tuberculosis (BCG vaccine) 5. Polio drops against polio disease. 6. DPT (vaccination against diptheria, pertusis and tetanus).

Out of these, the major health problems in our area are : Chicken pox, tuberculosis and hepatitis. hy do we fall ill 2 B.EXERCISE GIVEN AT THE END OF THE CHAPTER Q1. How many times did you fall ill last year ? What were the illness? (a) Think of one change you could make in your habits in order to avoid any of/most of the above illnesses. (b) Think of one change you would wish for in your surroundings in order to avoid any of/most of the above illnesses. Ans. I fell ill thrice last year and suffered from the following diseases : 1. Malaria 2. Dysentery 3. Viral fever (a) Change in my habits : Now I always make conscious efforts to remain hygienic and eat covered and neat and clean food and fruits. (b) Change I would wish for in my surroudings : To prevent accumulation of garbage and dirty water and to keep the surroundings neat, clean and hygienic. Q2. A doctor/nurse/health-worker is exposed to more sick people than others in the community. Find out how she avoids getting sick herself. Ans. The following steps are taken by the doctors/nurses to avoid getting sick themselves : 1. Immunisation. 2. Wearing gloves and masks. 3. Taking proteinaeous food to enhance their immunity. 4. Taking prophylactic medicines. 5. Disposing of the blood samples, sputum etc. properly. Q3. Conduct a survey in your neighbourhood to find out what the three most common diseases are. Suggest three steps that could be taken by your local authorities to bring down the incidence of these diseases. Ans. After conducting a survey, I have found the following three most common diseases in my neighbourhood : 1. Cough and cold 2. Malaria, and 3. Loose motions The following three preventive measures can be taken by our local authorities to bring down the incidence of these diseases : 1. By providing fresh, clean and uncontaminated water. 2. By providing better and hygienic sanitary conditions in the community. 3. By spreading information about the various perventive measures by posters, pamphlets, etc. Q4. A baby is not able to tell her/his caretakers that she/he is sick. What would helps us to find out (a) that the baby is sick ? (b) what is the sickness ? Ans. (a) The following symptoms will indicate that the baby is sick : 1. Repeated crying 2. High body temperature 3. Watering of eyes 4. Watery stools 5. Redness of eyes 6. Vomiting (b) As far as the sickness is concerned, we can report the symptoms which we see in the baby to the doctor and can make his own diagnosis. If need be, he can also conduct some test for verification and then advise us about the medicines, what to do and what not to do ?

Q5. Under which of the following conditions is a person most likely to fall sick ? (a) when she is recovering from malaria. (b) when she has recovered from malaria and is taking care of someone suffering from chickenpox. (c) when she is on a four-day fast after recovering from malaria and is taking care of someone suffering from chicken-pox. Why ? Ans. A person is most likely to fall sick when she is on a four-day fast after recovering from malaria and is taking care of someone suffering from malaria. This is because immediately after suffering from malaria, the body is still weak, as during malaria a person has loss of appetite, vomiting and fever. Moreover, the various organ systems are also most likely not properly recovered and the immune system is also comparatively weak. So, she is very likely to get infected with chicken-pox herself which can lead to serious health problems. Q6. Under which of the following conditions are you most likely to fall sick ? (a) when you are taking examinations. (b) when you have travelled by bus and train for two days. (c) when your friend is suffering from measles. Why ? Ans. I will be most likely to fall sick when my friend is suffering from measles. This is because in this condition, I will visit my friend and will be likely to get infected with measles is an infectious as well as an air-borne disease. When my friend will cough or sneeze, small droplets from his mouth containing microbes will mix in the air. These microbes may be present in the air I will breathe. So, the chance of getting infection will increase. OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS Q1. What do you mean by health ? Ans. Health is a state of physical, mental and social well being. Q2. What is a disease ? Ans. A disease is a condition which interferes or impairs the normal functioning of the body and has negative effect on health. Q3. What are symptoms of a disease ? Ans. The things which a sick person feels, like headache, watering of eyes, loose motions are called the symptoms of a disease. Q4. How can you classify diseases on the basis of their duration ? Ans. On the basis of duration, diseases are of two types : acute and chronic Q5. What do you mean by acute diseases ? Ans. Acute diseases are those which last only for a short period of time. Q6. What are chronic diseases ? Ans. The diseases which last for long periods of time, sometimes even throughout life, are called chronic diseases. Q7. How can we pinpoint a disease ? Ans. By laboratory tests. Q8. What is community health ? Ans. It is defined as the personal health alongwith the environmental services for the importance of health of the community. Q9. Name two air borne diseases. Ans. Common cold and measles.

Q10. Name two water borne diseases. Ans. Typhoid and cholera. Q11. Name one sexually transmitted disease. Ans. AIDS Q12. What is the prevantive inoculation against a disease called ? Ans. Vaccination. Q13. Classify diseases on the basis of their occurance. Ans. Congenital diseases and acquired diseases. Q14. What are congenital diseases ? Ans. The diseases which are present from the birth or are hereditary are called congenital diseases. Q15. What are infectious diseases ? Ans. The diseases which spread through microbes or micro-organisms are called infectious diseases. Q16. Name the disease causing microbe that lives and remains active inside the host cell. Ans. Viruses. Q17. Name the type of diseases generally caused by fungi. Ans. Fungi generally cause skin diseases. Q18. Name the group of organisms which cause elephantiasis. Ans. Worms. Q19. What do you mean by vectors ? Ans. The organisms that act as intermediaries and carry the infecting agents from a sick person to a potential host are called vectors. Q20. Name the vector of malaria. Ans. Female Anopheles (a type of mosquito). Q21. Through which of the following can AIDS spread ? handshake, wrestling, hugs. Ans. AIDS cannot spread through any of these three physical contacts. Q22. Name any two diseases caused by viruses. Ans. Common cold and influenza. Q23. Name the two major categories of human diseases. Ans. Communicable and non-communicable diseases. Q24. Give two examples each of communicable and non-communicable diseases. Ans. Communicable diseases : flu and malaria. Non-Communicable diseases : Cancer and diabetes. Q25. What do you mean by immune system ? Ans. The system in our body which protects us from the various disease-causing agents and cancer is called immune system. Q26. Expand AIDS. Ans. Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome. Q27. Expand HIV.

Ans. Human Immuno deficiency Virus. Q28. How can aids be transmitted ? Ans. Aids can be transmitted through sexual intercourse, use of contaminated syringes as well as by contaminated blood transfusion. Q29. When does world AIDS day fall ? Ans. On Ist December. Why do we fall ill 4 SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS Q1. What does the world health mean ? Ans. The world health means the idea of well being. In other words, when we say that someone is healthy, it implies that he can function well physically, mentally and socially. Q2. Public cleanliness is important for individual health. Comment. Ans. Diseases spread because of the garbage thrown in open places, overflowing drains or sewer water, accumulation of stagnant water etc. It is because of the reason that these are the places where disease causing microbes multiply and where mosquitoes and flies breed. As a result, diseases may spread in the community and affect individual health. Thus there is no doubt that public cleanliness is important for individual health. Q3. How is personal health related to community health ? Ans. Personal and community health are related to each other. In fact they are supplementary to each other. We protect ourselves by keeping our body clean. We also require good and healthy surroundings. We can have this only by the means of community health and development. Thus, both personal and community health are interrelated. Q4. Why is social equality necessary for individual health ? Ans. If the mind is cheerful and happy, people are not prone to tensions. Moreover, as they are not disturbed, they will take care that they do not do anything which affects their health. On the other hand, if people are socially disturbed and unsafe, they cannot be happy and healthy. So, social equality is no doubt necessary for individual health. Q5. why are good economic conditions needed for individual health? Ans. First of all, for good health, proper and sufficient food is necessary. This food can be had only by spending money, for which is has to be earned. So, opportunity to work and earn have to be available for which there must be good economic conditions in the society. Q6. Enlist the cause of diseases. Ans. Disease may be because of any of the following reaons : 1. Infection 2. Lack of nutritive and sufficient food. 3. Poor health. 4. Lack of public services. 5. Hereditary reasons. Q7. Enlist Robert Kochs postulates. Ans. Koch gave the following postulates : (i) Some organisms must be found in the body of animals that have the disease. (ii) It must be possible to isolate that particular organism and grow it in pure culture or artificial medium. (iii) A healthy animal must contract the disease and show its characteristic symptoms when it is inoculated with the culture of the organism. (iv) It must be possible to recover the same organism from the body of the inoculated animal. Q8. What do you mean by disease ?

Ans. Disease means disturbed ease. Thus, literally it means uncomfortable. But in science, we talk of disease when there is disturbance or impairment in normal functioning of the body and health. Q9. What is an antibiotic. Ans. An antibiotic is a drug (basically a chemical) derived from microorganisms or produced synthetically that inhibits the growth of or destroys bacteria,. e.g. pencillin, amoxycillin, erthromycin etc. Q10. What are non-communicable diseases ? Ans. Non-communicable diseases are those which do not spread from an infected person to a healthy person. They may be hereditary, due to deficiency of some food material or acquired otherwise, like bad eating habits may cause obesity and heart diseases. Some examples of non-communicable diseases are diabetes, arthritis, heart diseases, cancer, etc. Q11. What type of signs of diseass does physicians look for in our bodies and why ? Ans. The physicians look for signs of disease on the basis of the symptoms. This is because signs will give a little more definite indication of the presence of a particular disease. For this, the physicians can also get laboratory test done so as to pinpoint the disease further. Q12. What are infectious diseases ? Why are they called so ? Ans. The disease whose immediate cause are microbes are called infectious diseases. It is because, the microbes can spread in the community, and the disease they cause will spread with them. Q13. Why is it considered important to study the differnt categories of infectious agents ? Ans. The infectious agents have been categoriosed, as these categories are important factors in deciding the kind of treatment to be used to treat the diseases caused by them. Q14. What determines the severity of disease manifestation ? Ans. It is the number of disease causing microbes in the body that decide the severity of disease manifestation. If the number of microbes is very small, the disease manifestations may be minor and even go unnoticed. But if the number of microbes is large, the disease can be severe. Infact if the microbe number is very large, the disease can even be fatal. Our immune system is a major factor that determines the number of microbes surviving in the body. Q15. What are the immediated and contributory causes of disease? Ans. Immediate cause of disease is the infecting organism like bacteria, virus, protozoan, fungi etc. Contributory causes of disease are other factors like lack of good nourishment, unhygienic conditions etc. Q16. Why there is no use of giving vaccine of hepatitis A virus ? Ans. As the majority of children in many parts of India are exposed to the virus causing Hepatitis A, they are already immune to hepatits-A by the time they are five years old. Q17. Differentiate between communicable and non-communicable diseases. Ans. Differences between communicable and non-communicable diseases : Communicable Diseases Non-communicable Diseases

1. These diseases can be transmitted from an infected person to a healthy person. 2. They are spread by microorganisms called pathogens. e.g. Cholera, Influenza, AIDS, Malaria, Typhoid etc.

These diseases cannot be transmitted. Many factors deficiency of nutrients or hormones ; like hypersensitivity of body ; tumour formation etc. cause these diseases. e.g. Diabetes, Marasmus, Goitre, Cancer etc.

Q18. What do you mean by acute and chronic disease ? Ans. Acute diseases are those which spread rapidally but, last for only very short period, e.g., common cold. Chronic diseases are those which spread slowly but last for a long time, e.g. elephantiasis. Q19. Why are antibiotics effective against bacteria but not against viruses ? Ans. The antibiotics block the biochemical processes taking place inside the body of the bacteria and thus become effective against them. On the other hand, they are unable to do so inside the body of virus and hence are non-effective against them. Q20. Name the infectious disease that leads to immunodeficiency. Give the scientific name of the pathogen causing the disease and mention the body organs it primarily affects. Ans. AIDS is the infectious disease that leads to immuno deficiency and wasting of body parts. It is cased by Human Immuno deficiency Virus (HIV). HIV attacks helper T-lymphocytes, thus causing cell-mediated immunodeficiency, which makes the body more prone to various infections. Q21. Enlist the symptoms of AIDS. Ans. The symptoms of AIDS include (i) Skin cancer (Kaposis sarcoma) (ii) Psychosis (iii) A lung disease, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. (iv) Thrombocytopenia, i.e. decrease in the number of platelets, (v) Lymphoma i.e. the cancer of lymph nodes, and (vi) AIDS- related complex (ARC), which is the most serous form of AIDS and characterized by swollen lymph nodes, fever, memory and weight loss.

Why do we fall ill 5 LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS Q 1. What do you mean by diseases ? Describe the various causes of diseases. Ans. Disease is defined as a condition of the body or a part of it in which the normal body functions are disturbed. The main cause of diseases are : 1. Disease causing micro-organisms or pathogens like viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans etc. 2. Physical agents like heat, cold, radiation, humidity, pressure, electicity, sound, etc. 3. Mechanical agents such as chronic friction as well as other mechanical forces that cause injuries, tranma as and fractures etc. 4. Chemical agents which are of two types : (i) Endogenous chemical agents which are formed in the body, like urea, uric acid, etc. (ii) Exogenous chemical agents which enter the body of the individual from outside, like metals, spores and pollens etc. 5. Some diseases are because of the heredity reasons, disturbance in chromsomes or genes. 6. Social agents which may cause mental disorders. 7. Deficiency diseases are caused by insufficiency, absence or excess of a factor necessary for health. Q2. What are the common preventive measures against communicable diseases ? Ans. The common preventive measures against communicable diseasse include : 1. Eradication of vectors and carriers. 2. Immunization (Vaccination) 3. Proper and safe water supply 4. Personal and community hygiene. 5. Sterilization of articles used by the patients. 6. Isolation of patients from the healthy persons. 7. Health education. Q3. Name the diseases caused by the following(1) Protozoa, (2) Virus, (3) Bacteria, (4) Fungi. How is malaria transmitted?

Ans. The diseases caused by various microorganisms are given under : 1. Protozoa : Malaria, Amoebiosis, Dysentery, Giardiasis, Kala azar etc. 2. Virus : AIDS, Polio, Dengue, Rabies, Chicken pox, Influenza etc. 3. Bacteria : Penumonia, Diptheria, Tuberculosis, Meningitis, Leprosy, Typhoid, Tetanus, Syphilis, etc. 4. Fungi : Fungi mainly cause skin diseases and food poisoning. Malaria is caused by a parasite, known as malaria parasite which is found in female anophelos mosquitoes. When the mosquitoes carrying the malarial parasite bite a person, the parasites enter the blood stream and the person suffers from malaria. Q4. What are the three limitations which one has to face while dealing with an infectious disease ? Ans. The three limitations which one has to face while dealing with an infectious disease : 1. When someone has a disease, his/her body functions are damaged and may never recover completely. 2. The treatment will take time, which means that someone suffering from a disease is likely to be bedridden for sometime even if we can give him/her proper treatment. 3. The person suffering from an infectious disease can serve as a source from where the infection may further spread to other people. Q5. What is immunity ? Explain natural and acquired immunity. Ans. Immunity means the resistance of the body to a disease. It is due to the presence of antibodies in our body for the disease causing microorganisms known as antigens. When these antigens enter our body, antibodies are formed which prevent the disease : Natural immunity means that a person has these antibodies since birth. e.g. whenever antigens, say of cholera enter the body, the person will not suffer from the disease. Acquired immunity means that when a person suffers from a disease once, antibodies for these particular disease-causing antigens will be formed in the body and he will not get the same disease again. Q6. How do antibiotics work against bacteria ? Do they have any effect on human cells also ? Explain. Ans. Generally, antibiotics block the biochemical pathways which are important for bacteria. For example, Many bacteria, make a cell-wall to protect themselves. The antibiotic penicillin blocks the bacterial processes that build the cell-wall, as a result of which the growing bacteria become unbale to make the cell-walls, and die easily. As far as human cells dont make a cell-wall. So penicillin cannot have such an effect on us and will affect only bacteria that use such processes for making cell-walls. Q7. Give an example where tissue-specificity of the infection leads to very general seeming effects. Ans. We can see the tissue-specificity of the infection leading to very general-seeming effects in case of HIV infection. The HIV infecting virus goes to the immune system, i.e., the lymph nodes all over the body and damages its functions. Because of this, the body becomes prone to various diseases as it cannot fight off even the minor infections which otherwise would not have lasted longer. For example even a small cold can become pneumonia and a minor gut infection may lead to a severe case of diarrhoea with blood loss. In the same way, other infections kill people that the suffering from HIV-AIDS. The tissuespecificity of the infection (HIV-AIDS) is lymph nodes. General seeming effects are loss of immunity even to minor diseases or infections that ultimately lead to the death of the patient. Q8. Discuss the cause, symptoms, preventive measure and treatment of AIDS. Ans. AIDS is caused by a retro-virus HIV (Human Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) virus. It is transmitted from an infected to a healthy person through sexual contact, blood transfusion, use of infected needle. blade, etc. Also, it may get transmitted from infected mother to her foetus. Symptoms. Following are the symptoms of AIDS : 1. Inflammation in lymph glands. 2. Loss of weight and sweating during night. 3. Bleeding and fever. 4. Severe damage to the brain which may even lead to loos of memory. In some cases, the person may cease to speak and even think

5. Above all, the possibility of other diseases also increases because of the damage caused to the immune system. Prevention. Following precautions should be taken to prevent AIDS: 1. By being faithful to your partner and avoiding sexual contact with unknown persons. 2. By using sterilised needles, blades, etc. 3. By ensuring that the blood to be transfused is free from AIDS virus. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Health is a state of being well enough to function well (a) physically (b) mentally (c) socially (d) All the above 2. Typhoid and cholera are caused by (a) bacteria (b) viruses (c) protozoans (d) worms 3. Malaria and kala-azar are caused by (a) bacteria (b) viruses (c) protozoans (d) worms 4. Elephantiasis is caused by (a) bacteria (b) viruses (c) protozoans (d) worms 5. The disease causing microbes which live and remain active inside the host cells are (a) Bacteria (b) Viruses (c) Fungi (d) None of these 6. Which of the following diseases is not caused by virus ? (a) Influenza (b) Rabies (c) Tuberculosis (d) AIDS 7. AIDS canbe transmitted through (a) handshake (b) hugs (c) wrestling (d) None of these 8. Which of the following diseases can be prevented by using immunisation ? (a) Common cold (b) STDs (c) Diptheria (d) Heart attack 9. Infections agents spread through (a) air and water (b) physical contact (c) vectors (d) All the above 10. Inflammation of intestinal mucosa leading to acute diarrhoea and dehydration occurs in (a) influenza (b) cholera (c) hepatitis (d) cancer 11. Inflammation of nasal mucosa leading to sneezing coughing, fever, etc. occurs in (a) influenza (b) cholera (c) hepatitis (d) cancer 12. Inflammation of liver cells leading to joundice occurs in (a) influenza (b) cholera (c) hepatitis (d) cancer 13. Who prepared the first vaccine ? (a) Robert Brown (b) Edward Jenner (c) Macculoch (d) None of these 14. Who proposed the name malaria from bad air ? (a) Rober Brown (b) Edward Jenner (c) Macculoch (d) None of these

15. Which of the following is an acute disease ? (a) Common cold (b) Cancer (c) Diabetes (d) Arthrities 16. The science concerned with the mechanism of body protection against pathogens is called (a) pathology (b) biopathology (c) immunology (d) taxalogy 17. Treatment of diseases is called (a) immunisation (b) therapy (c) prophylaxis (d) None of these 18. AIDS is caused by (a) HIV (b) TMV (c) Retrovirus (d) None of these 19. Which of the following drugs is known to suppress AIDS virus ? (a) Penicillin (b) Erythromycin (c) Quinine (d) Azidothymidine (AZT) 20. The World AIDS Day falls on (a) 1st December (b) 4th December (c) 12th January (d) None of these ANSWERS 1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (b) 11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19.(d) 20. (a)