Study On Safe Habits in The Use of Smartphones by Spanish Children and Adolescents (English Version)

Study on safe habits in the use of smartphones by Spanish children and adolescents
OBSERVATORIO DE LA SEGURIDAD DE LA INFORMACIN INFORMATION SECURITY OBSERVATORY
Edition: November 2011 The Study on safe habits in the use of smartphones by Spanish children and adolescents has been prepared jointly by the National Institute of Communication Technologies (Instituto Nacional de Tecnologas de la Comunicacin - INTECO) through the Information Security Observatory and France Telecom Spain (Orange), through its General Secretary- Corporate Social Responsibility.
Pablo Prez San-Jos (INTECO) Susana de la Fuente Rodrguez (INTECO) Laura Garca Prez (INTECO) Cristina Gutirrez Borge (INTECO) Eduardo lvarez Alonso (INTECO)
Jess Guijarro Valladolid (Orange) Mara Eugenia de Blas Sanz (Orange) Antonio Conde Vidall (Orange) Nuria Nez Barahona (Orange)
This publication belongs to the Instituto Nacional de Tecnologas de la Comunicacin (INTECO) and to France Telecom Espaa (Orange), and it is released under a Creative Commons Spain 3.0 Attribution-Non-commercial license; for this reason, copying, distributing and publicly displaying this work is duly permitted under the following terms and conditions: Attribution: The contents of this report may be totally or partially reproduced by third parties, provided the source is mentioned and expressly attributed to both INTECO and its website: www.inteco.es. In no case shall said recognition be taken to suggest that INTECO endorses that third party or their use of the work. Non-commercial use: The original material and any derivative works may be distributed, copied and exhibited as long as their use is not for commercial purposes.
On reusing or distributing the work, you must make clear to others the license terms covering this work. Some of these conditions may not apply where permission is sought from INTECO and France Telecom Spain (Orange) as the copyright holder. Nothing in this license undermines or restricts INTECO and France Telecom Spain (Orange)s moral rights. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/es/ The present document complies with the PDF (Portable Document Format) accessibility conditions. Hence, it is a structured and labelled document provided with alternatives to all non-text elements, marked language and suitable reading order. For more information on the creation of accessible PDF documents, you can check the guide available in the section Accessibility > Spreading > Manuals and Guides on the website http://www.inteco.es Study on safe habits on the use of smartphones by Spanish children and adolescents p. 2 from 130
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................................... 3 KEY POINTS ....................................................................................................................... 7 I II III IV 1 Smartphones among adults .................................................................................. 8 Smartphones among minors ................................................................................. 9 Risks on the use of a smartphone ......................................................................... 9 Safety in the use of a smartphone....................................................................... 12
Introduction and objectives ......................................................................................... 14 1.1 Presentation ........................................................................................................ 14 Instituto Nacional de Tecnologas de la Comunicacin (INTECO) .............. 14 Orange Spain ............................................................................................... 16
1.1.1 1.1.2
1.2 Study on safe habits in the use of smartphones by Spanish children and adolescents .................................................................................................................... 18 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 2 Context and studys opportunity ................................................................... 18 General objective ......................................................................................... 19 Specific objectives........................................................................................ 20 What is a smartphone? ................................................................................ 22
Methodological design ................................................................................................ 24 2.1 2.2 2.3 Stage 1: Search and documentary analysis of reports and studies .................... 24 Stage 2: Interview with experts (qualitative research) ......................................... 24 Stage 3: Surveys on families (quantitative research) .......................................... 27 Universe of the study and individuals subject to be surveyed ...................... 27 Sample size and distribution ........................................................................ 27 Polling technique and informed consent ...................................................... 28
2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3
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2.3.4 2.3.5 3
Sampling error.............................................................................................. 29 Language and gender .................................................................................. 29
Sociodemographic characteristics .............................................................................. 30 3.1 Homes: parents ................................................................................................... 30 Gender and age ........................................................................................... 30 Occupation ................................................................................................... 30 Education ..................................................................................................... 30 Economic level ............................................................................................. 30
3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.2 4
Minors.................................................................................................................. 31
Smartphones among adults........................................................................................ 32 4.1 4.2 4.3 Smartphones penetration in Spain. Comparison with other countries ................ 32 Used services ...................................................................................................... 33 Motivation for buying ........................................................................................... 37
Smartphones among minors ...................................................................................... 38 5.1 5.2 Smartphones penetration among Spanish children aged 10 to 16 ..................... 38 Access to smartphones by minors ...................................................................... 39 Starting age .................................................................................................. 39 Buying decision and role of parents in the decision ..................................... 40
5.2.1 5.2.2 5.3
Use(s) they make of the smartphone .................................................................. 43 Used services............................................................................................... 43 Use with others ............................................................................................ 46 Applications downloading and social networks use ..................................... 48 Involvement of parents ................................................................................. 53
5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4 5.4
Consumption ....................................................................................................... 54
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5.4.1 5.4.2 5.5 6
Consumption method ................................................................................... 54 Who has the responsibility for payment ....................................................... 55
Minor's smartphone use habits: place and moment of use ................................. 56
Risks in the use of smartphones ................................................................................ 59 6.1 6.2 Situations worrying adults. Relative worry: smartphone vs. computer ................ 60 Inappropriate uses............................................................................................... 64 Adults viewpoints ......................................................................................... 64 Minors viewpoints......................................................................................... 66
6.2.1 6.2.2 6.3
Risks analysis...................................................................................................... 68 Excessive use .............................................................................................. 72 Addiction ...................................................................................................... 74 Privacy ......................................................................................................... 76 Access to contents ....................................................................................... 79 Grooming ..................................................................................................... 82 Sexting ......................................................................................................... 86 Cyberbullying ............................................................................................... 89 Economic risks and/or fraud......................................................................... 92 Technical risks ............................................................................................. 93
6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 6.3.4 6.3.5 6.3.6 6.3.7 6.3.8 6.3.9 6.4 7
Minors reaction to risks incidence ....................................................................... 95
Safety in the use of the smartphones ......................................................................... 97 7.1 Existence of objective conditions for the use of the smartphone and the computer ........................................................................................................................ 97 7.2 7.3 Perception before the imposition of limitations .................................................... 99 Confidence and protection ................................................................................ 105
Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 108
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Advice for parents, legal guardians and educators .................................................. 112 9.1 9.2 9.3 Advice for the device purchase ......................................................................... 112 Establishing rules for the smartphone use ........................................................ 113 Advice related to risk situations ......................................................................... 113 Advice for minors .................................................................................................. 117
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Apendix I: Bibliography .................................................................................................... 121 Index of graphs ................................................................................................................ 124 Index of illustrations ......................................................................................................... 128 Index of tables ................................................................................................................. 129
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KEY POINTS
The smartphones have revolutionized the mobile phone sector. The data from December 2010 show that, at European level, the 31% of the mobile phones belonging to users aged 13 and above are smartphones. Just in Spain, there are more than 13 million subscribers to smartphones identified 1 . Spanish children and adolescents are not indifferent to such amazing step forward. In fact, their familiarity to the use of technological devices is unquestionable. According to the Study on safety and privacy in the use of mobile services by Spanish minors prepared by INTECO and Orange in 2010, the average age of Spanish minors first accessing mobile phones is between 10 and 12 years old. In this framework, you may find, on the one hand, that Spanish minors have access to mobile services at an early age, and on the other hand, that the penetration of smartphones, offering a combination of features similar to those of a telephone, a PDA and a minicomputer, has shown a strong increase. However, what kind of use are they giving to them? Are minors taking advantage of all these devices personal and professional features or just of those of ludic nature? Does owning a smartphone improve our adolescents safe habits or is it the opposite? Do online risks show a higher incidence when they break in on these devices? In order to clear up all this questions, INTECO and Orange have carried out this investigation project. The report constitutes a diagnosis on safe habits and uses of smartphones by adolescents and their parents perception of such safe habits and uses. It also reveals their awareness and risks incidence and the good practice and safety measures adopted by them. The analysis is carried out from the double perspective of the minor and that of the parents, who are essential keys in their childrens education, and such analysis makes contrast with 2010 data referred to mobile devices in general. In order to prepare this study, an opinion survey has been conducted and it consists in the development of 800 personal surveys at Spanish homes, carrying out two interviews in each family: one to the minor and one to his/her father, mother or legal guardian. The fieldwork has been done along the months of July and August in 2011. The study results are supplemented by that provided by 32 experts (professionals and institutions) from
comScore (2011). The 2010 Mobile Year in Review Europe. European data based on information from United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy and Spain. This report is available in: http://www.comscore.com/esl/Press_Events/Presentations_Whitepapers/2011/The_2010_Mobile_Year_in_Review__Europe.
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different fields, who have added to the investigation project a qualitative and multidisciplinary vision. The analysis key points are outlined below. I Smartphones among adults Almost all the parents involved in the study have a mobile phone (98%, compared to 2% who do not have one). The distribution is balanced between smartphone and traditional mobile phone users: 48% of the users have a smartphone compared to 50% who have a traditional mobile phone. Voice calls (95%), SMS text messages (86%) and missed calls (57.8%) are the most used services on high performance mobile phones by adults. Advanced services such as e-mail, surfing and information searching on the Internet, or checking on your profile in social networks, are less used (30.1%, 27.8% and 19.9%, respectively). Interesting differences can be observed on the use of the telephone between smartphone and traditional mobile phone users. From the respondents declarations, those users having a smartphone, have a more frequent use of the services than the traditional mobile phone ones. This happens either in those services requiring Internet connectivity (i.e. e-mail check, Web Information check, etc.) or in the basic telephone services of traditional mobile phones (voice calls, sending of SMS, etc.). Adults show a remarkable high level of use of their smartphone applications. The most used type of applications are those for spare time (63.5%), e-mail (56.3%), leisure (54.2%), social networks (50.5%) and instant messaging (48.4%). 63.5% of the adults who own a smartphone polled state that it is the applications that have motivated, to a greater extent, the purchase decision, far ahead of the design (9.4%), the screen (8.9%) or their friends influence (3.6%).
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II Smartphones among minors Minors access to the smartphone Minors, who currently have a smartphone, have had access to their first mobile phone at the age of 11 (11.2 years old on average). Compared to the age of access to the smartphone, which is currently 13 years old. Uses of smartphone by minors Minors use their smartphones for making voice calls (91.3%, according to their own statements), sending SMS text messages (90.8%), making missed calls (85.8%), taking pictures (82.3%) or listening to music (77.3%). The advanced services offered by the smartphones are intensely used, and they experience the largest increases with respect to the use stated in 2010: social network access (54.3% in 2011 compared to 7.1% in 2010), games (65% compared to 51.6%), and instant messaging (48.3% compared to 12.4%). It can be generally stated that parents know the use their children make of their smartphones. However, they tend to underestimate the particular level of use of certain services. Minors mainly use their smartphones alone (80.3%). Nevertheless, a group of users (19.3%) is observed to use it mainly when they are with other people. In fact, the older the minors get, they show a preference to use it with others. Place and moment for the use of a smartphone The places where the minor most commonly use their smartphones are on the street (when they go from one place to another) and at home. It was stated so by the 43.7% and 38.2% of the minors, respectively. Kids make good use of their free time to enjoy their smartphones: 50.5% of the minors point out to use it more frequently at the weekend and 15.8% on holidays. However, 28.3% of the minors state to use it more often during the week. III Risks on the use of a smartphone Spanish parents with children aged 10 to 16, who are smartphone users, are worried about what their children do with their smartphones. 67.2% are commonly worried and 23% are very much or quite worried. On the contrary, 8.5% of them say to be little or not at all worried.
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The spontaneous response of the parents is that they are mainly worried: that their child access to inappropriate contents (37.8%), that he/she gets in contact with strangers (20.5%) and that he/she incurs excessive costs (12.3%). Effect on the minor Equally to the report carried out in 2010, the most commonly occurring situations are related to an excessive use, technical risks, fraud and in cases of certain addiction. Hence, the four most mentioned situations are: excessive cost incurred by the user (23,8%), unsolicited advertising or spam (22.3%), undergoing of an economic prejudice or fraud when being charged a high amount for a download or for participating on a promotional offer (17.8%) and feeling anxiety when the device is not at hand (15.8%). The rest of the situations show a lower incidence, always below 6%. For instance, those situations worrying the parents such as the access to inappropriate contents have a level of incidence stated by the minor of 3.8% (contents of sexual nature) and 5.5% (contents related to violence or racism). Excessive use 23.8% of the minors recognize to have incurred an excessive cost with their smartphone. The parents perception is slightly higher: 27.5% of the participating adults express that their children have experienced such situation. Smartphone dependence In this study, the addiction or dependence has been linked to the anxiety felt if the smartphone is not at hand. The direct incidence on the minor happens to 15.8% of the minors surveyed. The adults` vision is in line with that of their children, since 14.8% of the parents surveyed state that their child has experienced such feeling. Smartphone addiction is bigger as the teenagers grow up: it affects 9% of the minors aged 10 to 12, it rises to 15.2% among those aged 13 to 14, and it reaches 21% of the minors aged 15 to 16. Threats to the minor`s privacy 4.8% of the minors participating in the study admit that their image has been spread by others without their consent, and the same percentage confirms to have recorded and spread third parties images without the consent of the owner. In both cases, the parents opinion tends to underestimate the impact of these risks on the minor.
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Access to inappropriate contents 3.8% of the children say to have seen pictures or videos with sexual content on a smartphone. According to the parents, such percentage is even lower (2.3%). By gender, it is more common among boys (4.6%) than girls (2.7%), and the frequency increases with age (from 0.9% among children aged from 10 to 12 up to 5.7% in adolescents aged from 15 to 16). As for the minors, 5.5% of them admit to have had access to pictures or videos with racist or violent content (4%, from the parents point of view). In this case, there are no remarkable differences by gender, but the increase of the incidence stated with the age is actually maintained: 4.5% of stated incidence on children aged from 10 to 12, the same as between 13 and 14, and 7% of those aged between15 and 16. Grooming 3.8% of minors admit to have received phone calls or SMS from unknown adults in order to meet them. About their parents opinion, 1.8% of the adults state that their child has experienced such situation. Both parents and children meet at the direct incidence level on the reception of contents, videos, pornographic or obscene pictures from children and adolescents (0.8%). Girls have received this type of contents to a greater extent than boys (1.1% compared to 0.5%) As for the minors, a reduced 2.5% of them state to have received improper or unwelcome suggestions (that is, sexual, economic, etc.) through their smartphone. Sexting 4.3% of the minors participating in the study have received sexually suggestive images from their home and social environment (passive sexting), and 1.5% admit to have taken sexy pictures of themselves (active sexting). In both cases, the adults perception is lower to that shown by their children. Active sexting is more practiced by girls (2.2%) than by boys (0.9%). It happens all the contrary regarding passive sexting (5.1% of the boys compared to 3.3% in the girls case). Both behaviours direct incidence gets increased with age. Cyberbullying 2.5% of the minors confess to have been subjected to harassment through a smartphone by other minors, and an even lower percentage (0.8%) of them admit to have actively insulted or threatened through their mobile phone. In both cases, the parents opinion
about the passive and active cyberbullying incidence is lower, 0.5% and 0.3% respectively. It is interesting to see the great difference between the levels of direct and indirect incidence on cyberbullying. Therefore, compared to 0.8% of the minors who admit to have insulted or threatened some other minor known by them through their smartphone, 16% of them assure to know a friend or classmate who has done it. About the passive side, 2.5% of the minors state to have been victim of harassment, in contrast with 20.5% of minors who assure to have friends and close acquaintances who have suffered from such practice. Economic risk and/or fraud The behaviour related to text message sending to participate in a promotion or downloading ringtones, screensavers, applications or games with a more expensive price than it was initially expected, is considered to be one of these risk categories. 17.8% of the minors declare to have been subject of economic damage with their smartphone. This type of risk direct incidence is related to the minors age: it is placed in 13.5% among minors aged from 10 to 12, it remains stable among those aged from 13 to 14 years old (12.9%), and it is doubled from 15 years old onwards (24.8%). Technical risks 2% of the minors and 2.3% of the adults admit that the minors smartphone has been attacked by a virus. Regarding the spam, there is a direct incidence of 22.3%, according to the children, which matches up with a 22% expressed by the parents. The spam direct incidence gets increased with the minors age. Specifically, it is a 17.1% among children aged from 10 to 12 and it is substantially increased from 15 to 16 years old (28.7%). IV Safety in the use of a smartphone Objective use standards for smartphones Spanish families establish use standards of the technological devices used by children and adolescents, among which you may find the personal computer and the smartphone. In general, parents and children are in line with the type of standards in the home, such as the expenditure restraint (stated by 74% of the parents and 75.3% of the children), as well as the ban of mobile phones in class (71.3% and 71%).
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There is also agreement regarding the control methods used, since 63.8% of the adults and 63.6% of the minors confirm that they just consist in use standards, and not in particular tools. Confidence and protection 41.5% of the parents have full confidence that their child is protected when using a smartphone and 43.3% of them have some confidence. Aligned with such statement, 8 out of 10 parents believe that their children have enough information to make a safe use of their smartphone. Lastly, 79.9% of the parents admit their role as the main responsible persons for their children digital education, while they think that it must be completed by the telecommunications operators (51.5%), or the school (38.5%).
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1
1.1 1.1.1
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES

Presentation Instituto Nacional de Tecnologas de la Comunicacin (INTECO)
The Instituto Nacional de Tecnologas de la Comunicacin, S.A. (INTECO), is a state company attached to the Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Commerce by the Secretary of State for Telecommunications and for the Information Society. INTECO is an innovative development centre of public interest focused on the creation of real value to the sector and the users, and to the spread of new information and communications technologies (ICT) in Spain, and in tune with Europe. The essential objective of ICT is to be used as an instrument to develop the Information Society, with activities in the fields of innovation and development of projects associated to ICT, based on three fundamental pillars: applied investigation, rendering of services and training. The main goal of INTECO is to deliver a real value and innovation to the citizens, the SMEs, Public Administrations and to the information technologies sector, by means of the development of projects which help reinforcing the confidence in the Information Society services in our country, as well as promoting an international involvement. In order to do that, INTECO develops certain actions in the following fields: Technological security: INTECO is committed itself to the promotion of safer and safer Information Society services, which protect the interested parties personal data, their privacy, their information integrity avoiding attacks which might place the services provided at a risk. Furthermore, these services should ensure that the legal regulation is strictly complied regarding ICT matters. For this purpose, it coordinates various public initiatives about ICT security, which is put into practice in the rendering of services by the Information Security Observatory, the Centro de Respuesta a Incidentes de Seguridad en Tecnologas de la Informacin (Centre of Response to Incidents in Information Technologies Security) (INTECO-CERT) with its Centro Demostrador de Tecnologas de Seguridad (Security Technologies Demonstration Centre), and the Internet user Security Office, of which the citizens, SMEs, Public Administrations and the technological sector take advantage. Accessibility: INTECO stimulates more accessible Information Society services, which remove the exclusion barriers, whatever the problem, lack of technical resources or training, etc. may be, or even any disability the users may have. Apart from that, those services should also facilitate the progressive integration of all the collectives of users, so they can benefit from the opportunities offered by
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the Information Society. Besides, INTECO also develops accessibility projects focused on ensuring the citizens and companies rights to deal with the Public Administrations electronically. ITC quality: INTECO stimulates higher quality Society Information services, ensuring suitable services levels, which result in more robust applications and systems, a commitment of availability and response time, a suitable user support, accurate and clear information on the services functions progress, and in a whole, better and better services. In line with the above, INTECO also fosters the Software sector competitiveness by means of the stimulation of the quality improvement and the certification of the companies and the software engineering professionals. Training: the training is a key factor to attract talent and to improve the companies competitiveness. That is why INTECO fosters graduates and professionals training on those technologies more demanded by the sector. The Information Security Observatory is included in INTECO strategic lines of action for Technological Security. It is created for the purpose of making a detailed and systematic description of the level of security and confidence in the Information Society, and for the creation of specialized knowledge in such matters. Therefore, it is placed at the disposal of citizens, companies and the Spanish public administrations in order to describe, analyze and spread the information security culture and the e-confidence. The Observatory has designed an Activity and Study Plan in order to produce specialized and useful knowledge in security matters for INTECO, together with the recommendations and proposals preparation which define valid tendencies for the future decision taking by public authorities. In this action plan, works of investigation, analysis, study, advisory and spread are taking place and shall address, among others, the following strategies: Preparation of studies and specific reports on Information and Communication security matters, especially emphasizing Internet Safety. Monitoring of the main indicators and public policies related to information security and confidence at national and international levels. Creation of a database which allows the analysis and assessment of security and confidence under a time perspective. Promotion of investigation projects in ICT security matters.
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Spread of studies and reports published by other institutions and national and international organizations, as well as those studies on information about the national and European updates on Information Society security and confidence matters.
Advisory for Public Administrations regarding information security and confidence, as well as public policies support, preparation, monitoring and assessment in such area. Orange Spain
1.1.2
Orange, as a part of the Group France Tlcom, http://www.orange.es, is an alternative leading operator in the Spanish market, and one of the main investors in the telecommunications sector, having accrued an investment of more than 13 billion euro in Spain. Orange, focusing on innovation, places the clients in the centre of its activity, whose purpose is to provide them simple, useful and state-of-the-art products with the highest quality and service guarantees. Thanks to all this, Orange is a fundamental actor of the telecommunications sector in our country, where it provides service to more than 13.4 million users (as of 30 June 2011). Orange clients, both individuals and companies, benefit from the most advanced products and mobile phone, land line, broadband Internet, and TV via ADSL services. All these activities resulted in a turnover higher to 3,800 million euro in 2010. The Company Social Responsibility is a part of its company strategy and it is summarized in the constant search of balance between the economic competitiveness, the social progress and the environment respect. Orange roadmap on CSR matters is remarked by its plan Conquests 2015, which consists in the adoption of an innovative company strategy, based on the cooperation and co-responsibility. In other words, Orange has a its main purpose to cooperate with all its groups of interest in order to establish those conditions which benefit a sustainable development, while it is given an answer to the challenges posed by such a dynamic world we currently live in, also regarding the responsible use of the new technologies. In this respect, Orange admits and is aware of the importance of minors protection, taking into account the fast and constant evolution of the information technologies. Therefore, it fosters all those initiatives allowing its clients to successfully face the challenge of ensuring the minors to use all the possibilities offered by ICT safely. France Telecom Group, together with the main European mobile phone operators, signed a Self-regulation Agreement named European framework on safer mobile use by children and adolescents in February 2007. One of the commitments of this Agreement is the development of similar Code of Conducts in the various European Union member estates.
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Under this commitment, in December 2007, Orange Spain, together with other Spanish operators, signed the Code of conduct of mobile operators for the promotion of responsible use by minors when accessing mobile electronic communications contents services in Spain (Marco europeo para un uso ms seguro del mvil por nios y adolescentes). By signing this Code, Orange Spain is committed to: The classification of contents: labelling contents that has been classified as non suitable for the under 18s in accordance with European social standards. Access control mechanisms: avoiding minors access to classified contents for adults. Education and awareness raising: promoting awareness raising campaigns related to the responsible use of mobile services. Fighting against the spread of illicit contents.
Orange not only cooperates with public organizations to accomplish such purpose, but also supports the parents on the challenge entailed by ensuring that their children are ready to use all the possibilities offered by ICT safely. Equally, Orange cooperates with the association Protect them (Protgeles) by giving lectures in schools about safe Internet surfing and providing access from their webs to the report hotline on child pornography included in the portal www.protegeles.com, which is integrated in the Inhope hotlines network (international organization which gathers the report hotlines from the European Union, USA, Australia, Korea, Brazil, etc.), supported by the EU Safer Internet Programme. Such agreement reinforces Orange compromise on the minors protection against improper use of new technologies, in compliance with the obligations assumed by the company on signing the Mobile Alliance (action promoted by the GSM Association) and the Code of Conduct for Protecting Minors in Mobile Electronic Communications Contents Services in Spain. Finally, Orange also cooperated in the development and launch of the educational portal Teach Today www.teachtoday.eu, designed for the education sector to have at its disposal a useful tool for the training on the responsible use of new technologies by minors.
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1.2 Study on safe habits in the use of smartphones by Spanish children and adolescents 1.2.1 Context and studys opportunity
Mobile devices have evolved to the extent that, with current technology, a smartphone offers nearly the same functionalities as a personal computer. Spanish children and adolescents are traditional consumers of technology, and this is, once more, confirmed by the data of the National Statistics Institute regarding the Survey on the Equipment and Use of Information and Communication Technologies in the home. In 2011 (October data), 95.6% of Spanish minors aged between 10 and 15 declared that they were computer users, 87.1% expressed that they had used internet in the previous three months and 65.8% admitted that they had their own mobile phone 2 . The context of the study is, therefore, defined firstly by a group of children and adolescents that is gaining access, at an increasingly younger age, to mobile devices that converge, as for the features, with small personal computers. The available data of the Spanish smartphone market provide a level of use close to the 40%. comScore talks about 37.6% of mobile uses older than 13 who have a smartphone (data of December 2010) 3 and, in the same line, Nielsen stands the percentage of Spanish young people between 15-24 that are mobile phone users and had a smartphone in the first half of 2010 4 at 38%. So far, official data on the penetration of smartphones among minors between 10-16 in Spain and on the use made by children and adolescents of their functionality have not been identified. The benefits derived from the use of mobile phones by minors are well known: parents are offered a sense of security and control over their children (88% of parents feel more
Instituto Nacional de Estadstica (INE). Encuesta sobre Equipamiento y Uso de Tecnologas de la Informacin y Comunicacin en los hogares 2011. Data available at: http://www.ine.es/jaxi/tabla.do?path=/t25/p450/a2011/l0/&file=01005.px&type=pcaxis&L=0 .
comScore (2011). The 2010 Mobile Year in Review Europe. European data based in information of UK, France, Germany, Italy and Spain. Report available at: http://www.comscore.com/esl/Press_Events/Presentations_Whitepapers/2011/The_2010_Mobile_Year_in_Review__Europe. The Nielsen Company (2010). Mobile youth around the world. Report http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/reports-downloads/2010/mobile-youth-around-the-world.html
4
available
at:
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secure if they can locate their child through the mobile phone 5 ) and children are provided with a sense of freedom and autonomy. However, the use of mobile phones is not free from risks. The challenge consists of finding the balance between the exploitation of the potential offered by smartphones and the prevention of possible risks. The risks considered by INTECO and Orange when establishing the present study have been grouped into the following categories: Excessive use. Addiction. Threats to privacy. Access to inappropriate contents. Grooming. Sexting. Cyberbullying. Economic risk and/or fraud. Technical risks.
In this context, it is deemed necessary to make a diagnosis of the uses of the smartphone and safe habits by adolescents and, in addition, to know the perception of parents regarding such uses and safe habits. It is important as well to know their awareness of the risks, their reaction to them and the security measures implemented. 1.2.2 General objective
The general objective of the study is to establish a diagnosis, which does not exists to date, on the current situation in Spain regarding the use of smartphones by minors from 10 to 16, as well as the involvement of parents and legal guardians in relation to the establishment and promotion of procedures and behaviours for a safe use of said smartphones.
INTECO and Orange (2010). Estudio sobre seguridad y privacidad en el uso de los servicios mviles por los menores espaoles. (Study on safety and privacy in the use of mobile services by Spanish minors). Report available at: http://www.inteco.es/Seguridad/Observatorio/Estudios_e_Informes/Estudios_e_Informes_1/Estudio_moviles_menores
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The diagnosis of the actual use of smartphones by Spanish children and adolescents allows the establishment of a contrast with the data on the use of mobile phones, and thus the analysis of: The similarities or differences between smartphone and traditional mobile phone. The evolution undergone in the perception and the habits of Spanish minors between 2010 and 2011.
All this, with the aim of directing actions to the education of minors in relation to the safe use of the mobile phone in general and the smartphone in particular. 1.2.3 Specific objectives
The previous objectives are operationally broken down into the following specific objectives, which, in turn, are useful for structuring the studys contents. The smartphone among adults Knowing the uses of mobile phones by adults and identifying the differences in the behaviour between smartphone and traditional mobile phone users. Analysing the applications downloaded mainly by adults in their smartphones. Examining the motivations that have an influence on the decision to buy a smartphone. The smartphone among minors Defining minors age of access to mobile phones in general and to the use of smartphones in particular. Finding out who participates in minors decision to buy a smartphone and going indepth on the motivations for that purchase, contrasting childrens viewpoint with that of their parents. Knowing the uses minors make of their smartphones and comparing them to the uses their parents think they do. Identifying whether the use minors make of their smartphones is, to a greater extent, personal or if, on the contrary, it is a social use (with other persons). Analysing the downloaded applications, to a greater extent, by minors on their smartphones.
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Going in-depth on the use minors make of the social networks through the smartphone.
Finding out the involvement of parents in the use children make of the smartphone in general, and of internet surfing in particular. Knowing minors consumption habits with their smartphone: means of payment (prepayment or post-payment) and the person responsible for that invoice payment.
Observing where and when the smartphone is being used.
Risks of using smartphones Knowing adults main concerns regarding their children use of smartphones. Establishing the incidence of risk situations on the use of smartphones occurred to minors, in the opinion of parents. Finding out minors awareness of the existence of inappropriate behaviours in the use of smartphones. Analysing the level of awareness declared by minors, the direct and indirect incidence and, if appropriate, the evolution, regarding 2010, of any of the behaviours connected with the following risks: o o o o o o o o o Excessive use. Addiction. Threats to privacy. Access to inappropriate contents. Grooming. Sexting. Cyberbullying. Economic risk and/or fraud. Technical risks.
Mentioning the feelings expressed by minors regarding the incidence of any situation constituting a risk.
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Security when using smartphones Knowing minors perception regarding parents control on the use of smartphones. Identifying the limitations imposed by parents to their children, contrasting the viewpoint of minors and adults. Finding out the level of confidence and tranquillity of adults regarding the use their children make of smartphones. 1.2.4 What is a smartphone?
Smartphone is defined as a device that, starting from the functionality of an ordinary mobile phone, has evolved to become closer, at present, to a laptop. Nowadays it is normal for this type of phones to have agenda, GPS, video and music player, extensive connectivity options and some functionalities that were inconceivable for this type of devices a few years ago 6 . The main smartphones manufacturers have developed mobile operating systems that allow the management of the computing processes of the device, as well as the functioning of other software and applications afterwards installed. The main mobile operating systems working nowadays in the market are: Android iOS Symbian BlackBerry OS Windows Phone
This way, the smartphone makes possible advanced uses such as managing e-mail accounts, surfing internet or accessing social networks. For that purposes, most of these phones have wide touch screens (there are however exceptions), they often have a full keyboard (also known as QWERTY keyboard) either virtual or physical (to write messages and e-mails in a comfortable manner) and they allow to surf the internet at fast speed (3G or more).
Definition drawn from the report Malware en smartphones, drafted by the Consejo Nacional Consultivo de CyberSeguridad. Report available at: http://www.s21sec.com/descargas/Malware_Smartphones_CNCCS%20.pdf.
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In addition, they often have multitasking functions that allow us to do several things at the same time (checking the e-mail and talking, for example) What mainly characterises smartphones in comparison with other mobile phones is that they allow to install applications making easier the access to new uses, the performance of more advanced tasks and the access to new services, all of it with menus and screens adapted to the phone which offer a simple and optimum user experience. Applications can be paid or free and may be developed by any programmer. In order to install them on the phone, it is necessary to download them from the specific shops for each operating system, from the web pages of the programmers themselves or even from other webs that gather applications.
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METHODOLOGICAL DESIGN
The research team has combined methodologies of quantitative and qualitative analysis, performed in a sequential manner in the following work stages: Stage 1: Search and documentary analysis of reports and studies that, according to their contents, methodology or approach, are regarded as reference material in both the market research of smartphones and their use, and the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in general, by minors. Stage 2: Advice from experts in disciplines relating to smartphones and/or minors market with the aim of providing a professional qualitative point of view. Stage 3: Surveys on families in homes with minors from 10 to 16 that are users of smartphones, conducting two interviews in each family: one with the minor and one with the responsible adult. Stage 4: Drafting of the present report which includes the analysis and conclusions of the previous stages.
The specific methodology of each of the stages is further detailed below. 2.1 Stage 1: Search and documentary analysis of reports and studies
The aim is to analyse secondary sources of research in order to enrich and direct the research project. Secondary source means any document that, having been produced prior to the current research, contains data that can be exploited in a context different from the existing one at the moment of its production. In Annex I: Bibliography a list of the publications considered in the drafting of this report is included. 2.2 Stage 2: Interview with experts (qualitative research)
The aim of this stage is to obtain a qualitative multidisciplinary view to enrich the project. The partial results of this second stage have allowed to establish a first diagnosis: to know the actions that are being performed in the field under examination, to understand the theoretical reflections of experts and to explore the future prospects. The 32 experts (professionals and institutions) that have participated are listed below. The participation of experts coming from heterogeneous areas allows to identify different positions and concerns that introduce the reflection and the debate. The interviews were carried out between 20 September and 14 October 2011, on the basis of a structured outline covering the following sections:
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1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
Penetration of smartphones among children and adolescents. Security risks faced by minors when using smartphones. Means of preventing and fighting the risks. Appropriate level of education and information of minors and their parents. Proposals for security improvement. Relevant initiatives implemented to tackle security risks in the use of mobile phones by minors.
The professionals and institutions that have collaborated on conducting the study are listed below: 1. Emilio Aced Flez. Deputy Director of Registry of Files and Advisory. Data Protection Agency of the Community of Madrid. Manuel ngel Aguilar Belda. Second Deputy Ombudsman. Antn Aller Lpez. Internet Observatory Manager. National Consumer Institute. Ararteko. Oficina de la Infancia y la Adolescencia. Ana Ballester. Research and Development. Safelayer Secure Communications. Javier Castellanos Calabrs. Founder of El Rincn del Vago. Orange. Child Ombudsman for the Community of Madrid. M ngeles Espinosa Bayal. Member of the Management Committee of the UAM-UNICEF Universitary Institute for the Needs and Rights of Children (IUNDIA). Autonomous University of Madrid. Yago Fandio Lousa. Deputy Director of Childrens Interactive Content. RTVE. Cristbal Fernndez. Director of Communications. Tuenti Technologies, S.L. Jorge Flores Fernndez. Coordinator of PantallasAmigas. Ciber Volunteers Foundation. Luis Miguel Garca. Server Unit Manager. Microsoft. Maialen Garmendia. Director of EU Kids Online (Spain).
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
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15.
M Dolores Gonzalo Tomey. Coordinator of Programs Planning Directorate in the Education Management Office. Red.es. Carlos Gurpegui Vidal. Coordinator of the Pantallas Sanas programme of the government of Aragn. Ricardo Hernndez Calleja. Technical Director Iberia. Karspersky Lab. Kepa Paul Larraaga. Sociologist-researcher. Alia2 Foundation Csar Lorenzana Gonzlez. Captain of the Telematic Crimes Group, Central Operation Unit, Civil Guard. Ricard Martnez Martnez. President of the Spanish Association of Privacy Professionals (APEP) and Professor of Constitutional Law at the University of Valencia. Antonio Muoz Talln. Product Manager. HTC. Brbara Navarro. European Public Policy and Government Affairs Manager for Google Spain, Portugal and Greece. Google. Paco Prieto. Director. CTIC Information Society. Helena Pujol. Research and Development. Safelayer Secure Communications. Ana Requesens Moll. Directora. Gaudium Foundation. Jess Mara Snchez Herrero. President of the Spanish Confederation of Parents Associations (CEAPA). Jos Manuel Sedes Garca. Sustainability Manager. Vodafone Espaa S.A.U. Juan Jos Talns Llins. Director jurdico de Iuristec. Miembro de la Comisin de Menores de la Spanish Association of Privacy Professionals (APEP). Javier Urra Portillo. Director of Recurra-Ginso, Programa SOS, en conflicto con mi hijo. Former Child Ombudsman. On leave from the Prosecutors Office for Juveniles.
16.
17. 18. 19.
20.
21. 22.
23. 24. 25. 26.
27. 28.
29.
30.
Manuel Vzquez Lpez. Chief Inspector of the Technological Investigation Brigade. National Police Force. Virginia Zabala. Communications for the internet portal chaval.es. Red.es. Rodrigo Zardoya Lapea. Director. Ddalo Foundation.
31. 32.
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2.3
Stage 3: Surveys on families (quantitative research)
Following the guidelines laid by INTECO and ORANGE, the company Tecel, during the months of July and August 2011, carried out an opinion survey that consisted of 800 surveys on persons and families, by conducting two interviews in each home: one with the minor and one with the father, mother or legal guardian. One of the points of interest of the study lies in the analysis of the differences in the viewpoint and evaluation of the minors with regard to the parents. Therefore, and given that there are actually two samples, the results of parents and children have been tabulated separately, so that the results are provided as if there were two different studies. The margin of error is 4.9 for p=q=0.5 and with a confidence level of 95.5%. The methodology used to prepare the study guarantees the contrast between the answers of parents and children, which is one of the aims of this project. Despite the consistency of the sample, the existing margin of error of the quantitative research process suggests interpreting the results on the whole and more as tendencies than as absolute statements. The following sections contain detailed information of this stage. 2.3.1 Universe of the study and individuals subject to be surveyed
The universe of the study includes any Spanish family with children aged between 10 and 16 who have a smartphone for private use. Within each family two individuals subject to be surveyed have been identified: The minor, either a boy or a girl from 10 to 16. The father, mother or legal guardian of any of the minors participating in the research. Sample size and distribution
2.3.2
A representative sample of families residing in Spain has been taken and they have been subject to 800 interviews: 400 to minors between 10 and 16 and 400 to one of their legal guardians, father or mother. The fieldwork has been carried out between 18 July and 8 August 2011 in the following provinces: Asturias Barcelona Madrid Sevilla Valencia Valladolid Vizcaya Zaragoza
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The samples design is based on random routes with distribution of interviews in the different areas of the chosen town so that all the sociodemographic strata are represented. The distribution of interviews relating to minors age quotas has been carried out in proportion to the population of this age with mobile phone (according to the Survey on the Equipment and Use of Information and Communication Technologies in the home of 2010 of the Spanish National Statistics Institute) (INE). In order to assign the quotes by province, 35 surveys were established for each of them and the remaining ones were distributed in proportion to the population of children from 10 to 16 in these provinces. The definitive sample applied in the research was the following:
Table 1: Sample distribution Boys Girls Aged Aged Aged Aged Aged 13 - 14 15 - 16 10 - 12 13 - 14 15 - 16 8 9 6 8 8 7 12 9 8 7 12 12 4 7 8 9 18 8 10 9 13 8 7 6 12 6 12 7 9 5 7 11 8 7 8 8 9 6 7 9 70 91 55 62 66 217 183
Asturias Barcelona Madrid Sevilla Valencia Valladolid Vizcaya Zaragoza Age Total Gender Total
Aged 10 - 12 7 6 7 12 9 7 4 4 56
TOTAL 46 49 50 66 55 46 45 43 400
Source: INTECO + Orange
2.3.3
Polling technique and informed consent
Given the particularities of this study (age of the children surveyed and need to apply the survey to parents and children), the following considerations have been taken into account: Informed consent: with the aim of complying with the children protection legislation and international guidelines on the respect for their rights, as well as observing the CCI/ESOMAR international code, it was requested both the informed consent of the legal guardians and the minors. At the beginning of all the surveys parents were informed, in writing, of the content of the study and the questionnaire which was to be applied to minors. Once the adults had granted their consent, minors were informed and asked to give their consent. Thus, all the children and adolescents that have participated in this study have given their consent in writing.
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Separate interview: in order to avoid parents viewpoints conditioning their childrens answers (and vice versa) an authorization was requested to conduct the interviews with the parents and the children individually. All the surveys were carried out in this way.
2.3.4
Sampling error
The level of sampling error for each age and gender group of the minors interviewed is shown below. The calculation of the sampling error has been made on the assumption that p=q=0.5, for a confidence level o 95.5%.
Table 2: Levels of sampling error by age and gender group of minors Gender Boys Aged 10 - 12 Aged 13 - 14 Aged 15 -16 Total Margin of error 56 70 91 217 6.8 Girls 55 62 66 183 7.4 Number 111 132 157 400 Total Margen de error 9.4 8.7 8.0 4.9
In the case of the sample of parents, which has also 400 cases, the margin of sampling error is 4.9% for the same level of confidence. 2.3.5 Language and gender
Throughout the report, the terms girl/s, boy/s, daughter/s, son/s, teenager/s, minor/s are used without distinction to refer to minors and father/s, mother/s, adult/s are used to refer to legal guardians. It shall be understood that, sometimes, in order to facilitate the dynamism and agility of the report, the general terms children, teenagers or parents are used to refer to male and female gender. In some cases where the gender is a variable affecting perceptions, behaviours, or evaluations it has been thus explicitly stressed.
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SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
The sociodemographic analysis of homes with children is a previous step to understand the environment in which the present study is included. In this chapter sociodemographic issues such as gender and age of parents and their occupation and level of education are dealt with. In general, the profile of surveyed homes is defined by the following features: young parents (66% aged between 30 and 44), employed (80.3%) and with a remarkably level of education (45.5% has Baccalaureate, BUP, COU or vocational training and 34.1% has a university degree). Regarding income level, 59.8% declares that his income is above the reference quantity (1,200 a month). 3.1 3.1.1 Homes: parents Gender and age
The selection of the adult to be surveyed (father or mother), was randomly performed, trying to identify the one who exercises the duty of controlling and protecting the children when using a mobile phone. Following these guidelines, there were more mothers (60.2%) than fathers (39.8%) who responded to the survey. The average age of parents is mainly within the interval from 30 to 44 (66%). 3.1.2 Occupation
Most of the parents are working outside the home. Of all the homes, 80.3% of the adults are in this situation. 3.1.3 Education
The educational level of the parents of the minors participating in the study is high, given that 45.5% of the speaker adults has a level of education equivalent to Baccalaureate / BUP / COU / or FP (vocational training) and 34.1% have university degrees (19.3%) or diplomas (14.8%). 3.1.4 Economic level
Most of the surveyed homes have an income level from 1,200. 46.5% of the families participating in the study enjoy a monthly income between 1,200 and 2,400 and 13.3% a figure higher than 2,400. An additional 33% recognises that the family income level is around 1,200 a month.
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3.2
Minors
The gender and age structure of surveyed minors correspond to the sampling design taken into account for the research (see section 2.3.2 Sample size and distribution). Therefore, it does not correspond to the distribution of the Spanish population aged from 10 to 16, given that a non-proportional distribution has been carried out in each province in order to get more balanced margins of error. Regarding the age structure of surveyed minors, 27.8% are aged between 10 and 12, 33% between 13 and 14 and the remaining 39.3% between 15 and 16. As for the gender distribution, 54.3% are boys and 45.7% girls.
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4
4.1
SMARTPHONES AMONG ADULTS

Smartphones penetration in Spain. Comparison with other countries
Available data from the Spanish Smartphone market show a level of use close to 40%. comScore talks of 37.6% of mobile phone users aged over 13 having a smartphone (data from December 2010, when there were more than 13 million of subscribers to smartphones)7. In the same line, Nielsen stands the proportion of Spanish young people aged 15-24 users of mobile phones and who have a smartphone in the first half of 20108 at 38%. At the international level, Spain is one of the countries where the use of smartphones is more widespread among the population. In this regard, Graph 1 shows the evolution of smartphones penetration in Spain, UK and US between 2009 and 2010. Spain is, out of the countries analysed by comScore, the country where there has been a greater penetration over the last two years.
Graph 1: Country adoption of smartphone among mobile phone users (%)
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Spain UK 2009 2010 US 27.3% 21.0% 16.8% 37.6% 34.3% 27.0%
Source: comScore
comScore (2011). The 2010 Mobile Year in Review Europe. European data based on information from UK, France, Germany, Italy and Spain. Report available at: http://www.comscore.com/esl/Press_Events/Presentations_Whitepapers/2011/The_2010_Mobile_Year_in_Review__Europe. The Nielsen Company (2010). Mobile youth around the world. Report available at: http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/reports-downloads/2010/mobile-youth-around-the-world.html
8
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These notes broadly describe the general context of use of smartphones in Spain: there is an increasing preference for this kind of technologically advanced devices. Once the scenario is defined, the group made of the adults analysed (parents of smartphone users aged under 10-16) is studied in depth. Almost all of the adults polled (98%) have a mobile phone. 48% say they have a smartphone, a very similar figure to those who have a traditional mobile phone (50%). The remaining 2% admit they do not have a mobile phone. Note that the study contains families with children who have at their disposal a smartphone for personal use, so they can be more used to these technologies, which would explain the greater level of penetration than the proposed for the domestic market.
Graph 2: Traditional mobile phone or smartphone availability by parents (%)
2.0%
48.0% 50.0%
Smartphone
Traditional mobile phone
No mobile phone
Basis: parents (n=400)
4.2
Used services
Among the most used services by adults are voice calls (95.9%) and texts messages (86%), followed by taking pictures (63.3%) and missed calls (58.7%). To a lesser extent, parents use Internet features like checking their email (30.1%), surfing or searching the Net for information (27.8%), chatting (23.5%) and checking their personal profiles in social networks (19.9%). They also visit websites for professional use (24%) and they use the GPS navigator (15.8%).
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Graph 3: Parents mobile phone uses (%)
Voice calls Sending text messages Taking pictures Missed calls Listening to music as mp3 player Making videos Checking the email Visiting websites and seeking information Sending pictures to others Surfing and seeking information for professional use Chat/Instant messaging Access to social networks Watching videos online Games Maps/Street map GPS navigator Posting pictures on the Internet Downloading music form the Internet Sending pictures to others Downloading ringtones or wallpapers Posting videos on the Internet Television 0%
95.9% 86.0% 63.3% 58.7% 40.8% 34.4% 30.1% 27.8% 26.0% 24.0% 23.5% 19.9% 19.1% 18.4% 18.4% 15.8% 11.5% 11.2% 11.0% 9.7% 6.9% 3.8%
20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Basis: parents with mobile phone (n=392)
Table 3 shows the data of the declared use of the services detailed in the previous graph, distinguishing between the answers of smartphone users and traditional phone users. To facilitate its reading and interpretation, the data are presented in the same order they have in the previous graph. Those adults having a smartphone say they make a more intensive use of each of the features than traditional phone users. The most important differences are present in those services requiring Internet connection, like checking the email (declared by 58.9% of the smartphone users compared to 2.5% of those having a traditional phone) and surfing and searching the Net for information, for general purposes (54.2% compared to 2.5% respectively) of for professional purposes (46.4% compared to 2.5%). However, it is surprising that, even in those services considered to be basic (voice and missed calls, sending text messages and pictures, for example), where there should be no differences between basic and advanced terminals a priori, there is a more frequent use by smartphone users. Thus, 99% of smartphone users say they make voice calls, compared to 93% in case of traditional mobile phone users. The cases of sending text messages (94.8% compared to 77.5%) and tanking pictures (84.9% compared to 42.5%) are even clearer.
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Table 3: Parents mobile phone uses depending on the type of device (smartphone or traditional mobile phone) (%) Traditional mobile phone 93.0% 77.5% 42.5% 39.5% 24.5% 17.0% 2.5% 2.5% 12.0% 2.5% 4.0% 1.5% 4.0% 6.5% 3.0% 2.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 3.5% 0.5% Source: INTECO + Orange
Uses Voice calls Sending text messages Taking pictures Missed calls Listening to music as mp3 player Making videos Checking the email Visiting websites and search for information Sending pictures to others Surfing and seeking information for professional use Chat/Instant messaging Access to social networks Watching videos online Games Maps/street map GPS Navigator Posting pictures on the Internet Downloading music from the Internet Sending videos to others Downloading ringtones or wallpapers Posting videos on the Internet Television
Smartphone 99.0% 94.8% 84.9% 78.6% 57.8% 52.6% 58.9% 54.2% 40.6% 46.4% 43.8% 39.1% 34.9% 30.7% 34.4% 29.7% 21.9% 21.4% 20.8% 16.1% 13.5% 7.8%
Table 4 shows the ranking of mobile telephone services use depending on the gender of the adult polled. In this case, men use every service in greater proportion than women. The differences are larger in checking the email (40.5% of men compared to 23.1% of women), maps (25.9% compared to 13.2%), web browsing for professional use (31% compared to 19.2%) and taking pictures (70.3% compared to 58.5%).
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Table 4: Parents mobile phone uses depending on gender (%) Uses Voice calls Sending text messages Taking pictures Missed calls Listening to music as mp3 player Making videos Checking the email Visiting websites and search for information Sending pictures to others Surfing and seeking information for professional use Chat/Instant messaging Access to social networks Watching videos online Games Maps/street map GPS Navigator Posting pictures on the Internet Downloading music from the Internet Sending videos to others Downloading ringtones or wallpapers Posting videos on the Internet Television
Men 97.5% 87.3% 70.3% 65.2% 43.0% 39.9% 40.5% 34.2% 30.4% 31.0% 27.2% 20.3% 25.3% 22.8% 25.9% 20.9% 13.9% 11.4% 12.0% 11.4% 7.6% 4.4%
Women 94.9% 85.0% 58.5% 54.3% 39.3% 30.8% 23.1% 23.5% 23.1% 19.2% 20.9% 19.7% 15.0% 15.4% 13.2% 12.4% 9.8% 11.1% 10.3% 8.5% 6.4% 3.4%
Applications (apps) are small pieces of software offering contents, games or specific utilities with or without connection to the Internet. In general, adults show a significant level of use of apps in their smartphone. The most used kinds of applications are those of free time (63.5%), email (56.3), entertainment (54.2%), social networks (50.5%) and instant messaging (48.4%). Information (45.8%) and location (42.7%) apps have slightly lower percentages. The study carried out depending on the gender of the polled adult shows that, in general, men make more use of information (551% of fathers compared to 37.9% of mothers), location (50.6% compared to 35.9%), email (62% of fathers compared to 50.5% of mothers) and entertainment (57.3% compared to 51,5%) applications. Nevertheless, in the case of instant communication, free time and social networks applications, the use is similar among men and women.
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Graph 4: Kinds of applications used by parents (total data and depending on gender) (%)
Free time (photography, sport, travel, health, etc.)
63.5% 64.0% 63.1% 56.3% 62.9% 50.5% 54.2% 57.3% 51.5% 50.5% 51.7% 49.5% 48.4% 48.3% 48.5% 45.8% 55.1% 37.9% 42.7% 50.6% 35.9% 0% 20% TOTAL 40% Men 60% Women 80% 100%
Email (Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo, etc.)
Entertainment games, music, videos, cinema, TV, etc.) Social networks (Facebook, Twitter, etc.) To communicate (Messenger, Whatsapp, Skype, etc.) Information (newspapers, sports, stock market, the weather, etc.) Location (maps, GPS navigators, radars, nearby locations, etc.)
4.3
Motivation for buying
The variety of applications offered by a smartphone is, clearly, the main factor behind the purchase among adults of a smartphone. 63.5% of the adults who have this kind of device declare that apps are the main reason taken into account when deciding to buy, way ahead of the smartphone design (9.4%), its screen (8.9%) or the influence of friends.
Graph 5: Main motivation taken into account by adults when deciding to buy a smartphone (%)
Its applications Its design Its screen It is trendy or my friends have one The shop assistant advices Its price Its convenience (longer-lasting battery, size, etc.) Its camera 0% 9.4% 8.9% 3.6% 3.6% 2.1% 2.1% 1.0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
63.5%
70%
80%
90%
100%
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5
5.1
SMARTPHONES AMONG MINORS

Smartphones penetration among Spanish children aged 10 to 16
So far, it has not been identified official data on the smartphones penetration in minors aged 10-16 in Spain nor on the use children and adolescents make of its functionality. Should we assume that the adoption level of smartphones among children and adolescents follows the same pattern than that of the adults or, on the contrary, are we facing a specific age range whose smartphone usage patterns are different (greater or lesser) to those of the adults? The prevailing view among experts participating in the study is that the trend is equivalent among minors and adults. Furthermore, from the existing data for the US market it can be concluded that, in that country, the level of adoption of smartphones among minors is around the same figures than in the adult range. Therefore, the Parent-Teen Internet Safety Report states that 29% of US adolescents aged 13-17 with a mobile phone have a smartphone (compared to the remaining 71% who would have a traditional mobile phone) 9 . Recalling previously presented data; comScore assesses the adoption of smartphones among mobile phone US users (mobile phone users aged over 13) 10 in 27%. For the specific age range of 15-24, Nielsen increases the smartphone penetration up to 33% 11 . If we accept the premise that in the Spanish market the behaviour of minors regarding the adoption of smartphones is similar to adults, and we consider a smartphone usage of around 37% 12 in the mobile phone market, we could extrapolate and fix in 25% the proportion of Spanish adolescents aged 10-15 who have a smartphone device (or, in
GFI Software (2011). Parent-Teen Internet Safety Report. Report available at: http://www.gfi.com/parent-teen-internetsafety-report. comScore (2011). The 2010 Mobile Year in Review Europe. Report available at: http://www.comscore.com/esl/Press_Events/Presentations_Whitepapers/2011/The_2010_Mobile_Year_in_Review__Europe. The Nielsen Company (2010). Mobile youth around the world. Report available at: http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/reports-downloads/2010/mobile-youth-around-the-world.html
12 11 10
According to the source of information and the sample considered, figures available for 2010 show that: 37.6% among users aged over 13 (Source: comScore (2011). The 2010 Mobile Year in Review Europe. Report available at: http://www.comscore.com/esl/Press_Events/Presentations_Whitepapers/2011/The_2010_Mobile_Year_in_Revie w_-_Europe.) 38% among users aged 15-24 (Source: The Nielsen Company (2010). Mobile youth around the world. . Report available at: http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/reports-downloads/2010/mobile-youth-around-the-world.html)
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other words, 37% out of 66.7% of the children in that age range who have a mobile phone in Spain, according to INE data for 2010). This is a very conservative estimation, since it is calculated based on the last available figures, regarding 2010. It is to be expected that smartphones penetration figures in 2011 will significantly exceed the considered 37%. 5.2 5.2.1 Access to smartphones by minors Starting age
Minors who currently have a smartphone have accessed their first mobile phone (not necessarily smartphone) at 11 years old (on average, 11.2 years old, as shown in the graph). From an evolutionary point of view, the situation is fairly stable, as in 2010 minors also acquired their first mobile phone between 10 and 12 years old. Regarding the average age for accessing smartphones is 13 years old currently. The analysis by age range shows some interesting issues: Firstly, it seems to be confirmed an earlier access to mobile phones. Thus, teenagers who at present are between 10 and 12 years old had their first mobile phone when they were slightly over 10 years old (10.3 on average), while in the age range 13-14 they did not have one until they were over 11 (11.2) and those who now are 15-16 years old had almost 12 (11.9 on average) when they had a mobile phone for the first time. Secondly, the novelty of smartphones makes the youngest to access the mobile phone sector through a smartphone. Children aged 10-12 have their first smartphone at 11 on average, while those who now are 13-14 had to wait until they were 13, and even until 14.5 in the case of adolescents aged 15-16.
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Graph 6: Average age of acquisition of the first mobile phone and smartphone by the minor according to current age (%)
14.5 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 TOTAL Aged 10 - 12 First mobile phone Aged 13 - 14 First smartphone Aged 15 - 16 11.2 10.3 13.0 11.0 11.2 13.0 11.9
Basis: minors (n=400)
5.2.2
Buying decision and role of parents in the decision
In 42.3% of the cases minor obtain their smartphone because they ask their parents for it, and those latter agree to buy it for them. In addition, on 13.5% of occasions parents buy it without the minor having asked them to do so. Moreover, on 41% of the cases the minor obtains their first smartphone by inheritance or as a present from someone else or from the telephone operator. Only 3% of minors obtain their first smartphone by buying it themselves.
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Graph 7: Minors way to obtain a smartphone (%)
3,0% 0,2% 13,5%
41,0%
42,3%
By heritance or as a present (from others or from the operator) We bought it because they asked us to do so We bought it without them asking us to do so They bought it DK/NA
Both parents and children agree that, to a greater extent, the minor chose the specific smartphone model; as pointed out by 50.5% of parents and 49.5 % of minors. When it comes to mentioning other options, slight discrepancies arise among adults and minors. Only 18.8% of the teenagers (23.3% in the case of parents) say the adults chose the smartphone model. Likewise, 29.8% of the minors (25.3% of the adults) say it is an inherited or given as a present model.
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Graph 8: Minors selection of the smartphone model (%)
49.5% The minor chose it 50.5%
29.8% Inherited or given as a present 25.3%
18.8% Adults chose it 23.3%
0%
10%
20% Children
30% Parents
40%
50%
60%
Basis: minors (n=400) and parents (n=400)
As among adults, apps are the main factor behind the minors selection of a smartphone. Thus, 43.4% of the polled children and adolescents admit that the available apps brought them to choose a smartphone. Secondly, unlike motivations leading adults, for 30.3% of the minors the trend and its popularity among their friends become more important. The third factor having a greater influence in the election of a smartphone is its design, aspect regarded as the most relevant by 10.1% of minors. Some differences in the frequency of these factors can be observed according to the gender. The applications offered by the smartphone are more important for boys (45.4%) than for girls (41.1%). On the contrary, the trendy or friends factors are more important for girls (31.1%) than for boys (29.6%). Likewise, the concern over the design is more taken into account by girls (12.2% and 8.3% respectively).
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Graph 9: Main motivation taken into account by minors when deciding to buy a smartphone (%)
Its applications It is trendy or my friends have one Its design Its price Its screen Its camera Its convenience (longer-lasting battery, size, etc.) The shop assistant advices 0% 10.1% 6.1% 5.1% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 10% 20% 30% 40% 30.3%
43.4%
50%
60%
Basis: minors who chose the terminal (n=198)
5.3
Use(s) they make of the smartphone
The fact of having devices that, regarding features, converge with small computers, allow the mobile phone basics (voice or missed calls or sending text messages) to combine with other advanced services: access to mobile Internet, games and apps download, instant messaging, etc. The following headings analyse in greater depth the uses Spanish children and adolescents make of their smartphones. 5.3.1 Used services
Minors use their smartphones for general tasks like making voice calls (91.3% according to them), sending SMS (90.8%), making missed calls (85.8%), taking pictures (82.3%), listening to music (77.3%) or playing games (65%). They are the most common uses, but Table 5 delves into the services minors use with their smartphone, comparing their statements with their parents opinion. Generally speaking, we can state that parents know the uses their children make of the smartphones, although they tend to underestimate the specific level of use of some services. Connectivity features offered by smartphones result in a high level of adoption of services implying connection to the Net. Thus, 54.3% of the minors polled say they access social networks through their smartphone, 40.3% check their email, 37.5% surf the Internet and
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33.8% search on the Net for educational support. In general, for each of these uses, parents tend to underestimate the level of adoption by their children.
Table 5: Smartphone uses made by minors. Comparison between minors and parents statements (%)
Uses Voice calls Sending text messages Missed calls Taking pictures Listening to music as mp3 player Games Making videos Access to social networks Chat/Instant messaging Sending pictures to others Checking the email Visiting websites and search for information Surfing and seeking information for school Downloading ringtones or wallpapers Sending videos to others Watching videos online Downloading music from the Internet Posting pictures on the Internet Posting videos on the Internet Television Maps/street map GPS Navigator
Minors 91.3% 90.8% 85.8% 82.3% 77.3% 65.0% 56.5% 54.3% 48.3% 48.0% 40.3% 37.5% 33.8% 27.5% 27.3% 26.3% 26.0% 22.3% 11.5% 9.0% 8.0% 4.8%
Parents 92.3% 90.0% 74.0% 81.8% 71.8% 67.5% 50.0% 43.0% 43.0% 41.0% 32.0% 31.0% 28.5% 28.0% 18.3% 25.3% 23.0% 16.8% 9.8% 4.5% 7.8% 4.3%
An interesting issue while analysing the smartphone services used by minors is the usage regarding the generation and dissemination of contents. Current devices, with high resolution cameras and high audio-visual possibilities, facilitate the smartphone use not only for taking pictures (82.3%) or making videos (56.5%) but also for sending these contents to others (48% and 27.3% respectively), and even for posting them on the Internet (22.3% and 11.5%). It is a particularly sensitive issue, to the extent that it can involve the dissemination of personal data (of the minor or other person) and therefore be a threat to privacy. In chapter 6 Risks in the use of smartphones, while analysing threats in the use of smartphones, special attention shall be paid to this aspect.
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Again, also in respect of these uses regarding generation and dissemination of contents by the kids, parents consider its use lower than the use minors recognise to make (except taking pictures, where both opinions converge). An evolutionary analysis between 2010 and 2011 is carried out below. When interpreting the results, it is important to take into account that 2010 data refer to general mobile phone users and that 2011 data specifically focus on smartphone users.
Table 6: Evolution of the mobile phone/smartphone uses declared by minors (%)
Uses Voice calls Sending text messages Missed calls Taking pictures Listening to music as mp3 player Games Making videos Access to social networks Chat/Instant messaging Sending pictures to others Checking the email Visiting websites and search for information Downloading ringtones or wallpapers Sending videos to others Watching videos online Downloading music from the Internet Posting pictures on the Internet Posting videos on the Internet Television
2010 94.7% 90.7% 92.9% 88.5% 71.4% 51.6% 48.4% 7.1% 12.4% 48.1% 8.1% 10.6% 26.4% 23.0% 16.1% 20.5% 20.8% 10.2% 7.1%
2011 91.3% 90.8% 85.8% 82.3% 77.3% 65.0% 56.5% 54.3% 48.3% 48.0% 40.3% 37.5% 27.5% 27.3% 26.3% 26.0% 22.3% 11.5% 9.0%
Evolution
The most remarkable is the dramatic increase in the declared use of services requiring connection to the Internet: access to social networks (declared in 2010 by 7.1% of minors and in 2011 by 54.3%), email check (8.1% in 2010 compared to 40.3% in 2011) or websites visits (10.6% of the minors polled in 2010 and 37.5% in 2011). The usage of games and instant messaging has also increased significantly, as well watching videos online and downloading music. Among all the uses analysed, only three (voice calls, missed calls and taking pictures) are less mentioned in 2011 than in 2010.
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5.3.2
Use with others
Children and adolescents mainly use their smartphones alone (80.3%), although 19.3% mainly use it while being with others. In the analysis of minors by gender, it is noteworthy that mainly girls use it alone (83.1% compared to 77.9% in the case of boys), and it is more frequent among boys (21.2%) than among girls (16.9%) to use it with others.
Graph 10: Smartphone use made by minors with others, total and according to gender (%)
80.3% Use it mainly alone 77.9% 83.1%
19.3% Use it mainly with others 21.2% 16.9%
0%
20% TOTAL
40% Boys
60% Girls
80%
100%
The smartphone used alone tends to decrease as the age increases and, at the same time, its use with others tends to increase. Therefore, 18% of children aged 10-12 and 16.7% of children aged 13-14 say they use their smartphone with others compared to 22.3% of those aged 15-16.
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Graph 11: Smartphone use made by minors with others according to age (%)
82.0% Principalmente lo usa a solasUse it mainly alone 82.6% 77.1%
18.0% Use it mainly with others 16.7% 22.3%
0%
20% 40% 60% Aged 10 - 12 Aged 13 - 14
80% Aged 15 - 16
100%
The following graph analyses which specific uses minors say they make with others. Note that these are data calculated on a very small basis (79 minors who say they use their smartphone mainly with others) and, therefore, sampling errors soar. However, as a guideline, we can state that, among teenagers who use their smartphone with others, those uses related to taking pictures and accessing social networks are of particular relevance.
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Graph 12: Smartphone uses made by minors with others (%)
Taking pictures Access to social networks Sending text messages Voice calls Listening to music as mp3 player Making videos Games Missed calls Sending pictures to others Chat/Instant messaging Surfing and seeking information for school Downloading music from the Internet Posting pictures on the Internet Downloading ringtones or wallpapers Visiting websites and seeking information Checking the email Watching videos online Sending videos to others Television Maps/Street map GPS navigator Posting videos on the Internet 0% 10.1% 8.9% 8.9% 8.9% 8.9% 7.6% 6.3% 5.1% 5.1% 5.1% 2.5% 10% 20% 30% 40% 25.3% 24.1% 21.5% 20.3% 19.0% 36.7% 32.9% 32.9% 32.9% 31.6%
44.3%
50%
60%
Basis: minors who use their smartphone with others (n=79)
5.3.3
Applications downloading and social networks use
Applications (apps) are small pieces of software offering contents, games or specific utilities with or without connection to the Internet. The Observatorio de tendencias Nokia (Nokia Trends Observatory), in its report Los jvenes, los mviles y la tecnologa (Mobile phones, young people and technology), studies in depth the use young people aged 15-35 make of the applications, recognising these latter generate interest and enthusiasm, and that they are becoming one of the most important reasons for buying a smartphone 13 . More than half of the minors use entertainment, social networks and communication apps in their smartphones. Among them, the most frequent are those of entertainment (games, music, videos, cinema, TV, etc.), used by 69% of minors.
Conecta Research and Consulting y Nokia (2011). 7 Observatorio de tendencias Nokia. Los jvenes, los mviles y la tecnologa. Available at: http://www.conectarc.com/Articulos%20y%20Estudios/Highlights%207%BA%20Observatorio%20Final.pdf.
13
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Secondly, it is noteworthy that 64% of the minors say they use social networks apps, followed by those of communication or messaging like Messenger, Whatsapp, Skype, etc., used by 54.5% of the minors. Entertainment and email apps are also gaining a remarkable acceptance among Spanish minors (49.3% and 42% respectively). The less used apps among minors are those of information (newspapers, sports, stock market, weather) and those of location (maps, GPS navigator, radars, nearby places), apps used by 16.8% and 16.5% respectively.
Graph 13: Applications used by minors in their smartphones (%)
Entertainment (games, music, videos, cinema, TV, etc.) Social networks (Facebook, Twitter, etc.) To communicate (Messenger, Whatsapp, Skype, etc.) Free time (photography, sports, travel, health, etc.) Email (Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo, etc.) Information (newspapers, sports, stock market, weather, etc.) Location (maps, GPS navigator, radars, nearby locations, etc.)
0%
69.0% 64.0% 54.5% 49.3% 42.0% 16.8% 16.5%

20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
In the analysis by gender, it is interesting to realize that all apps (with the sole exception of the email apps) are mainly used by boys rather than by girls. It seems that boys are more intensive users of this kind of apps, as the following graph confirms.
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Graph 14: Applications used by minors in their smartphones according to gender (%)
Entertainment (games, music, videos, cinema, TV, etc.) Social networks (Facebook, Twitter, etc.) To communicate (Messenger, Whatsapp, Skype, etc.) Free time (photography, sports, travel, health, etc.) Email (Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo, etc.) Information (newspapers, sports, stock market, weather, etc.) Location (maps, GPS navigator, radars, nearby locations, etc.)
0%
70.0% 67.8% 65.0% 62.8% 56.2% 52.5% 49.8% 48.6% 41.9% 42.1% 18.9% 14.2% 18.0% 14.8%
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Boys
Girls
The analysis by age allows to confirm two aspects: The use of all apps tends to increase with age. The preference for one or another kind of app is different among the various age groups.
Therefore, within the age range 10-12 years old the favourite apps are those of entertainment (68.5%), followed by those of free time (44.1%). Between 13 and 14 years old, entertainment apps are still the most frequently used (68.2%), and social networks apps rank second (59.1%). The appeal of social networks and its penetration among minors is clear, as they are the most used apps among minors aged 15-16, to the point of being the most frequent app for 85.4% of the minors among this age range. The second most used within this age range (75.8%) are communication and messaging apps (Messenger, Whatsapp, Skype).
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Graph 15: Applications used by minors in their smartphones according to age (%)
Social networks (Facebook, Twitter, etc.) To communicate (Messenger, Whatsapp, Skype, etc.) Free time (photography, sports, travel, health, etc.) 25.2% Email (Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo, etc.) 10.8% 12.1% 24.2% 7.2% 15.9% 24.2% 31.5%
39.6% 59.1% 85.4% 48.5% 75.8% 44.1% 47.0% 54.8% 38.6% 56.7%
Information (newspapers, sports, stock market, weather, etc.) Location (maps, GPS navigator, radars, nearby locations, etc.)
0%
20% Aged 10 -12
40% Aged 13 - 14
60% 80% Aged 15 - 16
100%
Given the importance social networks have on the current context, the study has deepened on the use minor make of them with their smartphones. The more widespread use, equally declared by boys and girls, consists in using the social networks to talk with friends (92.6%), followed by to comment others posts (78.5%). In this case, differences can be appreciated according to the gender of the minor, being girls (83.5%) more likely to participate than boys (74.5%). 57.8% access social networks via their smartphone for playing, more frequently mentioned by boys (63.1%) than by girls (51.3%). Other uses specified by minors are sharing photos, videos, news, etc. (50.4%), updating their status (48.4%) and having a look to others profiles (45.3%). In these cases, no relevant differences according to gender can be appreciated.
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Graph 16: Social network uses made by minors from their smartphones, total and according to gender (%)
Talking to friends 78.5% 74.5% 83.5% 57.8% 63.1% 51.3% Sharing (photos, videos, news) 50.4% 48.9% 52.2% 48.4% 49.6% 47.0% 45.3% 47.5% 42.6%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
92.6% 92.2% 93.0%
Commenting friends posts
Playing
Updating my status
Having a look to others profiles
100%
TOTAL
Boys
Girls
Basis: minors who use social networks from their smartphones (n=256)
In general, the use of social networks tends to intensify with age. It is interesting that, in some uses (commenting friends posts, playing, and to a lesser extent having a look to others profiles), the declared levels are high within the age ranges 10-12 and 15-16, and lower in the middle age range.
Graph 17: Social network uses made by minors from their smartphones according to age (%)
Talking to friends
86.4% 89.7% 96.3% 79.5% 67.9% 84.3% 61.4% 52.6% 59.7% 47.7% 47.4% 53.0% 36.4% 48.7% 52.2% 43.2% 39.7% 49.3%
Commenting friends posts
Playing
Sharing (photos, videos, news)
Updating my status
Having a look to others profiles
0%
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Aged 10 -12 Aged 13 - 14
60% 70% 80% Aged 15 - 16
90%
100%
Basis: minors who use social networks from their smartphones (n=256)
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5.3.4
Involvement of parents
While analysing the services used by minors, it was concluded that parents had a general knowledge of the smartphone uses made by their children (although, they tended to underestimate the specific level of use of some services). On the question of In general, would you say you know the use your children make of their smartphone? 83.5% answer yes. Only 11% say they do not know the use their children make of their smartphone, and an additional 5.5% do not position themselves on the subject.
Graph 18: Parents knowledge of the use their children make of their smartphones (%)
5.5%
11.0%
83.5%
Yes
No
DN/NA
Base: parents (n=400)
58% of the parents point out that, according to the information they were given by their children, these latter navigate with their device to be in contact with their friends. Moreover, 41.8% say their children navigate to be entertained, while only 14% do it to seek information. Communication or social contact, leisure and seeking information are, in this order and always from the point of view of parents, the main motivations in minors while surfing with their smartphone.
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Graph 19: Use made by minors while surfing with their smartphone (parents statements) (%)
Surfs to be in contact with friends
58.0%
Surfs to be entertained
41.8%
Surfs to seek information
14.0%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
5.4 5.4.1
Consumption Consumption method
According to the information provided by the parents, the consumption method in 54.5% of the cases is a post-paid contract, while 45.3% correspond to the pre-paid method. Pre-paid method is the most common among the lowest age range, making way for the contract method as they get older. In this way, among minors aged 10-12 the pre-paid option prevails (55.7%), but among those aged 13-14 the contract option is majority (55.3%), reaching up to 62.4% among adolescents aged 15-16.
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Graph 20: Payment method for the minors smartphone, total and according to their age (parents statements) (%)
45.3% 57.7% Pre-paid 43.9% 37.6%
54.5% 42.3% Contract 55.3% 62.4%
0%
10%
20% TOTAL
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80% Aged 15 - 16
90%
100%
Aged 10 -12
Aged 13 - 14
5.4.2
Who has the responsibility for payment
Mainly parents have the responsibility for the payment of their children telephone bill. In 85.3% of the cases parents directly assume payment for the telephone service used by their children, while 11.8% say their children pay their own telephone bill with their pocket money. Also in this case, the childs age has an influence in determining the payer. Indeed, there is an evolution of responsibility, being gradually assumed by minors as they grow up. In this way, 91.9% of the minors aged 10-12 consumption is directly assumed by their parents; duty that decreases to 86.4% among minors aged 13-14 and to 79.6% among those aged 15-16. At the same time, only 4.5% of the children aged 10-12 cover, with their pocket money, the amount of their monthly smartphone bill, while within the age range from 13 to 14 the percentage increases up to 10.6%, and among adolescents aged 15-16 up to 17.8%.
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Graph 21: Responsibility for payment of minors smartphone bill, total and according to their age (parents statements) (%)
85.3% 91.9% Parents pay 86.4% 79.6%
11.8% 4.5% Children pay 10.6% 17.8%
0%
10%
20% TOTAL
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80% Aged 15 - 16
90%
100%
Aged 10 -12
Aged 13 - 14
5.5
Minor's smartphone use habits: place and moment of use
Places where minors more frequently use their smartphone are the street (when they go from one place to another) and their home. It is so declared, respectively, by 43.7% and 38.2% of the minors. Behind them, other places mentioned by minors are leisure venues/shopping centres (12.3%) and studies centres (3.3%). By gender, it seems that girls prefer to use it on the street (46.4% compared to 41.5 among boys), and boys make the most of their smartphones at home (39.2% compared to 37.2%). Differences can be appreciated as well according to the age of minors. Thus, as the kids grow up, the use at home decreases while, at the same time, it increases on the street.
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Graph 22: Main places of use of the smartphone by minors (%)
1.5% 3.3% 1.0% 12.3%
43.7%
38.2%
On the street (moving from one place to another) At home On entertainment places (shopping centre, etc.) At school/high school Others
Base: minors (n=400)
Youngsters use the moments of more spare time to enjoy their smartphone: 50.5% of minors say they use it more often on the weekend and 15.8% on holidays. However, 28.3% of the minors say they mainly use it on weekdays. Both girls and boys use it more on the weekend, more boys (53.5%) than girls (47%). On the contrary, girls seem to be more active on weekdays than boys (33.9% compared to 23.5% respectively).
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Graph 23: Main moments of use of the smartphone by minors (%)
4.8% 0.8% 15.7% 28.2%
50.5%
On weekdays
At the weekend
During holidays
Others
DN/NA
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RISKS IN THE USE OF SMARTPHONES
The great connectivity options and the advanced features of devices that are becoming closer and closer to small personal computers have, in contrast, the existence of risks. Together with the possibility of creating and storing audiovisual material we find the increase of the circulation and publication of pictures or videos, thus allowing personal information, as it is the case of a minors picture, to easily come out of the private sphere. A fast Internet connection and an agile surfing can facilitate, in parallel, minors exposure to inappropriate contents, as well as to virus and any other kind of malware that may attack the device. Furthermore, the large number of functionalities and entertainments of the smartphone, partially due to the existence of applications and games, can have consequences for an excessive use of the terminal by minors and even technological addiction. For the purposes of the study, the risks have been systematised around the following matters: Excessive use. Mobile phone addiction. Threats to minors privacy. Access to inappropriate contents. Grooming or harassment by adults to minors with either explicit or implicit sexual intention. Sexting. Cyberbullying or harassment among minors through telematic means. . Economic risk and/or fraud. Technical risks.
The existence of threats when using smart devices is a reality and therefore requires rigorous analysis. The approach of the authors of this study starts from the need of an objective and realistic awareness of the risks in order to recognise and fight them. Education plays a key role. INTECO and Orange opt for a responsibility when using smartphones and for an awareness of the potential risks as the basis for the exploitation of the benefits the services and functionalities of this technology provide minors.
The new risks under study and their associated behaviours are detailed in Table 7. Afterwards, in headings 6.3.1 to 6.3.9 there is a monographic analysis of each kind of risk. In said headings the knowledge of the behaviours associated with each situation are further detailed, analysing the direct incidence (on minors) and the indirect incidence (on minors immediate environment) of them all.
Table 7: List of risks and behaviours analysed in the report.
Risks EXCESSIVE USE ADDICTION THREATS TO PRIVACY ACCESS TO INAPPROPRIATE CONTENTS GROOMING USE ADD PRI
Behaviours associated with each risk Excessive expenditure. Sense of anxiety if the smartphone is not at hand. Posting minors pictures without their consent. Minors recording and posting pictures of other persons without requesting their consent. Access to pictures and videos with sexual content. Access to pictures or videos with racist and violent content. Receipt of calls or SMS from strangers that want to meet minors. Reception of pornographic or obscene contents/videos/pictures from strangers. Active sexting (taking pictures and making videos of oneself in a sexy, provocative or inappropriate pose). Passive sexting (receiving pictures/videos of close persons in a sexy, provocative or inappropriate pose). Passive cyberbullying (receiving of insulting or threatening messages or calls from other children). Active cyberbullying (insults or threats to any classmate through the mobile phone). To send a message to participate in any promotion or download a ringtone, wallpaper, application or game that at the end is more expensive than it should be. Virus. Spam.
CON
GRO
SEXTING
SEX
CYBERBULLYING ECONOMIC RISK AND / OR FRAUD TECHNICAL RISKS
BUL
ECO TEC
6.1
Situations worrying adults. Relative worry: smartphone vs. computer
Spanish parents with children aged between 10 and 16 that use smartphones are worried about what their children do with the smartphone. 67.2% of parents are normally worried and 23% are very or too much worried. On the other hand, 8.5% declare to be little worried or not worried at all. Regarding gender, mothers are more suspicious than fathers of the use their children can make of the smartphone. 24.5% of women admit being very or too much worried, while this percentage is 20.8% in case of men.
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Graph 24: Degree to which parents worry about minors use of the smartphone (%)
8.5%
1.3%
23.0%
67.2%
I am very much or quite worried I am little worried or not at all worried
I am commonly worried as a parent DK/NA
Fathers using smartphones are more worried about the use their children make of smartphones than those who are non-smartphone users. Thus, 25.5% of adults using smartphones declare to be very worried about what their children do, against 20.7% in the case of non-smartphone users.
Graph 25: Degree to which parents worry about minors use of smartphones, according to smartphones availability among adults (%)
1.6% 6.3%
10.6%
1.0%
20.7% 25.5%
66.7%
67.8%
Have a smartphone
I am very much or quite worried I am little worried or not at all worried
Do not have a smartphone

I am commonly worried as a parent DK/NA
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The smartphone is a technology that worries adults as much as computers do. Thus, 72% of the surveyed parents declare to be as much worried about their childrens use of smartphones as of computers. 13.2% are more suspicious of smartphones and, on the other hand, 13.8% point out the computer as the device that worries them most.
Graph 26: Degree to which parents worry about minors use of smartphones in comparison to computers (%)
1.0% 13.8% 13.2%
72.0%
I am more worried about the smartphone than the Internet Both technologies worry me the same I am less worried about the smartphone than the Internet DK/NA
According to the answers spontaneously provided by parents, the main worry about the use their children make of the smartphone is the access to contents inappropriate for minors. 37.8% of parents mention this risk spontaneously. 3.5% of parents express, in a more explicit sense, their worry about the possibility of their children receiving messages or videos with sexual or violent content. After the access to inappropriate contents, parents are worried about minors getting in touch with strangers (20.5%). At a longer distance, appear excessive expenditure (12.3%), smartphone addiction (9.5%) and the fact that its use may distract children from their obligations (8.5%). An outstanding 8.5% do not show any worry regarding their children and this technology.
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Graph 27: Parents main worries on minors use of the smartphone (%)
Access to contents non-suitable for minors Interaction with strangers Excessive expenditure Phone addiction Distraction and neglect of their studying obligations Reception of messages or videos with sexual or violent content
37.8% 20.5% 12.3% 9.5% 8.5%
4.5% 3.5% Loss 1.8% The content of the pictures or videos recorded or sent by the 1.5% Health (waves they emit) 1.0% Anomalous operation 0.8% Running out of credit 0.8% The phone is stolen or used by somebody else 0.8% Calls to extra charge telephone lines 0.5% Physical injuries in case of theft 0.3% Others 1.3%
None DK/NA
Internet connection
8.5% 2.3% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
In Graph 28 the level of parents worry regarding several concrete aspects of their children use of smartphones is further detailed. In general, all categories show remarkable levels of worry. The aspect adults are most worried about, in relation to what they spontaneously declared in the previous graph, refers to access to inappropriate sexual and violent contents (56.3% are very or too much worried), followed by the fear of possible interactions with strangers through the Internet (54%) and the distribution of minors pictures or videos to other persons (51.8%). In the remaining situations, (minors harassment through the smartphone, excessive time using the phone, geolocation of children) the level of worry shown by parents is more moderate.
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Graph 28: Level of parents worry regarding what minors do with the smartphone in several concrete aspects (%)
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
3.8%
6.0%
7.0%
8.3%
6.5%
15.5%
40.0%
40.0%
41.3%
48.0%
55.3% 53.3%
56.3%
54.0%
51.8%
43.8%
38.3%
31.3%
Access to certain On line interaction That somebody has That other children contents (violent, with strangers pictures or videos use the smartphone sexual, etc.) of my child to mock or insult my child
Excessive time using the smartphone
The child's physical location is located (geo location)
I am very much or quite worried
I am commonly worried
I am little or not at all worried
6.2 6.2.1
Inappropriate uses Adults viewpoints
When parents are asked if their children have experienced any situation that has made them feel bad when using the smartphone, just 3.3% of them answer in the affirmative. It is surprising that 8.5% cannot establish whether an uncomfortable situation for their children has taken place or not.
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Graph 29: Parents admitted incidence of the situations experienced by minors that have made them feel bad when using the smartphone (%)
8.5%
3.3%
88.2%
Yes
No
DK/NA
Deepening into the analysis of the situations that had caused discomfort to children, parents were asked about the experiences lived by children 14 . The following tag clouds show the most stated answers, such as excessive expenditure, access to contents not suitable for minors and interaction with strangers.
Illustration 1: Situations that have made minors feel bad when using smartphones
Base: parents that are aware of their childrens incidents (n=13)
Being a much reduced calculation base (13 parents), the data has been presented in tags cloud rather than in graph, with the explicit purpose to avoid providing percentages with high sampling error. The reader must take into account that letters size is proportional to the times that response has been mentioned.
14
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6.2.2
Minors viewpoints
When asking minors if they believe in the existence of inappropriate uses of the smartphone (not necessarily made by them) just over half of them (52.8%) answer in the affirmative and 46.8% believe the opposite.
Graph 30: Minors viewpoint on the existence of inappropriate uses of the smartphone (%)
0.4%
46.8% 52.8%
Yes
No
DK/NA
The deep analysis of the situations considered as inappropriate by minors reflects that access to violent contents (75.4%) and sexual contents (72.2%) are the most repeated options. Following the latter, appear situations such as mockery and harassment of other minors (49.2%), interaction with strangers (46.5%), being the victim of deceit or fraud (39%) and access to contents with a harmful effect on health, such as contents regarding eating disorders (31%). The least stated situations refer to minors smartphones being affected by a virus (25.1%) and sending their own pictures in a provocative or sexy pose (21.9%). Regarding minors gender, there are some interesting differences that show a distinct sensitivity to some situations. Thus, girls consider inappropriate to a greater extent sending their own pictures in a sexy and provocative pose (stated by 30.7% of girls against 14.1% of boys), interaction with strangers (53.4% and 40.4%), mockery and harassment of other teenagers (52.3% and 46.5%) and possible deceit or fraud (40.9% against 37.4%). On the other hand, boys consider inappropriate the content regarding violence (stated by 77.8% of boys against 72.7% of girls).
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Graph 31: Situations considered inappropriate by minors (%)
Violent contents Sexual contents Mockery and bullying on other classmates or teenagers Interaction with unknown adults Being a victim of deception or fraud Harmful contents for the minors' health (anorexia, bulimia, etc.) Being a victim of a virus Sending of suggestive or sexy images of onself 0%
14.1% 49.2% 46.5% 52.3% 46.5% 40.4% 53.4% 39.0% 37.4% 40.9% 31.0% 32.3% 29.5% 25.1% 24.2% 26.1% 21.9% 30.7%
75.4% 77.8% 72.7% 72.2% 71.7% 72.7%
20% TOTAL
40% Boys
60% Girls
80%
100%
Base: minors that consider some uses to be inappropriate (n=187)
Spanish minors are aware that the incidents occurred when using the smartphone can become a problem.
Graph 32: Minors degree of awareness of the incidents as problems (%)
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 49.8% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Very much Quite Little Not at all DK/NA 21.8%
18.5% 4.5% 5.5%
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Particularly, the majority of minors consider these types of circumstances to be very or too much troublesome (21.8% and 49.8% respectively). Only 4.5% of them declare that they are not a problem. Girls are more sensitive to the seriousness of these circumstances as they perceive them as very troublesome (27.3% against 17.1% of boys). 6.3 Risks analysis
Before going in depth into the detailed analysis of each of the nine risk categories regarded in the study that will be carried out in headings 6.3.1 to 6.3.9, an overview of the ranking of the situations occurred to minors, according to their own statements, is given below. In Table 8 it is reflected the direct incidence of the different risk situations that may arise when using the smartphone, listed in descending order by level of incidence stated in 2011. In order to facilitate the comparison to previous data, the data of 2010 are included in the table. As in 2010 conclusions, the situations that happen more frequently to minors have to do with excessive use, technical risks, fraud and cases of addiction. Thus, the most stated situations are: to fall into an excessive expenditure (23.8%), to receive undesired publicity or spam (22.3%), to suffer economic damage or fraud when paying a higher amount for downloading or participating in any promotion (17.8%) and to have a sense of anxiety if the device is not near (15.8%). The remaining situations represent a very low incidence, always below 6%. When carrying out a comparison between the data of 2011 and those of 2010, a general reduction in the incidence of all the situations is observed, being the most remarkable drops those of the risks that occupy top positions: spam (reduced by 20.6 percentage points), excessive expenditure (reduced by 12.2 percentage points) and behaviour associated with economic risk and/or fraud (reduced by 11.4 points). The only situation that undergoes a slight increase is the one relating to virus infection (from 0.6% in 2010 to 2% in 2011), which may be due to the fact that the smartphone is a small personal computer and, therefore, it is subject to this kind of security incidents (it should be noted that the data of 2010 was built on mobile phone users in general, not exclusively smartphones).
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Table 8: Direct incidence on the different risk situations stated by minors. Evolution 2010 - 2011 (%)
Risk situations USE TEC ECO ADD CON PRI PRI SEX CON GRO BUL TEC SEX GRO BUL Excessive expenditure. Spam. To send a message to participate in any promotion or download a ringtone, wallpaper, application or game that at the end is more expensive than it should be. Sense of anxiety if the smartphone is not at hand. Access to pictures or videos with racist and violent content. Posting minors pictures without their consent. Minors recording and posting pictures of other persons without requesting their consent. Passive sexting (receiving pictures/videos of close persons in a sexy, provocative or inappropriate pose). Access to pictures and videos with sexual content. Reception of calls or SMS from strangers that want to meet minors. Passive cyberbullying (receiving of insulting or threatening messages or calls from other children). Virus. Active sexting (taking pictures and making videos of oneself in a sexy, provocative or inappropriate pose). Reception of pornographic or obscene contents/videos/pictures from strangers. Active cyberbullying (insults or threats to any classmate through the mobile phone).
2010 36.0% 42.9% 29.2% 15.8% 8.4% 5.0% 5.6% 8.1% 6.8% 4.0% 5.9% 0.6% 4.0% 0.6% 5.0%
2011 23.8% 22.3% 17.8% 15.8% 5.5% 4.8% 4.8% 4.3% 3.8% 3.8% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 0.8% 0.8%
Evolution
Table 9 includes the level of indirect incidence on the risk situations analysed. Indirect incidence means any incidence occurring to friends or classmates of minors environment, always taken from the statements of minors. They appear in descending order according to the data of 2011 and together with the indirect incidence stated in 2010 to facilitate the evolutionary comparison. The situations that have happened more frequently in 2011 in minors environment, according to the statements of teenagers are excessive expenditure (50.8%), sense of anxiety without the smartphone (35.5%), paying for promotions or downloads more than it should be (32.3%) and spam (30%). It is remarkable that, in this case, most values rise with regard to 2010. In general, it can be said that the direct incidence has decreased but the indirect incidence has increased, always in accordance with the statements of minors.
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Table 9: Indirect incidence of the different risk situations stated by minors. Comparison between 2011 and 2010 (%)
Risk situations USE ADD ECO TEC CON PRI BUL TEC CON PRI SEX GRO BUL SEX GRO Excessive expenditure. Sense of anxiety if the smartphone is not at hand. To send a message to participate in any promotion or download a ringtone, wallpaper, application or game that at the end is more expensive than it should be. Spam. Access to pictures and videos with sexual content. Posting minors pictures without their consent. Passive cyberbullying (receiving of insulting or threatening messages or calls from other children). Virus. Access to pictures or videos with racist and violent content. Minors recording and posting pictures of other persons without requesting their consent. Passive sexting (receiving pictures/videos of close persons in a sexy, provocative or inappropriate pose). Reception of calls or SMS from strangers that want to meet minors. Active cyberbullying (insults or threats to any classmate through the mobile phone). Active sexting (taking pictures and making videos of oneself in a sexy, provocative or inappropriate pose). Reception of pornographic or obscene contents/videos/pictures from strangers.
2010 57.5% 29.5% 36.0% 35.7% 11.8% 17.1% 12.4% 6.2% 11.8% 15.5% 11.5% 8.4% 12.7% 14.3% 3.7%
2011 50.8% 35.5% 32.3% 30.0% 27.3% 22.5% 20.5% 20.3% 19.3% 18.0% 16.5% 16.3% 16.0% 13.8% 9.3%
Evolution
In order to conclude this overview, before going to the individual analysis of each of the risks, the contrast between the direct and indirect incidence of each of the situations stated by minors in 2011 is considered. In all cases, the recognised incidence within the environment is higher than that occurring to minors themselves. (For the correct interpretation of data, the reader must take into account that the result may be slanted by the research methodology itself. For minors, recognizing risks incidence on third persons may be easier than doing it on themselves).
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Table 10: Direct vs. indirect incidence of the different risk situations stated by minors in 2011 (%)
Risk situations USE TEC ECO ADD CON PRI PRI SEX CON GRO BUL TEC SEX GRO BUL Excessive expenditure. Spam. To send a message to participate in any promotion or download a ringtone, wallpaper, application or game that at the end is more expensive than it should be. Sense of anxiety if the smartphone is not at hand. Access to pictures or videos with racist and violent content. Posting minors pictures without their consent. Minors recording and posting pictures of other persons without requesting their consent. Passive sexting (receiving pictures/videos of close persons in a sexy, provocative or inappropriate pose). Access to pictures and videos with sexual content. Reception of calls or SMS from strangers that want to meet minors. Passive cyberbullying (receiving of insulting or threatening messages or calls from other children). Virus. Active sexting (taking pictures and making videos of oneself in a sexy, provocative or inappropriate pose). Reception of pornographic or obscene contents/videos/pictures from strangers. Active cyberbullying (insults or threats to any classmate through the mobile phone).
Direct 23.8% 22.3% 17.8% 15.8% 5.5% 4.8% 4.8% 4.3% 3.8% 3.8% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 0.8% 0.8%
Indirect 50.8% 30.0% 32.3% 35.5% 19.3% 22.5% 18.0% 16.5% 27.3 % 16.3% 20.5% 20.3% 13.8% 9.3% 16.0%
Afterwards there is a monographic analysis of each of the 15 behaviours, grouped in 9 headings (one for each kind of risk), following the same schedule in each of them. First of all, there is a generic description of each of the risks and a list of the associated behaviours. For each of the behaviours the following indicators will be offered: Awareness: degree to which minors are aware of each of the behaviours or incidences. Direct incidence (on minors): degree to which each of the behaviours and incidences have happened to minors themselves. This indicator is subdivided into two, allowing the contrast between parents and childrens viewpoint. Direct incidence - Children: Has it ever happened to you? Direct incidence - Parents: Has it ever happened to your children?
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Indirect incidence (minors environment): degree to which the considered behaviours and incidences have occurred within minors environment (friends, classmates), according to minors own answers. Has it ever happened to anyone close to you (friends/classmates)? It is necessary to take into account that the particular sensitivity of some of the matters may affect minors answers (recognising that a particular situation has occurred) or parents answers (being aware that your children have experienced a particular situation). The purpose of this analysis is to offer an objective and realistic analysis of the risks incidence situation among minors that move away from possible alarmist messages and promote a higher awareness of these risks Excessive use
6.3.1
Smartphones allow minors to be connected, surf the Internet faster and in an even more comfortable way, access social networks, immediately create and publish media content, play, download several applications With such a range of functionalities, minors can make an intensive use of the potential of their smartphones which may imply a risk of excessive consumption. For the purposes of the study, the excessive use is identified with the fact of having incurred an excessive expenditure with the smartphone.
EXCESSIVE USE Excessive expenditure
Awareness The majority of minors participating in the study (82%) are aware of the risk relating to excessive expenditure. Within the gender analysis, girls, to a greater extent, declare being aware of the situations relating to higher expenditures than expected (85.2%) in comparison with boys (79.3%).
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Graph 33: Minors awareness of risks situations: excessive expenditure (%)
18.0%
82.0%
Yes
No
Direct incidence When asking parents and children about the incidence on minors of these kind of behaviours, 23.8% of minors recognise that they have sometimes made an excessive expenditure with their smartphone, a perception that is slightly higher among their parents (27.5%). Gender is not a variable affecting the incidence or not of an excessive expenditure, but minors age actually is. Thus, excessive expenditure takes place among 13.5% of minors aged from 10 to 12, turns into 22.7% among minors from 13 to 14 and reaches 31.8% among minors from 15 to 16.
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Graph 34: Direct incidence of risks situations on minors: excessive expenditure (%)
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Minors Parents 23.8% 27.5%
Base: minors (n=400) and parents (n=400)
Indirect incidence 50.8 % of surveyed minors recognise that they know their classmates or friends have experienced an excessive expenditure. More girls (57.4%) than boys (45.2%) declare this situation in their environment. The indirect incidence is declared, to a greater extent, by older children (37.8% of children aged from 10 to 12 recognise this situation, a fact that is 53.8% from 13 to 14 and rises up to 57.3% from 15 to 16). 6.3.2 Addiction
Minors who intensively use their smartphone may even develop a kind of pathological relation regarding the device and its services. Within the context of this study, the risk of dependence or addiction is associated with what have been expressed as sense of anxiety if the smartphone is not near. The phenomenon of technological addiction has been tackled from psychological and sociological perspectives. Approaching addiction from that point of view is not the aim of this study, but it is simply intended to bring readers closer to the feelings stated by minors that may constitute a sign with certain strength on the preference for smartphones.
DEPENDENCE / ADDICTION Sense of anxiety if the smartphone is not at hand.
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Awareness As shown in Graph 35, smartphone addiction (defined as sense of anxiety if the smartphone is not at hand) is known by 6 out of 10 surveyed minors. The awareness increases in proportion to minors age: among children aged from 10 to 12, 48.6% say they known this risk, while in the age range from 15 to 16 the level of awareness reaches 68.8%.
Graph 35: Awareness by minors of risks situations: sense of anxiety if the smartphone is not at hand (%)
39.5%
60.5%
Yes
No
Direct incidence The direct incidence on minors of addiction or anxiety when they do not have the smartphone near happens to 15.8% of surveyed minors. Adults view is in line with that of their children, given that 14.8% of surveyed parents state that their children have experienced this feeling. Smartphone addiction increases in proportion to teenagers age: it affects 9% of minors aged from 10 to 12, rises up to 15.2% among those aged from 13 to 14 and reaches 21% among those from 15 to 16.
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Graph 36: Direct incidence of risks situations on minors: sense of anxiety if the smatphone is not at hand (%)
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Minors Parents 15.8% 14.8%
Indirect incidence The incidence of the risk of smartphone addiction within minors environment is stated by 35.5% of surveyed teenagers; being it higher among older adolescents (the level of indirect incidence stated by minors from 15 to 16 reaches 40.1%). 6.3.3 Privacy
The right to honour, to personal and family privacy and to the own image is guaranteed by the Spanish Constitution. Furthermore, legislation on the protection of personal data recognises the special protection to personal data of children aged under 14. Mobile devices have gradually increased the audio-visual features. Thus, wider and higher resolution screens, together with a considerably data storage capacity, have promoted the generation, dissemination and publication of multimedia contents, mainly photos and videos. In this section two behaviours that may constitute a threat to the minors privacy are analysed. In the first one the minor would be a potential victim of a violation of his/her privacy, while in the second one it would be the minor, with his/her own behaviour, who promote others privacy to be attacked.
Posting images of the minor without his/her consent. The minor recording and sending images of other people without getting their consent.
PRIVACY THREATS
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Awareness The two behaviours included into the risk category of Privacy threats show a similar level of awareness among the teenagers. 51% know the risk inherent to the fact of posting their own image without their consent, while somewhat fewer (48.8%) is aware of the existence of the risk of recording and posting images of others without their consent. The awareness of both behaviours increases with age.
Graph 37: Awareness by minors of risk situations: privacy threats (%)
Posting images of the minor without his/her consent
The minor recording and sending images of other people without getting their consent
49.0% 51.0% 53.2%
46.8%
Yes
No
Yes
No
Direct incidence The direct incidence of these two behaviours threatening the privacy of minors is identical: 4.8% of the minors participating in the study acknowledge to have experienced each of the two situations. In both cases, the parents opinion tends to underestimate the incidence of these risks in the minors: 2.8% of the adults state that their childs image has been posted without their consent, and 3% say their children has recorded and posted images of others without their consent.
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Graph 38: Direct incidence of risk situation in the minors: threats to privacy (%)
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
spread of images of the minor without consent Recording and spread of other persons' images without consent
4.8%
2.8%
4.8%
3.0%
Minors
Parents
Minors find an ally in the form of the smartphone to easily and instantly share all kind of information, among which, personal or sensitive data to their privacy stand out. The analysis of the private data shared by minors through their smartphones is shown in Graph 39. Spanish teenagers have a preference for the exchange of photos (71%), videos (39%), personal data like name, address or age (35%) or information about their free time plans (43.3%). In all cases, there is a higher frequency of answer among teenagers aged 15-16. This trend to share private data results in a vulnerability position.
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Graph 39: Personal data shared by minors through their smartphone (%)
Pictures Vdeos Personal data (name, address, age, etc.) Spare time plans School data (school/high schook, timetable, etc.) Place where I am at that moment (geo location) Others None 0% 1.3% 20.8% 20% 40% 60% 10.0% 21.5% 39.0% 35.0% 34.3%
71.8%
80%
100%
Indirect incidence Also in this case, minors recognise the existence of the behaviours threatening privacy in their environment to a greater extent than what they say to have experienced themselves. 25% of the teenagers say they know friends or classmates who have posted images or videos without permission, and 18% state they have people in their environment who have recorded and sent images of other friends without their consent (compared to 4.8% of direct incidence declared in both situations). 6.3.4 Access to contents
Without any doubt, the connectivity options of the smartphones make it easier to access the Internet and a more conformable navigation, and thus the exposure of the minors to potentially harmful contents increases, whether because of being illegal (for example, child abuse websites, apologia for terrorism, etc.) or because of being information that, albeit legal, may not be appropriate for the childs age and maturity (pornographic images or with a sexual content, violence, etc.). In particular, it shall be deemed illicit contents those related to: Contents involving the glorification or justification of terrorist offences or their perpetrators, or the commission of acts tending to discredit, demean or humiliate the victims of terrorist offences (Article 574 of the Spanish Criminal Code).
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Pornographic contents in which children or disabled people have participated (Article 189 of the Spanish Criminal Code).
Contents that may result in discrimination, hatred or violence against groups for reasons of racism or anti-Semitism or on other grounds connected with ideology, religion or beliefs, family circumstances, ethnicity or race, national origins, sex, sexual orientation, illness or disability (Article 150 of the Spanish Criminal Code).
Contents that do not constitute a criminal offence, in accordance with the Spanish criminal code, but that are also deemed not suitable for the childs age and maturity, shall be deemed inappropriate. For the purposes of the study, two behaviours related to the access to inappropriate content are analysed:
ACCESS TO INAPPROPRIATE Access to photos or videos with sexual content. CONTENTS Access to photos or videos with racist or violent content.
Awareness 52% of the minors participating in this study know the risk of accessing to sexual photos or videos and, in a slightly lower proportion (45.5%), to those of a racist or violent nature.
Graph 40: Awareness by minors of risk situations: access to inappropriate contents (%)
Access to photos or videos with sexual content
Access to photos or videos with racist or violent content
48.0% 52.0% 54.5%
45.5%
Yes
No
Yes
No
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Also in this case, age determines a higher consciousness. The awareness of the existing risk in accessing to sexual contents rises from 36.9% among minors aged 10-12 to 52.3% among minors aged 15-16. In the case of racist or violent contents, it is of 31.5% among the youngest and it reaches 58.6% among the older adolescents. Direct incidence The direct incidence in the access to inappropriate content by minors is very low, in accordance with the statements of the teenagers and their parents. Thus, 3.8% of the children say they have seen photos or videos with sexual content through their smartphone, percentage that, according to the parents statements, is even lower (2.3%). By gender, it is more frequent among boys (4.6%) than among girls (2.7%) and it becomes more frequent with age (from 0.9% among children aged 10-12 until 5.7% among adolescents aged 15-16). For their part, 5.5% of the minors recognise to have accessed to photos or videos with racist or violent content (4% according to parents). In this case, no noteworthy differences by gender can be observed, but the increase of incidence declared with age does continue: 4.5% of incidence declared in children aged 10-12, as well as within the age range between 13 and 14 years old, and 7% within the age range of 15-16.
Graph 41: Direct incidence of risk situations in minors: Access to inappropriate contents (%)
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Access to pictures or videos with sexual content Access to pictures or videos with violent or racist content Minors Parents 3.8% 2.3% 5.5% 4.0%
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Indirect incidence The indirect incidence of risk situation involving access to harmful contents is again higher than the recognised by the minors themselves. In this case, 27.3% say their friends or classmates have had access to sexual contents (compared to 3.8% of declared direct incidence) and 19.3% to those related to violence or racism (in this case, the direct incidence was 5.5%). In both cases, boys state to have observed these behaviours in their environment in larger proportion than girls. 6.3.5 Grooming
Bullying or harassment with a sexually explicit or implicit purpose by an adult is called grooming. It encompasses the set of strategies an adult develops to gain the trust of the child via mobile phone in order to obtain concessions of a sexual nature. It includes actions ranging from a rapprochement using means ranging from empathy to deception and even blackmail to obtain compromising images of children and, in extreme cases, to seek a meeting in person. The risk lies in the possible physical and psychological consequences that a situation of this kind can have for a child. Two situations that may be a sign of being before a case of grooming: receiving communications in an attempt to meet the child and receiving pornographic or obscene content, in both cases from unknown adults.
Getting calls or texts from unknown adults who want to meet the child. Receiving pornographic or obscene contents/videos/photos from unknown adults.
GROOMING
Awareness When asking minors about their level of familiarity with both situations that may lead to grooming, 34.8% are aware of the possibility of getting calls or texts (SMS) from unknown adults trying to meet them and 31% know the risk of receiving pornographic or obscene contents, videos or photos from strangers. Girls say they know the first of the behaviours to a larger extent than boys (36.1% compared to 33.6%), while in the second case, boys seem to be more aware (35% of boys compared to 26.2% of girls).
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Graph 42: Awareness by minors of risk situations: grooming (%)
Getting calls or texts from unknown adults who want to meet the child
Receiving pornographic or obscene contents/videos/photos from
34.8%
31.0%
65.2%
69.0%
Yes
No
Yes
No
Indirect incidence 3.8% of the minors say that at some time they got calls or texts from unknown adults intending to meet them. Regarding their parents opinions, 1.8% of the adults say that their child has experienced that situation. This circumstance happens more often as the child grows older. Both parents and children agree on the direct incidence of the reception of pornographic or obscene contents videos or photos by children and adolescents (0.8%). Girls have received this kind of contents to a larger extent than boys (1.1% compared to 0.5%).
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Graph 43: Direct incidence of risk situations in minors: grooming (%)
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
Reception of calls or SMS from unknown adults who want to meet them Reception of pornographic or obscene contents/videos/pictures from unknown adults
3.8%
1.8%
0.8%
0.8%
Minors
Parents
For their part, a reduced 2.5% of the minors say they have received at some time inappropriate or out of context proposals (sexual, economic, etc.) via their smartphone. 0.3% of them do not give a clear answer.
Graph 44: Reception of inappropriate or unusual proposals (sexual, economic, etc.) (%)
0.3%
2.5%
97.2%
Yes
No
DK/NA
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However, the percentage doubles in the case of those teenagers that say they contact (chatting, talking, etc.) strangers through their devices (5%), taking into account that the stranger may be other children or adolescents. In this case, it is noteworthy that 9.5% do not take a stance on whether they have carried out this kind of contacts or not.
Graph 45: Contact with strangers through the smartphone (%)
9.5%
5.0%
85.5%
Yes
No
DK/NA
Regarding this behaviour, it is interesting that, from that 5% who say they chat with strangers (adults and/or children) through their smartphone, 15% even have met them in person. In interpreting this figure, it is necessary to remember that it is a reduced sample (20 minors).
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Graph 46: Personal contact with strangers (%)
15.0%
85.0%
Yes
No
Base: minors who have contacted strangers (n=20)
Indirect incidence The indirect incidence recognised by minors of situations related to grooming in their environment exceeds the direct incidence. In this sense, 16.3% of the teenagers say they know friends and classmates who have received calls or texts from strange persons intending to meet them (3.8% said they have experienced it themselves) and 9.3%, pornographic or obscene contents (the direct incidence was 0.8% in this case). The systematic difference between direct and indirect incidence may indicate a certain degree of concealment by minors on their behaviours, especially on those in respect of which there can be a greater sensitivity and are less socially valued. 6.3.6 Sexting
Sexting consists of spreading and publishing contents (mainly pictures or videos) of a sexual nature, produced by the sender, by using the mobile phone or any other technological device. The risks for the adolescents whose pictures are being spread are several and are usually interrelated: apart from the evident threat to their privacy, minors can face psychological risks and cyberbullying, even grooming (if an adult is involved) or sextortion (if there is blackmail).
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In the Gua sobre adolescencia y sexting: qu es y cmo prevenirlo 15 (Guide on adolescence and sexting: what is it and how to prevent it) the phenomenon of sexting is further detailed by providing data on its incidence, analyzing the particular vulnerability of minors, defining a legal analysis of the problems and, finally, providing advice and recommendations to adults and minors. Behaviours of active sexting (taking pictures and making videos of oneself in a sexy pose) and passive sexting (receiving pictures/videos of close persons in a sexy pose) are regarded in the study.
Active sexting (taking pictures and making videos of oneself in a sexy, provocative or inappropriate pose). Passive sexting (receiving pictures/videos of close persons in a sexy, provocative or inappropriate pose).
SEXTING
Awareness Minors are more aware of the risks associated with passive sexting than of those associated with active sexting (39% against 30.8%). Anyway, the awareness of both behaviours increases with age. 14.4% of minors from 10 to 12 recognise the existing risk in the fact of taking pictures or recording videos in provocative poses, awareness that rises up to 40.8% among minors from 15 to 16. Equally, 23.4% of minors from 10 to 12 and 52.9% of adolescents from 15 to 16 are aware of passive sexting, that is to say, receiving provocative pictures or videos of kids within their environment.
15
is
INTECO (2011). Gua sobre adolescencia y sexting: qu es y cmo prevenirlo (Guide on adolescence and sexting: what it and how to prevent it). Available at:
http://www.inteco.es/Seguridad/Observatorio/manuales_es/Guia_sexting.
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Graph 47: Awareness by minors of risk situations: sexting (%)
Active sexting
Passive sexting
30.8%
39.0%
61.0% 69.2%
Yes
No
Yes
No
Direct incidence The direct incidence of passive sexting stated by minors is higher (4.3%) than that of active sexting (1.5%). In both cases, adults perception is lower than that of their children. Active sexting, or taking provocative pictures of oneself, is carried out by girls (2.2%) more than by boys (0.9%). It is quite the opposite regarding passive sexting, or receiving sexy pictures of close persons, (5.1% of boys against 3.3% of girls). Anyway, the direct incidence of both behaviours increases with age. Thus, only 0.9% of minors aged from 10 to 12 recognise the fact of taking pictures or recording videos in provocative or sexually inappropriate poses, reaching 2.5% among minors from 15 to 16. Equally, passive sexting is recognised by 3.6% of younger minors and reaches 6.4% among older adolescents.
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Graph 48: Direct incidence of risk situations on minors: sexting (%)
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Active sexting Minors Parents Passive sexting 1.5% 0.8% 4.3% 2.0%
Indirect incidence As with other analysed behaviours, the indirect incidence recognised by minors within their environment is higher than the direct incidence. In this case, while 1.5% of minors recognise that they have practised active sexting, 13.8% of them state that they know close persons who practise it. Likewise, against 4.3% of minors stating the direct incidence on the reception of provocative pictures or videos of kids of their environment, 16.5% declare that they have heard about this type of behaviours among their friends and classmates. 6.3.7 Cyberbullying
Cyberbullying is known as the harassment between equals carried out through telematic means: Internet, mobile phone, smartphone, videogames, etc. It is about situations in which bully and victim are persons of the same or similar age and, frequently, they are classmates or belong to the same environment. Thus, threats, insults or humiliations are considered as cyberbullying, but also other situations that are less explicit and ultimately provoke a feeling of harassment in the victim: creating profiles in social networks impersonating victims and associating them with humiliating contents, tagging pictures of other persons or things with an offensive intention against the victim, etc.
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In general, it is agreed that this situation must be prolonged in order to be considered as cyberbullying. In the study, cyberbullying has been considered from both the perspective of the victim (passive cyberbullying or reception of threatening communications) and the perspective of the bully (active cyberbullying or insulting or threatening).
Passive cyberbullying (receiving of insulting or threatening messages or calls from other children) Active cyberbullying (insults or threats to any classmate through the mobile phone)
CYBERBULLYING
Awareness The practises of harassment among minors are well known by the surveyed teenagers, both from the passive and active point of view. Thus, 46% of them declare that they are aware of the risk associated with the reception of insulting or threatening messages or calls from other minors and 43% are aware of the practise of cyberbullying from its active aspect.
Graph 49: Awareness by minors of risk situations: cyberbullying (%)
Passive ciberbullying
Active ciberbullying
46.0% 54.0% 57.0%
43.0%
Yes
No
Yes
No
In both cases, the level of awareness is higher for boys than for girls. 50.7% of surveyed boys are aware of passive cyberbullying, against 40.4% of girls. Likewise, active cyberbullying is a conduct with a higher level of awareness for boys (46.1%) than for girls (39.3%).
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In line with other behaviours, the awareness degree of these forms of harassment increases with age. Direct incidence The direct incidence of the harassment behaviours stated among minors is very low. Only 2.5% of minors admit that they have been harassed through the smartphone by other minors and even lower, (0.8%) is the percentage of teenagers that recognise that they have, in an active way, insulted or threatened through their mobile phones. In both cases, parents viewpoint on the level of incidence of passive and active cyberbullying is lower, 0.5% and 0.3% respectively.
Graph 50: Direct incidence of risk situations on minors: cyberbullying (%)
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Passive cyberbullying Minors Parents Active cyberbullying 2.5% 0.5% 0.8% 0.3%
Indirect incidence It is remarkable the high difference between the levels of direct and indirect incidence in the cases of cyberbullying. Thus, in comparison with 0.8% of minors who admit insulting and threatening other minors close to them through their smartphone. 16% assure that they know a friend or classmate who have done so. In the passive aspect, 2.5% state that they have been harassed, which contrast with 20.5% of minors that assure that they have friends or know persons within their environment that have experienced this practice.
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6.3.8
Economic risks and/or fraud
The incidence of fraud is quite related to the use of technological devices. Thus, there are frequent promotions to download songs, wallpapers or other applications by sending SMS that, in the end, entail an economic damage higher than originally expected. The following behaviour is considered.
ECONOMIC RISK AND/OR FRAUD To send a message to participate in any promotion or download a ringtone, wallpaper, application or game that at the end is more expensive than it should be.
Awareness 58% of minors are aware of the risk of fraud through the smartphone. The awareness is most widespread among boys (60.4%) than among girls (55.2%) and it is increased with age: among minors from 10 to 12, 46.8% are aware of this situation, a percentage that rises up to 53.8% among minors from 13 to 14 and increases up to 69.4% among those from 15 to 16.
Graph 51: Awareness by minors of risk situations: risk of fraud (%)
42.0%
58.0%
Yes
No
Direct incidence 17.8% of minors say that they have suffered economic damage with their smartphone. The direct incidence in this type of risk is connected with minors age: it stands at 13.5%
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among minors aged from 10 to 12, it remains stable among those from 13 to 14 (12.9%) and it is doubled from 15 years old onwards (24.8%). Regarding parents awareness of the direct incidence of the economic risk and/or fraud, there is a change in relation to the tendency observed in the other risk behaviours. In this case, adults perception is that their children have been the victims of fraud through the smartphone to a greater extent than what minors declare.
Graph 52: Direct incidence of risk situations on minors: risk of fraud (%)
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Minors Parents 17.8% 22.3%
Indirect incidence As customary when analysing the other risk behaviours, the incidence stated by minors of this situation in their environment (32.3%) is higher than that directly experienced (17.8%). The indirect incidence of economic risk and/or fraud behaviours increases in proportion to the age of smartphone users. 24.3% of minors from 10 to 12 know someone within their environment that has been the victim of these conducts. This percentage is 33.3% among minors from 13 to 14 and 36.9% among adolescents from 15 to 16. 6.3.9 Technical risks
Smartphones show similar characteristics which make them profitable objectives for cybercriminals: their use is widespread, as we have already seen, and increasing; furthermore, their high capacity allow them to store personal and confidential information and they are used (or have the ability) to perform nearly all types of online transactions.
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It is true that there are nearly no signs of malware for mobiles yet, in comparison with PCs 16 , although a progressive increase in the emergence of malicious code for smartphones is expected. The behaviours associated with this risk that are analysed in the study are:
TECHNICAL RISKS Virus Spam
Awareness 45.5% of minors are aware that smartphones can become infected with viruses, awareness that is higher among boys (47.9%) than among girls (42.6%) and that increases with age (32.4% among minors aged from 10 to 12 against 55.4% in the age group from 15 to 16).
Graph 53: Awareness by minors of risk situations: technical risks (%)
Virus
Spam
45.5% 54.5%
43.0% 57.0%
Yes
No
Yes
No
The existing awareness of the risk of spam is even higher. 57% of minors are aware of this circumstance, more frequently among boys (61.3%) than among girls (51.9%).
There are 80 million malware known for PC, in contrast to 600 for smartphones. Existen 60 millones de programas maliciosos conocidos para PC, en contraposicin a 600 para smartphones. Consejo Nacional Consultivo de CyberSeguridad (CNCCS). Malware en smartphones. Disponible en:
16
http://www.s21sec.com/descargas/Malware_Smartphones_CNCCS%20.pdf.
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Direct incidence In case of technical risks, the perception of parents and their children regarding the direct incidence of these situations on minors is similar. 2% of minors and 2.3% of adults admit that minors smartphones have been infected with viruses. Regarding spam, the direct incidence is 22.3%, according to children statements, which coincides with the 22% stated by parents. Spam direct incidence increases in proportion to minors age. Thus, among minors aged from 10 to 12 it is 17.1% and it is remarkably increased within the age range from 15 to 16 (28.7%).
Graph 54: Direct incidence of risk situations on minors: technical risks (%)
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Virus Menores Padres, madres Spam 2.0% 2.3% 22.3% 22.0%
Indirect incidence 20.3% of minors declare that they know someone within their environment that have experienced any virus infection (which contrasts with 2% that recognise they have experienced it in a direct way). For its part, 30% of teenagers know cases of spam within their environment. In both cases, the indirect incidence is, once more, higher than the direct incidence. 6.4 Minors reaction to risks incidence
In order to progress while analysing the impact of risks situations experienced by minors, they were asked how they felt. The most spontaneously stated responses include words
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such as worried, scared, deceived, annoyed, etc. In order to show these reactions, a tags cloud has been used, in which the size is bigger for those responses that are more common.
Illustration 2: Minors reactions to risk incidences on the use of smartphones.
Base: minors that have experienced any risk situation (n=201)
The first highlighted tag is It didnt affect me the situation experienced. Against this indifference, there are other remarkable reactions such as feeling deceived, annoyed, worried, scared, etc. It is as well interesting minors answering that they were punished by their parents. The gender analysis points out some differences in the reactions. Among boys, the most frequent reactions were indifference, worry, feeling annoyed and deceived. Among girls, the most frequent reaction was feeling deceived, punished by their parents and annoyed. This analysis must lead to reflection regarding parents role on their children education on the use of smartphones. Firstly, it is deemed advisable to foster a climate of trust and protection that allow children and adolescents to talk to adults about the inappropriate situations they may face and to turn to them if necessary. Secondly, it is advisable to implement measures and habits on security within the family in order to prevent or minimise the impacts of risk situations. Security habits implemented by parents and children when using smartphones are further detailed in the following chapters. A series of guidelines, for adults as well as for minors, for the use of smartphones to be more responsible, secure and with confidence is also provided.
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SAFETY IN THE USE OF THE SMARTPHONES
This section describes the aspects related to the safety in the use of the smartphone: the application of rules on the use, the perception of children and adults before the imposition of limitations and the general confidence perceived by both towards the smartphone. On the basis of the interest or worry shown by parents about the relation between children and their smartphones, the most immediate and logical measure to be adopted by the parents is the monitoring and supervision of their children while using the smartphone. Do the teenagers consider this monitoring as positive for them? As the Graph 55 shows, the opinions differ. Likewise, just over the half (50.8%) think that it would be good for them that their parents control them while they use the smartphones. This positive point of view is shared mainly among children aged 10 to 12 (66.7%) more than among those older (53.8% of children aged 13 and 14 and 36.9% of those aged 15 and 16).
Graph 55: Consideration of the parental monitoring/supervision as positive by minors: totals and as per age (%)
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50.8% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% TOTAL Aged 10 - 12 Aged 13 - 14 Aged 15 - 16 36.9% 66.7% 53.8%
Source: INTECO + Orange + Orange
7.1 Existence of objective conditions for the use of the smartphone and the computer In order to identify the extent to which the Spanish children are subject to conditions when they use the smartphone and the computer, parents and children were asked about the existence of specific rules at home, in the basis of some suggested questions. As the graph bellow shows, in general, children seem to know and understand the rules on the
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use established within the family, since the answers provided by adults and children are very similar. Most of the limits usually imposed by Spanish families are those regarding expenditures: 74% of parents (75.3% in the case of children) affirm that they have restricted the consumption. The second most common measure is the ban of the use of the smartphone in class, as 71.3% of parents and 71% of children affirm. Another limit imposed by parents to their children in the use of the smartphone is time (54.5% of parents and 55.5% of children) and what they can do or see with their device (47.8% and 51.3% respectively). Regarding the restrictions in the use of the computer, parents limit the time teenagers spend in front of the PC (60% of parents and 61.8% of children's opinion), as well as the use (55% of parents and 55.3% of children). According to the gender of children, girls affirm to be more limited as for what they do or see with their computers (59.6% of girl versus 51.6% of boys). In general, answers from parents and children are very similar, with a slightly higher percentage in the case of the last ones. In all the cases, restrictions are more usual in the youngest children and begin to decline as they grow up, what can be due to the independence they try to find to carry out their activities.
Graph 56: Existence of limits when children use the smartphone and the computer (%)
Smartphone: expenditure limit
74.0% 75.3% 71.3% 71.0% 60.0% 61.8% 55.0% 55.3% 54.5%
Smartphone: ban of use in class
Computer: time of use limit Computer: use limit (what to do or what to see) Smartphone: time of use limit Smartphone: use limit (what to do or what to see)
0% 20% 40%
55.5% 47.8% 51.3%

60% 80% 100%
Parents
Children
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Regarding the above, the manner in which the parental monitoring and supervision is effectively carried out is exhaustively examined. Is it a control based on establishing conditions or on the use of tools? 63.8% of parents and 63.6% of children affirm that the monitoring methods involve exclusively rules on the use, but not specific tools. In the case of children, boys state more this circumstance (68.1%), than girls (59.1%). On the other hand, 20.3% of adults and 18.6% of children affirm they use a program to monitor the access of children to the smartphone. The frequency of these methods differs depending on the age, reaching the maximum at the ages of 13-14 (22%) and the minimum among adolescents of 15-16 (14.1%). The monitoring of the surfing history of the smartphone is the less confirmed method by parents (15.1%) and children (17.7%). By gender, girls feel to be more controlled (21.7%) than boys (13.8%).
Graph 57: Monitoring methods (%)
Rules are imposed but there is no use of tools
63.8% 63.6%
Use of a program which blocks the access
20.3% 18.6%
15.1%
watch of browsing history

17.7%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Parents
Children
Base: minors (n=231) and parents (n=232) with limits in the use
7.2
Perception before the imposition of limitations
Parents are favourably inclined towards establishing limits concerning the use of the smartphone by their children as a way to increase the security against risk situations. When parents were asked if they would like to restrict the use of the smartphones by their children, they expressed agreement in their replies, as the following graph shows.
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The conditions that parents were interested in the most were those regarding the inappropriate contents (68.8%) and the access to certain services (47.5%), followed by those referred to the expenditures (40.5%) and to time (38.3%). 20.3% stated that they consider necessary the limited use of the device.
Graph 58: Parent's opinion about the limited use of the smartphone by the minors (%)
Yes, I would like to be able to limitate the access to inappropriate contents
68.8%
Yes, I would like to be able to limitate the access to certain services
47.5%
Yes, I would like to limitate an eventual expenditure
40.5%
Yes, I would like to limitate the time of use
38.3%
No, I do not think it is necessary
20.3%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Source: INTECO + Orange + Orange
Minors, before a possible paternal monitoring of the smartphone use, mainly incline towards a limitation of expenditures (40.8% affirm that they prefer this measure), more than towards limits that affect contents they access to (29.8%), the services they use (16.3%) or the time they spend (12.5%).
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Graph 59: Control methods preferred by minors (%)
Expenditure limit
40.8%
Limit of the contents you can access
29.8%
Services limit
16.3%
Time of use limit
12.5%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Whatever the object of the constraint by the parents may be, most of children (70.2%) consider that this must consist exclusively in the imposition of the rules on use. Otherwise, 29% of minors agree that their parents use some tool or application which enables the automatic monitoring of the smartphone use.
Graph 60: Imposition of rules versus use of tools, preference of the minor (%)
0.8%
29.0%
70.2%
My parents should automatically limitate the use with a tool My parents should only impose certain rules DK/NA
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Delving into the contents that should be subject to limits, children and adolescents indicate violence (74.8%) and sex (66.5%). To a lesser extent, minors consider necessary to limit contents which damage their health, as those related to eating disorders (37.5%). 12.8% of teenagers think that there is no need to limit the contents they have access to, being the girls who claim more independence (13.7%). Boys suggest more often the limitation of violent contents (79.3%) than girls (69.4%). Otherwise, the last ones are more aware of the contents relating to sex and health and show higher preference than them for constraints to that effect.
Graph 61: Contents that should be limited according to minors, totals and by gender (%)
Violence
74.8% 79.3% 69.4% 66.5% 65.0% 68.3% 37.5% 36.4% 38.8% 4.3% 5.5% 2.7% 12.8% 12.0% 13.7% 0% 20% Boys 40% 60% Girls 80% 100%
Sex Harmful contents for the minors' health (anorexia, bulimia, etc.) Others
None
TOTAL
After contrasting the answers given per ages, the preference for the constraint of contents tends to decline as the minor grows up.
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Graph 62: Contents that should be limited according to minors, totals and by gender (%)
82.0% Violence 71.2% 72.6% 75.7% 68.2% 58.6% Harmful contents for the minors' health (anorexia, bulimia, etc.) 6.3% 1.5% 5.1% 5.4% None 14.4% 16.6% 0% Aged 10 - 12 20% Aged 13 - 14 40% 60% Aged 15 to 16 80% 100% 39.6% 37.9% 35.7%
Sex
Others
Thus, between 10 and 12 years old, boys assign the highest frequencies to the limitation of violent (82%), sexual (75.7%) and harmful (39.6%) contents. Between 13 and 14 years old, the values are lower in all cases (71.2%, 68.2% and 37.9% respectively). Boys aged 15 and 16 are more reluctant to limit contents as sex and damage to health (58.6% y 35.7%, respectively) and, however, are in favour of limiting contents related to violence. The possible reactions of children to limitations or control, according to their own declarations, are analyzed below. 42.8% of minors say that they do not mind, while 25% would feel protected. This feeling of protection is more experienced by girls (30.1%) and children between 10 and 12 years old (36%), although it declines progressively with age. 20.8% of minors confess that the imposition of limits would make them feel controlled and 10% consider they would feel awkward. Both feelings increase with age. For example, the feeling of being watched increases from 12.6% among minors from 10 to 12 years old to 26.8% among those aged 15 and 16.
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Graph 63: Reaction of minors to limits and control (%)
I would not care
42.8%
Protected
25.0%
Watched
20.8%
Uncomfortable
10.0%
Others
1.0%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
What do the parents expect from mobile phone operators regarding the monitoring and supervision of children? What they usually expect is that operators are who limit the access of minors to unsuitable contents, as 48.8% of parents indicate. To a lesser extent but according to the above, other actions to be carried out by operators should be, according to parents, to send messages to parents when their children access to unsuitable contents (10%), to limit the entry of harmful elements (8.8%) and to provide the conditions that enable the parents to block such contents (8.5%).
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Graph 64: Parents requests to operators to feel safe while minors use their smartphone (%)
That they limitate the access to contents That they send messages to the parents in case Restriction of harmful elements entry Pareents being able to block accesses Restrict Internet surfing time That it is cheaper That they limitate the access to certain services That they provide a better information about Others Nothing DK/NA 10.0% 8.8% 8.5% 6.0% 5.5% 3.5% 2.3% 5.5% 7.3% 3.3%
48.5%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
7.3
Confidence and protection
In general, parents feel safe regarding the use of the smartphone by their children. 41.5% of parents trust completely that their children are protected when they use the phone and 43.3% consider they trust to a certain extent. Only 8.5% say they are not confident. Although fathers and mothers show a similar confidence level in general, a higher number of mothers feel a complete safety (45.4% in the case of women and 38.2% of men).
Graph 65: Feeling of security of parents regarding the use of the smartphone by their children (%)
8.5%
6.8%
41.5%
43.2%
Yes, I totally trust it
Yes, I only trust it a little
I do not trust it, I am worried
DK/NA
Base: fathers and mothers (n=400)
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According to the above, almost 8 out of 10 parents consider that their children have enough information to safely use the smartphone. This perception is related to the age of the minor. Such opinion is supported by 68.5% of parents with children aged 10 to 12, increasing up to 79.5% in the case of parents with children aged 13 and 14 and reaching 84.7% in parents with children aged 15 and 16.
Graph 66: Assessment of the information level of the minor considered as sufficient for the safe use of the smartphone, according to parents (%)
1.7%
19.8%
78.5%
Yes
No
DK/NA
To ensure their children's security while they use the smartphone, adults assess who may be the responsible for promoting the safety culture and the e-trust and of providing the required information. Parents admit their role as main responsible of the media education of their children (affirmed by 79.5%). Additionally, telecommunication operators (51.5%) and the school (38.5%) should also provide information on the safety while using smartphones, according to parents. Public Administrations (27%) and terminals manufacturers (26.5%) are mentioned to a lesser extent.
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Graph 67: Main responsible of informing on the safety of the use smartphones, according to parents (%)
Family
79.5%
Telecommunications operators
51.5%
School
38.5%
Mobile services suppliers
33.0%
Administration
27.0%
Devices manufacturers
26.5% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
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CONCLUSIONS
Smartphones among adults Spain is one of the countries where there is an increasing preference for the use of technologically developed devices. In general, adults use their mobile phones for calls, missed calls and text messages and also, although to a lesser extent, for applications and functionalities requiring Internet connection. However, smartphones seem to be technology inviting to connect to the Internet, what would explain that those who have these devices use more all the analyzed services. Men use them more than women. For adults, the offer of applications is the main reason to purchase a smartphone and through them, they browse for contents related to free time, checking the e-mail or the social networks profile. Smartphones among minors Spanish minors have their first mobile phone when they are between 10 and 12 years old (the average age is 11.2), while in the case of the smartphone, the average age is 13. If the tendency in the case of the entry of mobile telephones in the market shows that children use them at increasingly early ages, in the case of the smartphone, this analysis show the relative innovation of the smartphones in the market. Thus, it is usual that polled teenagers declare that they had their first smartphone at approximately the same age as the current one. Like adults, boys and girls choose the device depending on its applications, though they are influenced by trends or friends too. Minors use more the smartphone than their parents, regarding general services (voice and missed calls or sending of texts messages) and specifically "advanced" services (accessing social networks, chatting and messaging, web surfing, etc.) In general, parents know these practices although they tend to underestimate the use of certain services by teenagers, especially those involving the access to the Internet. Likewise, there is a gap in those services related to creation and diffusion of contents. Current terminals have high-resolution cameras and high audiovisual possibilities which are used by kids to take images or record videos and also to send or upload them to the Internet. This habit may pose a threat to privacy since these images may content personal data of minors (they are identified) and, once sent, data are uncontrolled.
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Comparing the current data with those from 2010, a relevant increase of services based on the Net is confirmed and there is only a drop in missed calls and in pictures taking. The mobile phone, traditionally a private use device, seems to broaden its spectrum of functionalities which enable the interaction with other users. Generally, children and adolescents use their smartphone alone (more girls than boys); though as they grow up, start meeting friends in order to take pictures and sharing comments in social networks. Applications raise interest and enthusiasm among teenagers, above all those aimed at entertainment (games, music, videos, movies, TV, etc.), social networks (Facebook, Twitter, Tuenti, Google+, etc.) and communication (Messenger, Whatsapp, Skype, etc.). Boys use these applications more than girls, except for mailing apps. (Hotmail, Gmail, Yahoo, etc.). There is no doubt that social networks are one of the favourite communication ways in this society, fact which minors are aware of. The preferred activities are talking to friends and commenting their posts. On the whole, the access to social networks in Spain should be limited to users aged 14 or more and it is usual to observe a higher use from that age. However, from 10 years old, children are creating and using profiles in these networks, as they state. Parents usually accept the payment of the consumption using pre-paid packages the most, what assures that the minor's expenditures will not exceed a specific amount of money. As children grow up, their parents request them to assume the payment of the service. Smartphones offer complete mobility, which boys and girls take advantage of in order to chat, look up information at the Net, etc., while they move or attend to leisure areas. At the same time, the moments they have more free time (weekends, holidays) coincide with the higher use, without forgetting that they are digital citizens so this activity is becoming more usual. Risks using smartphones Smartphones are devices including advanced functionalities and connectivity options so the use among minors from 10 to 16 years old, enthusiastic of the CIT, is expanding. Spanish parents worry about the use of these technologies by their children and show a similar awareness regarding the use of the PC. This may be due to the increasing knowledge of parents of these technologies and to the convergence of situations, uses and risks while using the computer and the smartphone. Undoubtedly, parents feel that main risks for boys, girls and adolescents when they use the smartphone are related to the Internet, as the possible access to inappropriate
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contents for minors (sex, violence) or the contact with unknown people. Other worries are the excessive expenditure, the addictive behaviours or the possible influence of the smartphone use on the school performance. To take maximum advantage of these devices, a deep knowledge of the risks is required in order to prevent and control them. This study has established 9 risk categories with their linked behaviours, carrying out a thorough analysis of the awareness level, direct (to the minor) or indirect (of the minors environment) incidence of each one of them. The risks analyzed are: Excessive use. Addiction. Threats to privacy. Access to unsuitable contents. Grooming. Sexting. Cyberbullying. Economic risk or fraud. Technical risks.
Children and adolescents who have a smartphone for their private use know in general the different risks and their behaviours. The excessive expenditure, the spam, the fraud and the telephone dependency are the most usual situations happened to minors in 2011. The answers of boys and girls in 2010 were similar (considering that data from 2010 were based on traditional mobile phone users), but it is positive to check that there has been a general reduction of the direct incidence of these behaviours. Only the viral infection is slightly higher presently than that stated in 2010, although this last year specific malware has appeared for these terminals. For their part, parents show to be aware of the risks incidence occurred to their children, though in general there is less knowledge than that expressed by their children. This difference highlights the importance of the adults involvement in the learning and coexistence with new technologies in their families, bringing up minors in responsibility but not in constraints to benefit a trust atmosphere at home enabling minor to have adults or their parents as a reference in case of an incidence.
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It may be considered that minors identify others problematic situations easier than theirs and thus they state that risk situations arise in their environment more than in themselves. This should lead to reflection regarding the parents role in their childrens education using the smartphones. Firstly, it is advisable to enhance a trust and protection atmosphere enabling children to talk to their parents about inappropriate situations that may appear when they use their telephones and contact them if required. Secondly, the application of safety habits and measures within the family enables to prevent or minimize impacts arisen from these risk situations. Safety in the use of smartphones Children need to learn how to use the smartphone safely. Their opinion about the paternal monitoring or supervision is generally positive, above all among the youngest. In Spanish families there are rules on the use or limits established which seem to be known and understood by teenagers, related to the monthly expenditure limit, the ban of the use in class, the time of use or what they can do or see. In any case, the mobile phone seems to appear in all the families as a tool which provides trust and protection to parents enabling them to contact their children at any time. Moreover, most of them think that the information provided is enough in order to enable the minor to use the smartphone safely. Lastly, adults admit to be the main responsible for informing about the safe ways of use of the smartphone, leaning on operators, schools, Public Administrations and terminals manufacturers.
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ADVICE FOR PARENTS, LEGAL GUARDIANS AND EDUCATORS
Parents know their role as the main responsible persons for their childrens education in new technologies. Children and adolescents show their preference by the smartphone, which allows them to communicate with other people, to use applications of various types and to connect to the Net. Parents also know the device functions and they admit to feel safer with it, since they can contact the minor at all times. The use of new technologies is exposed to a series of risks. The smartphone is a small computer with different connectivity options, and those threats to the minor, which are specific to such mobile phones, must therefore be taken into account, together with those related to the use of the Internet. In the report there is exhaustive information about the main risks and associated behaviours, the awareness of such situations conveying a risk and its impact (both on the teenagers and on their environment). In this analysis, the parents and childrens perception is not always the same. Besides, on a general basis, minors tend to recognize others difficult situations prior to their own. Hence, the parents work lies on the reinforcement of their knowledge and the creation of a climate of trust with their children, in which safety must be a team task. Adults must be ready to listen, support and help their children in case of an incident. However, they are not managing this task alone. You can see below certain guidelines and tools for parents (and by extension, for educators) to supervise the children and adolescents use of their smartphones. These pieces of advice are only by way of guidance, and they must be considered as a starting point to build specific rules for the smartphone use, being adapted to every situation (home, school) and for the minors development. 9.1 Advice for the device purchase
The first thing for the parents to objectively consider is the suitability to buy or provide their children with a smartphone, regarding criteria such as the childs need to have this device, the childs maturity, the knowledge of the risks linked to the phone use, measures to fight the risks in case of incident, etc. As previously stated, the average age of accessing the first smartphone is 13 years old (11.2 years old for the first mobile phone). However, this is just a guideline for the parents, since the decision is recommended to be based on an objective assessment of the fact.
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When deciding about which device to buy, it is important to consider the applications provided by each operating system. In the same way as parents look into the functionalities preferred by the children, they also need to be informed about the parental control and the blocking options, the monitoring of the smartphone resources use, safety, etc. All of which will be useful for them to supervise the minors use of it. 9.2 Establishing rules for the smartphone use
The establishment of rules or guidelines for the smartphone use agreed by parents and children is an excellent measure to limit the minors use and the parents actions regarding such use. These rules can be traditionally commented and revised by the family in order to adapt them to eventual technology advances, as well as to the minors own development. These rules must take into account the following aspects: Places where the smartphone is used, priority given to the house common areas compared to the bedrooms. Time of use of the smartphone. Smartphone uses and services (such as music, games, camera, internet access, applications, etc.). Monthly expenditure limit on the minors smartphone use. Adults may be informed about the use rates, mechanisms and download processes, virtual credits, surcharge if the contracted data fee is exceeded, etc. When establishing these rules, the adults are getting involved in their childrens digital life. Apart from these guidelines, it is recommended to avoid the ban as a reaction to the occurrence of any of the risks situations. Teaching responsibility is more important. Advice related to risk situations
9.3
The guidelines below are stated to guide the adults in the establishment of habits, measures and tools within the home environment, which may therefore avoid, minimize and fight to the maximum extent possible eventual security incidents related to the minors use of phones and smart devices. Excessive use Talk to the minors about the time spent using their smartphone and set up a daily or weekly limit.
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Addiction Keep an eye on the minors behaviour, and in the event of tiredness symptoms or dependent conducts (nervousness, irritability, isolation), take action so the minors may rest or carry out any other kind of activities. Access to inappropriate contents Show interest in the minors preferred contents and those which make them feel uncomfortable. Agree with them all the contents to which they can and cannot access, and try to make them be aware of what is harmful in them. As a result, the minors will feel responsible for their own wellness.
Threats to the minors privacy Try to avoid the storage of sensitive data in the minors smartphone, especially, images and videos providing others the identification of those appearing on them. Highlight the risks when sharing information with friends or third parties, either oneselfs (the minors) or other minors one. The main message to be expressed to the minors is that when you send information through your smartphone you lose control of it and its destination. Think before publishing. Check all the permission requirements of a download with your children, always considering the permissions granted (memory card access, Internet connection, data exchange, etc.) The loss or theft of the smartphone (if not protected) is a relatively common incident and it can reveal the minors sensitive data to a third party. Parents may use applications to help locate their childrens device and to encrypt the sensitive data or delete the information contained remotely, in order to prevent third parties non-authorized access. Cyberbullying Make the children become aware of the impact of those behaviours linked to the cyberbullying, both active and passive, and watch on the minors eventual behaviour changes which may indicate a harassment situation (annoyance, irritability, discouragement, etc.). Parents are the closest point of reference to the minors, and that is why adults must encourage their trust in them so the children turn to them in the event of any harmful incident.
Grooming
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Highlight the risks of contacting strangers through the smartphones. Explain to your children the importance of adding just friends in the smartphone services and applications of instant messaging. In case of a physical meeting, the minor should always go with an adult.
Sexting Explain to your children the impact of sending suggestive pictures and videos with sexual content, taken or recorded by the protagonist, what is also known as sexting. Parents may talk to their children about the eventual risks and consequences of such practices, while giving them enough confidence so they turn to them every time they are in such situations when using smartphones. Sexting may also be avoided by other actions, such as assuming the payment of the smartphone bill or the supervision of the minors use of those devices having a camera as one of its features. Economic risks and/or fraud Pay attention to an unexpected increase in the minor`s smartphone bill, and make use of the features and/or applications which warn you, or lock out the use of the device if the fixed limit is exceeded. Swindle when downloading applications or contents can be avoided by configuring a password necessary to administrate the smartphone resources. Such password must not be revealed to the minors, and must be kept out of their sight. Technical Risks The family should promote the application of the same safety measures and habits with the smartphone as those used with the personal computer: such as keeping the device updated, installation of an antivirus, use of the password or PIN, activation of the automatic lock out once the device is not in use for a while, making security copies, etc. Talk to the teenagers about the importance of deactivating Bluetooth connectivity features, Infrared, Wi-Fi, GPS and 3G/GPRS when they are not in use. Explain to the children that public Wi-Fi connections are less safe for the Internet connection, since malicious persons might contact them or they could fall victim to hackers, and their privacy might be compromised. Know the phone IMEI code (International Mobile Equipment Identity). This number is obtained by dialling *#06# in the device. It is unique for each phone and it allows the operators to take action over it and deactivate it in case the user requests so.
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This action is recommendable in the event the minor loses o mislays the smartphone. Use of parental control functionalities: most of the mobile operating systems have tools for parents, which restrict and/or block the access to contents, to applications downloads, the use of the browser, video playback, device geo location, use of the camera, etc. Such functionalities may also be obtained through specific applications. If the smartphone does not have any of the previous, it is recommended at least the installation of certain applications which enable the knowledge of the use made of the smartphone. Supervision of the applications or files downloaded by minors in the device, as they may contain malware. It is recommendable to give preference to official applications or those coming from trusted sources. Check all the permission requirements encountered when downloading anything with your children, always considering the permissions granted (memory card access, Internet connection, data exchange, etc.). Help your children to safely delete all the information stored in the device when it is discarded or replaced.
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10
ADVICE FOR MINORS
You can see below a series of advice and guidelines addressed to boys, girls and adolescents in order to help them make a safer use of their smartphone: There are solutions given to avoid and/or fight the different risky behaviours studied along the study. Excessive Use Your family is your first reference. Tell your parents how you use your smartphone and your preferences. It is important to establish certain rules of the smartphone use with them, especially about the places, how long you can use the device, what you can do or see and the monthly limit that you have. In this way, both your parents and you will know your limits.
Addiction If you feel worried, annoyed or irritated, then you need to stop using the smartphone and rest. Access to inappropriate contents The moment certain services turn out to be shocking due to its violence or its sexual content, comment it with an adult. Inform them about your preferences so that they can help you choose the applications and contents you can enjoy without feeling uncomfortable.
Threats to the minors privacy All the information you save and/or transfer in your smartphone may end up on the Internet. This implies that you lose control of your information. It would be better to think about the importance of keeping your data in private. Do not store sensitive information in your smartphone. You should be careful with your data when using applications and internet services, especially those images or videos you share. Try to think it twice before you send a picture or video from your smartphone, as once they are uploaded, they are out of your control. They may fall into the hands of unwanted persons, and the consequences may be worse than expected. You must do nothing you do not want to do.
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If the pictures or videos belong to somebody else, such as classmates or friends, always think about them first, as these images may embarrass or compromise them. Both in life and on the Internet, it is always better to treat the others as you would like to be treated.
When using social networks, you should be particularly careful with the information shared, either yours or other persons, since the eventual effects are multiplied. In such networks, you should set up your profile, privacy policy and terms of use with your parents or educators. Whenever you use web services with password, always close your session properly. Hence, you will prevent your data (user and password details) from being shown in your browsing history and others from accessing to them.
Cyberbullying The smartphone can be a quick and uncensored means of communication, and there can be found threats, offenses, false rumours, etc. Do not use your smart device to bother or insult others. Treat the others as you would like to be treated. If you receive messages in which other classmates are mocked or harassed, do not forward them or make comments about them. If you feel harassed by anyone, talk to an adult. Inform about anything strange or anything that may be bothering you while using your smartphone.
Grooming If you receive messages or calls from strangers, avoid answering. Meeting strangers may have unpleasant consequences. Think about the way you make friends, since they normally are from your school, your sport team, etc. Do you need to meet new people? Always go with an adult. You may occasionally receive obscene or offensive messages on your smartphone. Save it and show it to your parents, as they will know what to do.
Sexting Do not promote or contribute to sexting. The best solution to avoid situations which may make you feel ashamed is by not having sexy or suggestive pictures or videos of yourself in your smartphone. Likewise, do not forward messages containing this kind of images from other persons.
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Economic risks and/or fraud An adult should always be with you when making purchases through your smartphone. Pay a special attention when downloading applications and Internet services in your smartphone. Check the exact price of the download and ask your parents in case there is anything you do not understand about the process. In the same way, if you receive messages inviting you to click on a link, make a previous check to confirm it is trustful and never give your bank details. Technical risks Choose the security configuration of your smartphone with your parents. That is, automatic lockout, pattern or encrypted information. Keep the device software up-to-date, as well as the available applications in the virtual shops or markets of the different operating systems. Generally, it is the device that makes this task easier by advising you of the available updates to be installed in the device. Make traditional security copies of the information contained in your smartphone or ask for help to carry out this process. Only you and your parents must know your phone PIN number. Do not write it and save it in the device nor keep it among your personal belongings (wallets, backpacks, etc.) Pay a special attention to the viruses. Do not download applications or contents on your own, but with an adult. In case you carry out this task by yourself, always choose trustful sources and official applications, as the risk of infection from malware will be reduced. Pay attention to the permissions requested. Be extremely cautious. Be careful when you connect the smartphone to your personal computer or tablet, etc. While the devices are scanned, they can be infected by viruses. This also happens when you connect your phone memory card to other devices or equipments. You should keep bluetooth connections, Wi-Fi, 3G/GPRS deactivated if you are not using them. Set your bluetooth to be hidden and lock the access with a password. If you receive connection offers from strangers devices, just ignore them. Thanks to this, you will avoid unwanted content transfers.
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Be really cautious while using public Wi-Fi networks, since others may have access to your phone. Besides, the battery life will be longer.
Whenever you do not use your phone GPS, disable it so others will not know your location. In case of loss or theft of your phone, tell your parents immediately and they will contact the mobile phone operator to block the SIM card. In order to do this, you will need your IMEI code.
Delete all the information contained in your device when it is not going to be in use anymore. Distrust of any messages or calls offering services not requested by you.
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APENDIX I: BIBLIOGRAPHY
AVG (2011). AVG Digital Skills Study. Available http://avg.typepad.com/files/avg-digital-skills-study-full-briefing.pdf at:
European Commission (2011). Opinion 13/2011 on Geolocation services on smart mobile device. http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/article29/documentation/opinion-recommendation/files/2011/wp185_en.pdf
comScore (2011). The 2010 Europe Digital Year in Review. http://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Presentations_Whitepapers/2011/2010_ Europe_Digital_Year_in_Review comScore (2011). The comScore 2010 Mobile Year in Review.
http://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Presentations_Whitepapers/2011/2010_ Mobile_Year_in_Review Conecta Research & Consulting y Nokia (2010). 6 Observatorio de tendencias Nokia. Los jvenes, los mviles y la tecnologa. http://www.conectarc.com/Articulos%20y%20Estudios/Highlights%206%BA%20O bservatorio%20Final.pdf . Conecta Research & Consulting y Nokia (2011). 7 Observatorio de tendencias Nokia. Los jvenes, los mviles y la tecnologa. http://www.conectarc.com/Articulos%20y%20Estudios/Highlights%207%BA%20O bservatorio%20Final.pdf Consejo Nacional Consultivo de Cyber-Seguridad (CNCCS). Malware en smartphones. http://www.s21sec.com/descargas/Malware_Smartphones_CNCCS%20.pdf. mpirica Influentials & Research y QDiario (2010). Estudio sobre el uso de smartphones en Espaa. http://www.slideshare.net/Empirica/estudio-sobre-el-uso-de-smartphones-enespaa Ericsson AB (2011). From apps to everyday situation.
www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2011/silicon_valley_brochure_letter.pdf European Network and Information Security Agency, ENISA (2011). Smartphones: Information security risks, opportunities and recommendations for users. http://www.enisa.europa.eu/act/it/oar/smartphones-information-security-risksopportunities-and-recommendations-for-users
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GFI
Software
(2011).
Parent-Teen
Internet
Safety
Report.
http://www.gfi.com/parent-teen-internet-safety-report Google (2011). Global Perspectives: The Smartphone User & The Mobile Marketer. http://services.google.com/fh/files/blogs/GoogleMMA%20Global%20Perspectives%20Study.pdf Google (2011). The mobile movement. Understanding Smartphone Users. http://www.gstatic.com/ads/research/en/2011_TheMobileMovement.pdf Instituto Nacional de Estadstica (INE). Encuesta sobre Equipamiento y Uso de Tecnologas de la Informacin y Comunicacin en los hogares 2011. http://www.ine.es/jaxi/tabla.do?path=/t25/p450/a2011/l0/&file=01005.px&type=pca xis&L=0 INTECO (2011). Gua sobre adolescencia y sexting: qu es y cmo prevenirlo. http://www.inteco.es/Seguridad/Observatorio/manuales_es/Guia_sexting INTECO y Orange (2010). Estudio sobre seguridad y privacidad en el uso de los servicios mviles por los menores espaoles. http://www.inteco.es/Seguridad/Observatorio/Estudios_e_Informes/Estudios_e_Inf ormes_1/Estudio_moviles_menores Ipsos MediaCT Germany para Google (2011). Estudio Think Mobile.
http://www.slideshare.net/retelur/one-pager-think-mobile-1 Lavinia Interactiva (2010). Los smartphones en Espaa. Una aproximacin http://es.scribd.com/doc/52265502/Mercado-Smartphones-Esp-2010 Lzaro, Francisco (2010). Seguridad de dispositivos mviles. Riesgos de prdida de datos en el Apple iPhone y smartphones de otras marcas. http://www.sahw.com/forensics/seguridad_dispositivos_moviles_iPhone.pdf Norton - Symantec (2010). Norton Online Family Report: Conocimiento mundial sobre la actividad familiar http://us.norton.com/theme.jsp?themeid=norton_online_family_report Pew Research Center (2011). Smartphone Adoption and online.
Usage.
http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2011/Smartphones.aspx Ponemon Institute y AVG (2011). Smartphone security. Survey of U.S. consumers. http://aa-download.avg.com/filedir/other/Smartphone.pdf
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Tap Tap Networks & The Nielsen Company Nielsen. Mobile Internet Q4 2009. http://recursos.anuncios.com/files/354/33.pdf
Tap Tap Networks & The Nielsen Company Nielsen. Mobile Internet Q1 2011. http://recursos.anuncios.com/files/439/95.pdf The Cocktail Analysis. (2011). Aplicaciones en el mvil: descarga y uso. http://www.slideshare.net/TCAnalysis/aplicaciones-en-el-mvil
The Joan Ganz Cooney Center (2010). Learning: Is there an app for that? http://www.joanganzcooneycenter.org/Reports-27.html The Nielsen Company (2010). Mobile Youth around the world. http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/reports-downloads/2010/mobile-youtharound-the-world.html
The Nielsen Company (2011). Dispositivos http://es.nielsen.com/trends/trend2011a.shtml TNS (2011). http://discovermobilelife.com/ TNS Mobile
mviles
en
Espaa.
Life
2011.
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INDEX OF GRAPHS
Graph 1: Country adoption of smartphone among mobile phone users (%) ..................... 32 Graph 2: Traditional mobile phone or smartphone availability by parents (%) .................. 33 Graph 3: Parents mobile phone uses (%).......................................................................... 34 Graph 4: Kinds of applications used by parents (total data and depending on gender) (%) ........................................................................................................................................... 37 Graph 5: Main motivation taken into account by adults when deciding to buy a smartphone (%) ................................................................................................................. 37 Graph 6: Average age of acquisition of the first mobile phone and smartphone by the minor according to current age (%) ................................................................................... 40 Graph 7: Minors way to obtain a smartphone (%) ............................................................ 41 Graph 8: Minors selection of the smartphone model (%).................................................. 42 Graph 9: Main motivation taken into account by minors when deciding to buy a smartphone (%) ................................................................................................................. 43 Graph 10: Smartphone use made by minors with others, total and according to gender (%) ........................................................................................................................................... 46 Graph 11: Smartphone use made by minors with others according to age (%) ................ 47 Graph 12: Smartphone uses made by minors with others (%) .......................................... 48 Graph 13: Applications used by minors in their smartphones (%) ..................................... 49 Graph 14: Applications used by minors in their smartphones according to gender (%) .... 50 Graph 15: Applications used by minors in their smartphones according to age (%) ......... 51 Graph 16: Social network uses made by minors from their smartphones, total and according to gender (%) .................................................................................................... 52 Graph 17: Social network uses made by minors from their smartphones according to age (%) ..................................................................................................................................... 52 Graph 18: Parents knowledge of the use their children make of their smartphones (%) ... 53
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Graph 19: Use made by minors while surfing with their smartphone (parents statements) (%) ..................................................................................................................................... 54 Graph 20: Payment method for the minors smartphone, total and according to their age (parents statements) (%) ................................................................................................... 55 Graph 21: Responsibility for payment of minors smartphone bill, total and according to their age (parents statements) (%) .................................................................................... 56 Graph 22: Main places of use of the smartphone by minors (%)....................................... 57 Graph 23: Main moments of use of the smartphone by minors (%) .................................. 58 Graph 24: Degree to which parents worry about minors use of the smartphone (%) ....... 61 Graph 25: Degree to which parents worry about minors use of smartphones, according to smartphones availability among adults (%) ...................................................................... 61 Graph 26: Degree to which parents worry about minors use of smartphones in comparison to computers (%) ............................................................................................ 62 Graph 27: Parents main worries on minors use of the smartphone (%) .......................... 63 Graph 28: Level of parents worry regarding what minors do with the smartphone in several concrete aspects (%) ............................................................................................ 64 Graph 29: Parents admitted incidence of the situations experienced by minors that have made them feel bad when using the smartphone (%) ....................................................... 65 Graph 30: Minors viewpoint on the existence of inappropriate uses of the smartphone (%) ........................................................................................................................................... 66 Graph 31: Situations considered inappropriate by minors (%) .......................................... 67 Graph 32: Minors degree of awareness of the incidents as problems (%) ....................... 67 Graph 33: Minors awareness of risks situations: excessive expenditure (%) ................... 73 Graph 34: Direct incidence of risks situations on minors: excessive expenditure (%) ....... 74 Graph 35: Awareness by minors of risks situations: sense of anxiety if the smartphone is not at hand (%) .................................................................................................................. 75 Graph 36: Direct incidence of risks situations on minors: sense of anxiety if the smatphone is not at hand (%)............................................................................................................... 76
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Graph 37: Awareness by minors of risk situations: privacy threats (%) ............................. 77 Graph 38: Direct incidence of risk situation in the minors: threats to privacy (%) .............. 78 Graph 39: Personal data shared by minors through their smartphone (%) ....................... 79 Graph 40: Awareness by minors of risk situations: access to inappropriate contents (%) 80 Graph 41: Direct incidence of risk situations in minors: Access to inappropriate contents (%) ..................................................................................................................................... 81 Graph 42: Awareness by minors of risk situations: grooming (%) ..................................... 83 Graph 43: Direct incidence of risk situations in minors: grooming (%) .............................. 84 Graph 44: Reception of inappropriate or unusual proposals (sexual, economic, etc.) (%) 84 Graph 45: Contact with strangers through the smartphone (%) ........................................ 85 Graph 46: Personal contact with strangers (%) ................................................................. 86 Graph 47: Awareness by minors of risk situations: sexting (%)......................................... 88 Graph 48: Direct incidence of risk situations on minors: sexting (%) ................................. 89 Graph 49: Awareness by minors of risk situations: cyberbullying (%) ............................... 90 Graph 50: Direct incidence of risk situations on minors: cyberbullying (%) ....................... 91 Graph 51: Awareness by minors of risk situations: risk of fraud (%) ................................. 92 Graph 52: Direct incidence of risk situations on minors: risk of fraud (%) ......................... 93 Graph 53: Awareness by minors of risk situations: technical risks (%) ............................. 94 Graph 54: Direct incidence of risk situations on minors: technical risks (%) ..................... 95 Graph 55: Consideration of the parental monitoring/supervision as positive by minors: totals and as per age (%)................................................................................................... 97 Graph 56: Existence of limits when children use the smartphone and the computer (%) . 98 Graph 57: Monitoring methods (%).................................................................................... 99 Graph 58: Parent's opinion about the limited use of the smartphone by the minors (%) . 100 Graph 59: Control methods preferred by minors (%)....................................................... 101
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Graph 60: Imposition of rules versus use of tools, preference of the minor (%) .............. 101 Graph 61: Contents that should be limited according to minors, totals and by gender (%) ......................................................................................................................................... 102 Graph 62: Contents that should be limited according to minors, totals and by gender (%) ......................................................................................................................................... 103 Graph 63: Reaction of minors to limits and control (%) ................................................... 104 Graph 64: Parents requests to operators to feel safe while minors use their smartphone (%) ................................................................................................................................... 105 Graph 65: Feeling of security of parents regarding the use of the smartphone by their children (%)...................................................................................................................... 105 Graph 66: Assessment of the information level of the minor considered as sufficient for the safe use of the smartphone, according to parents (%) .................................................... 106 Graph 67: Main responsible of informing on the safety of the use smartphones, according to parents (%) .................................................................................................................. 107
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INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Illustration 1: Situations that have made minors feel bad when using smartphones ......... 65 Illustration 2: Minors reactions to risk incidences on the use of smartphones. .................. 96
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INDEX OF TABLES
Table 1: Sample distribution .............................................................................................. 28 Table 2: Levels of sampling error by age and gender group of minors ............................. 29 Table 3: Parents mobile phone uses depending on the type of device (smartphone or traditional mobile phone) (%) ............................................................................................. 35 Table 4: Parents mobile phone uses depending on gender (%)........................................ 36 Table 5: Smartphone uses made by minors. Comparison between minors and parents statements (%)................................................................................................................... 44 Table 6: Evolution of the mobile phone/smartphone uses declared by minors (%) ........... 45 Table 7: List of risks and behaviours analysed in the report.............................................. 60 Table 8: Direct incidence on the different risk situations stated by minors. Evolution 2010 - 2011 (%) .......................................................................................................................... 69 Table 9: Indirect incidence of the different risk situations stated by minors. Comparison between 2011 and 2010 (%).............................................................................................. 70 Table 10: Direct vs. indirect incidence of the different risk situations stated by minors in 2011 (%) ............................................................................................................................ 71
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Instituto Nacional de Tecnologas de la Comunicacin
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Study On Safe Habits in The Use of Smartphones by Spanish Children and Adolescents (English Version)

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Study On Safe Habits in The Use of Smartphones by Spanish Children and Adolescents (English Version)

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Study on safe habits in the use of smartphones by Spanish children and adolescents

OBSERVATORIO DE LA SEGURIDAD DE LA INFORMACIN INFORMATION SECURITY OBSERVATORY

2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3

Sampling error.............................................................................................. 29 Language and gender .................................................................................. 29

3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.2 4

5.2.1 5.2.2 5.3

5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4 5.4

5.4.1 5.4.2 5.5 6

Minor's smartphone use habits: place and moment of use ................................. 56

6.2.1 6.2.2 6.3

Minors reaction to risks incidence ....................................................................... 95

Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 108

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES

Observing where and when the smartphone is being used.

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

17. 18. 19.

23. 24. 25. 26.

Stage 3: Surveys on families (quantitative research)

Source: INTECO + Orange

Polling technique and informed consent

Source: INTECO + Orange

SMARTPHONES AMONG ADULTS

Traditional mobile phone

Basis: parents (n=400)

Source: INTECO + Orange

Graph 3: Parents mobile phone uses (%)

Basis: parents with mobile phone (n=392)

Source: INTECO + Orange

Source: INTECO + Orange

Free time (photography, sport, travel, health, etc.)

Email (Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo, etc.)

Basis: parents with mobile phone (n=192)

Source: INTECO + Orange

Motivation for buying

Basis: parents with mobile phone (n=192)

Source: INTECO + Orange

SMARTPHONES AMONG MINORS

Basis: minors (n=400)

Source: INTECO + Orange

Buying decision and role of parents in the decision

Graph 7: Minors way to obtain a smartphone (%)

3,0% 0,2% 13,5%

Basis: parents (n=400)

Source: INTECO + Orange

Graph 8: Minors selection of the smartphone model (%)

49.5% The minor chose it 50.5%

29.8% Inherited or given as a present 25.3%

18.8% Adults chose it 23.3%

Basis: minors (n=400) and parents (n=400)

Source: INTECO + Orange

Basis: minors who chose the terminal (n=198)

Source: INTECO + Orange

Use(s) they make of the smartphone

Use with others

80.3% Use it mainly alone 77.9% 83.1%

19.3% Use it mainly with others 21.2% 16.9%

Basis: minors (n=400)

Source: INTECO + Orange

82.0% Principalmente lo usa a solasUse it mainly alone 82.6% 77.1%

18.0% Use it mainly with others 16.7% 22.3%

20% 40% 60% Aged 10 - 12 Aged 13 - 14

Basis: minors (n=400)

Source: INTECO + Orange