International Scholarly Research Network ISRN Mathematical Analysis Volume 2011, Article ID 523453, 6 pages doi:10.

5402/2011/523453

Research Article The Topology of GB-Metric Spaces

Akbar Dehghan Nezhad and Zohreh Aral
Faculty of Mathematics, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Correspondence should be addressed to Akbar Dehghan Nezhad, anezhad@yazduni.ac.ir Received 24 February 2011; Accepted 27 April 2011 Academic Editor: M. Azaiez Copyright q 2011 A. Dehghan Nezhad and Z. Aral. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. We dene the concepts of GB-metric in sets over -complete Boolean algebra and obtain some applications of them on the theory of topology. We also study some related properties of them.

1. Introduction
Numerous studies have been made concerning geometries and topologies induced in sets by general distance functions. A formulation of the notion generalized metric space or Gmetric space has been given 1 . In this paper, we begin the elaboration of the topology induced in sets over -complete Boolean algebra. In this paper, B shall always denote a -complete Boolean algebra. In B, we denote the operations of join, meet, and complement by a b, a b and a , respectively.

2. The GB-Metric Spaces

In 1952, a new structure of metric spaces, so called B-metric space was introduced by Ellis and Sprinkle 2 , on the set X to Boolean algebra for details see 3, 4 . Denition 2.1 see 2 . A B-metric space is a set X with a map d : X X B B is -Boolean algebra with the properties 1 d , 2 d , 0 if and only if ,

d , , symmetry , and

3 d , d , d , , for all , , belong to X.

ISRN Mathematical Analysis

In 1 , the present author has introduced a new structure of metric spaces which is a generalized idea of the ordinary metric space. The term generalized metric space is used in 5, 6 . Denition 2.2 see 7 . Let X be a nonempty set and G : X X X 0, be a function satisfying the following properties: G1 G x, y, z 0 if x y z,

G2 0 < G x, x, y ; for all x, y X, with x / y, G3 G x, x, y G x, y, z , for all x, y, z X with z / y, G4 G x, y, z G x, z, y G y, z, x , symmetry in all three variables , and G5 G x, y, z G x, a, a G a, y, z , for all x, y, z, a X, rectangle inequality .

2.1. Topology Of GB-Metric Spaces

In this section we dene generalized B-metric or GB-metric space and introduce some basic notions and results that are used in sequel. Denition 2.3. Let X be a non empty set and GB : X X X B, be a function satisfying the following properties GB1 GB x, y, z 0 if x y z,

GB2 0 < GB x, x, y ; for all x, y X, with x / y, GB3 GB x, x, y GB x, y, z , for all x, y, z X with z / y, GB4 GB x, y, z GB x, z, y GB y, z, x , symmetry in all three variables , and GB5 GB x, y, z GB x, a, a GB a, y, z , forall x, y, z, a X, rectangle inequality . Then, the function GB is called a generalized B-metric, or, more specically, a GB -metric on X, and the pair X, GB is called a GB-metric space. Example 2.4. Put

{0}. Dene a map GB :

GB m, n, k 0 1 m else. n k,

{0, 1} by

2.1

The map GB is a GB-metric on

Remark 2.5. We can show that a GB-metric space is a generalized B-metric space over X. Proposition 2.6. Every GB-metric space X, GB will dene a B-metric X, dGB by dGB x, y GB x, y, y . Proof. Conditions 1 and 2 of B-metric are clearly and 3 follows from GB5 . Proposition 2.7. Let GB be GB-metric on a ring X. For an element a X, the following maps are GB-metrics on the ring X:

ISRN Mathematical Analysis 1 G x, y, z B 2 GB x, y, z GB a x, a y, a z and GB x, y, z GB a x, a y, a z .

Proposition 2.8. Let X, d be a B-metric space. Dene a function, GB : X X X B by d x, y d y, z d z, x for x, y, z X. The map GB is a GB-metric on X, and GB x, y, z consequently X, GB is a GB-metric space. Proof. Conditions GB1 , GB2 , and GB4 are clear. We show that GB3 and GB5 are valid too. GB x, x, y d x, x d x, y d x, y < d x, z d z, y < d x, z d z, y d x, y GB x, y, z . 2.2 And for GB5 , we have GB x, y, z d x, y d y, z d z, x < d x, a d y, a d z, a d y, z d x, a GB a, y, z GB a, a, x GB a, y, z . Proposition 2.9. Let X, GB be a GB-metric space, then for all x, y, z, a X, it follows that: 1 GB x, y, z GB x, x, y GB x, x, z , 2 GB x, y, y GB x, x, y , 3 GB x, y, z GB x, a, z GB a, y, z , and 4 GB x, y, z GB x, a, a GB y, a, a GB z, a, a . Proposition 2.10. Let X, GB be a GB-metric space, then the following are equivalent: 1 GB x, y, y GB x, y, a for all x, y, z, a X, 2 GB x, y, z GB x, y, a GB z, y, b for all x, y, z, a X. Proof. Use 2 of Proposition 2.9. Denition 2.11. Let X, GB be a GB-metric. For all x0 X, r B \ {0}, the GB-ball with center {y X | GB x0 , y, y < r}. For any GB-ball, we can dene x0 and radius r is BGB x0 , r BGB x0 , r {y X | GB x0 , y, y r}. Proposition 2.12. Let X, GB be a G-metric space. Then for all x0 X and r B \ {0}, we have 1 If GB x0 , x, y < r, then x, y BGB x0 , r and 2 if y BGB x0 , r , then there exists one element B \ {0} such that, BGB y, BGB x0 , r . Proof. 1 follows directly GB x, x, y GB x, y, z . Put then deduce 2 . r GB x, y, y and use GB5 ,

2.3

ISRN Mathematical Analysis It follows from 2 of the above proposition that the family of all GB-balls {BGB x, r | x X, r B \ {0}} 2.4

is the base of topology GB on X, we call the GB-metric topology. Denition 2.13. Let X, GB be a GB-metric space. The sequence {xn } X is GB-convergent to x if it converges to x in the GB-metric topology, GB . Remark 2.14. Another topological notions as GB-Hausdor, GB-compact, GB-normal, and . . . dene similarly as usual. Denition 2.15. Let X, GB and X , GB be GB-metric spaces, a function f : X X is GBcontinuous at a point x0 X if f 1 BGB f x0 , r G for all r B \ {0}. We say f is GB-continuous if it is GB-continuous at all points of X, that is, continuous as a function from X with the GB -topology to X with the GB -topology. Theorem 2.16. Let X, GB be a GB-metric space and f be a self map of X into itself. Suppose f is GB-continuous at x0 X, if there is a point x X such that the sequence of iterates {f n x } converges to x0 , then f x0 x0 . Proof. From GB5 , we derive GB f x0 , x0 , x0 GB f x0 , f n x , f n x GB f n x , x0 , x0 GB f n x , x0 , x0 as n we deduce, GB f x0 , GB f x0 , f f n1 x , f f n1 x n1 n1 n x ,f f x GB f x , x0 , x0 0, so the above equation will be GB f x0 , f f x0 . x0 , x0 0, therefore, f x0 Theorem 2.17. Let X, GB be a GB-metric space and f : X X be GB-continuous. If for x X, the sequence {f n x } has a convergent subsequence {f ni x }GB-converges to p, and GB f ni x , f ni 1 x , f ni 1 x 0, then f has a xpoint. Proof. Since {f ni x } p, then by GB-continuity of f we have f f ni x and we have GB p, f p , f p GB p, f ni x , f ni x GB f As i we get GB p, f p , f p
ni 1

f ni

x f p ,

GB f ni x , f ni . p.

x , f ni

x 2.5

x ,f p ,f p

0, which implies that f p

Theorem 2.18. A GB-metric space X is GB-Hausdor. Proof. Consider two elements x, y belong to X that x / y, and two subsets A {x X | GB x, x, z < GB x, x, y } and B {x X | GB x, x, y < GB x, x, z }. These are two disjoint neighbourhoods of x and y, respectively. It is sucient to prove that the subsets A and B are open. Suppose t A. Put GB t, t, z r1 , GB t, t, y r2 and r2 r1 . If s BGB t, , then GB t, t, y < GB t, t, s GB s, s, y GB s, s, y , GB s, s, z < GB t, t, z GB s, s, t < r2 therefore, s A and BGB t, A. This proves X is Hausdor. Theorem 2.19. A GB-metric space X is GB-normal.

ISRN Mathematical Analysis

{GB x, x, y | y D}. Consider two closed disjoint subsets E and F Proof. Let GB x, x, D of X. Put A {x X | x, x, F < GB x, x, E } and B {x XGB x, x, E < GB x, x, F }. It is clear that A, B are disjoint open subsets of X, E A, and F B. Corollary 2.20. A GB-metric space X is GB-regular.

2.2. Monoid Invariant GB-Metric

Denition 2.21. A GB-metric gb on a X, is m-invariant or monoid invariant when GB x x, a y, a z GB x, y, z are valid for any a, y a, z a GB x, y, z and GB a x, y, z, a X. Proposition 2.22. Let X, 1 GB x a, y b, z be a monoid. If GB is an m-invariant GB-metric on X, then c GB x, y, z GB a, b, c and

2 GB x1 x2 x3 xn , y1 y2 y3 yn , z1 z2 z3 zn GB x1 , y1 , z1 GB x2 , y2 , z2 GB x3 , y3 , z3 GB xn , yn , zn . Proof. 1 We have gb x a, y b, z c gb x a, y a, y a gb y a, y b, y a, y b, z c c, y c, z c 2.6

gb x, y, y gb y

c gb y

gb x, y, y gb a, b, c gb y, y, z gb x, y, z gb x, y, z gb a, b, c gb x, y, z gb a, b, c . 2 It concludes by induction.

Put X, is a monoid and GB be a GB-metric on X. We call GB is left eective on X if GB a x, a y, a z GB x, y, z for all x, y, z X then a e. And we say GB is left free GB x, y, z then GB-metric on X if for a triple x, y, z X X X, GB a x, a y, a z a e. The right eective free is dened samely, and we call GB is eective free if it is left and right eective free on X. Immediately we deduce, if GB is free GB-metric on X, then it is eective GB-metric. Proposition 2.23. Put f : X, X , is a monoid homomorphism and GB is a GB-metric on X the following results are valid: 1 GB : X X X B, x, y, z GB f x , f y , f z 2 If GB is m-invariant, then GB is m-invariant. 3 The GB-metric GB on X is free (or eective) if GB is free (or eective) on X . Let E and F be subsets of X. The set E is congruent to F, written E F, provided there exist a map f : E F that for any x, y, z E, GB x, y, z GB f x , f y , f z and that F is congruent to E by the map f 1 : F E. The map f orf 1 is called a congruence between E and F. Clearly every single set {x}, x X and each map f, {x} congruent to {f x }. is a GB-metric on X, .

6 Denition 2.24. A motion of X is a congruence of X with itself. Proposition 2.25. Let X, GB be a GB-metric space. The set M X a group.

ISRN Mathematical Analysis

{f : X X | f is motion} is

Proof. The identity map belongs to M X so M X is not empty. Group action is composition of maps, so the identity map is the identity element. If g M X , then GB g 1 x , GB g g 1 x , g g 1 y , g g 1 z x, y, z , so g 1 M x . g 1 y , g 1 z Theorem 2.26. Let X, GB be a GB-metric space and f : X X is a motion of X, with the properties: if {f n } x, then GB f ni 1 x , f ni 1 x , f n x 0, then the set of xpoints of f (or F f ) is equal to the set of xpoints of f n or F f n for all n . Proof. Clearly F f F f n . Suppose x F f n , so the sequence {f nk x } 1 x, because k x, for all k . Now by Theorem 2.16, we conclude f x x. f kn x Proposition 2.27. Let X, be a monoid and GB be a GB-metric on X. 1 If for all a X, La and Ra be motions of X, then GB is m-invariant. 2 La (or Ra ) (a / e) cannot be a motion of X, if GB is eective. Example 2.28. The GB-metric dened in Example 2.4 is invariant on the monoid is not eective. Clearly for all k , fk : , n n k is a motion.

, but it

References
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