NT 3.

2 Human Reproduction FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OVARIES-found in the abdomen, produce eggs, estrogen, and progesterone contains 400 000 follicles at birth after puberty, each month about 1000 follicles begin to form eggs, only one will be released each month during ages 12-50 only 400 eggs released FALLOPIAN TUBES: or oviducts connect to each ovary, egg will enter through an opening called a FIMBRIA, cilia sweep the egg down towards the uterus fertilization will occur here, or it will die within 48 hours UTERUS: or womb- the paired oviducts connect to the pear-shaped uterus, a 3-4 day trip, this is where the fertilized ovum/egg will develop into a fetus the uterus has 2 main layers MYOMETRIUM: muscular, supports fetus, contracts at birth and to shed the endometrium during menstruation. ENDOMETRIUM: inner lining of uterus, nourishes developing embryo, built up each month for pregnancy, if not, shed during menstruation. CERVIX: muscular ring of tissue at mouth of uterus separating it from the vagina, holds the fetus in place VAGINA: canal that connects the uterus to the environment, acidic MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PENIS:- the male organ used to deposit semen into the vagina, protects sperm from acidic vagina and sperm don't have to swim as far SEMINAL FLUID: semen contains sperm cells as well as 3 types of fluid: SEMINAL VESSICLES: gland along the vas deferens, secrete fructose to nourish the sperm, prostaglandins which trigger muscle contractions in the vagina to help the sperm along their journey. (45-80% of semen) PROSTATE GLAND: secretes an alkaline buffer to protect the sperm from the acidic vagina. (15-30% of semen) COWPER'S GLAND: secretes a mucous-rich fluid for protection from the acidic vagina and acidic urethra (urine is acidic), released prior to ejaculation. (15-20% of semen) SPERM: is streamlined to reduce friction, has 3 parts: HEAD: has an outer covering called the ACROSOME which contains enzymes to digest the wall of the female egg. Also contains the genetic info in the nucleus. MIDPIECE: packed with mitochondria for energy to swim TAIL: the flagella is responsible for the whipping action to help propel the sperm EJACULATORY DUCT: regulates the flow of semen into the urethra, ensures that the urethra will never contain urine and semen at the same time. Sperm can live for many weeks in the epididymis with the sertoli cells nourishing them. Once ejaculated sperm can only live for 24-72 hours due to pH changes, temperature, etc.. as well as they have very little cytoplasm and thus very little energy to swim or survive. TESTES - contain 250 m of SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES where sperm cells divide and differentiate

SERTOLI CELLS- feed and nourish the developing sperm INTERSTITIAL CELLS produce the male sex hormone testosterone EPIDIDYMUS SCROTUM - coiled tubes at edge of the testes, sperm mature here, develop flagella and learn to swim

- a sac that holds the testes, located outside of the abdominal cavity as to lower the temp. by 2-3 0C as sperm will not develop when too hot tight pants may lead to abnormal sperm development - tube that connects the testes to the urethra, has smooth muscle walls which contract to help propel the sperm

VAS DEFERENS out into the urethra URETHRA

- tube through which both semen and urine travel to the exterior of the body

FERTILIZATION AND PREGNANCY Around 300 million sperm pass through the cervix into the uterus but only 100 hundred will reach oviduct, and although several will attach to the egg, only 1 will enter. NOTE: this 8 inch journey for the sperm (1/5000 inch long), translates into a 4 km journey if the sperm were 3 feet long! The acrosome releases enzymes to dissolve the outer membrane of the egg. Once a sperm enters the egg membrane changes so another sperm may not.

Once fertilized, the egg is now called a ZYGOTE, and it begins to divide via mitosis as it travels down the oviducts towards the uterus. It takes 6-7 days to reach the uterus and is now a hollow ball of cells called a BLASTOCYST. Once inside the uterus the blastocyst attaches to the endometrium (IMPLANTATION) and is now called an EMBRYO. Menstruation must stop or the pregnancy will be lost as the endometrium and the embryo would be shed. Cells from the embryo and endometrium combine to form the placenta. At about 4 months the corpus luteum dies and the placenta begins to produce its own estrogen/progesterone to prevent ovulation and endo. shedding. REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY 1. 1. 1. IN VITRO FERTILIZATION the egg is removed from the ovary and put in a dish sperm is added to fertilize the egg or injected into the egg itself once incubated and dividing, one or more zygotes are transferred into the uterus if one implants, gestation begins ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION the use of one original parent and one donor can be eggs or sperm donated SURROGATE MOTHERHOOD a third person carries the fertilized embryo for someone who cannot

accomplished through in vitro

PREVENTION OF FERTILIZATION

Coitus Interruptus: pull out before ejaculation Rhythm Method: don't have sex when ovulating Spermacides: kill sperm in the vagina Diaphragm: blocks the sperm at the cervix Intrauterine Device (IUD): stops implantation of zygote Condom: prevents entry of sperm into vagina Vasectomy: cut Vas Deferens in males, no sperm released Tubal Ligation: tie the Fallopian Tubes in the female, egg isolated Oral Contraceptives: the pill, synthetic prog/estrogen prevent GnRH from being released, lowers levels of LH and FSH, ovulation does not occur, endometrium grows for 3 weeks, then placebo pills in the 4th week allow it to be shed. DISORDERS OF THE HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM HERNIA: a structural disorder in males when the small intestine pushes through the opening where the testes descend INFERTILITY: could be caused by a structural defect of the seminiferous tubles (ie: mumps can cause the testes to swell and crush the tubules), or from imperfectly formed sperm (tight pants, bike riding) PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE: blocked fallopian tubes in females IMPOTENCE: inability for male to have an erection, caused by hormonal imbalance, stress, nerve damage VAGINITIS: caused by chemical irritation, excessive heat and moisture and or bacteria, increased discharge and itching CANCER: of the testes or prostate gland (most common in males), risk increases with age, cervical cancer (most common in females)