Gender Mainstreaming in Urban Development in PRC

Theresa J. Villareal
Head, Portfolio Management Unit Resident Mission, Peoples Republic of China Asian Development Bank
The views expressed in this paper are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Governors, or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The countries listed in this paper do not imply any view on ADB's part as to sovereignty or independent status or necessarily conform to ADB's terminology.

Key Issues that Affect Women in Urban Areas

Access to and Affordability of Basic Services Employment and Entrepreneurship Participation and Representation in Decision -making Land and Property Ownership (including land acquisition) Safety, Security and Clean Environment/Better Health and Hygiene Health

Urban Planning in Cities that ADB Support

(PRC Policy Framework and Governance Structure)

Focus

on cities/towns

multi-sector

integrated

development

of

Economic,

financial and environmental sustainability of urban infrastructure services approach to project design and improving urban governance in water supply, wastewater, district heating, roads and solid waste management in small cities/towns of sustainability mechanisms and community based approaches for more effective urban services of tariffs for basic urban services vis--vis service improvements and ensuring access of poor people to basic services (subsidies provided)

Participatory Integration

Rationalization

Poor and Outdated Urban Infrastructure

Hebei Province Subprojects

Bazhou: Zhengding:
Satellite county where international airport located Strong growth in industrial production Strong tourism industry Solid waste management underdeveloped
Highly industrialized city near Beijing & Tianjin Booming economy but dire environmental & living conditions Water availability and quality problems

Bazhou
Zhaoxian:
Key grain & food crop production base nationally Strong tourism industry Granted Historical & Culturally Famous City of Hebei Solid waste management, district heating and wastewater collection underdeveloped

Zhengding Zhaoxian

Urban Portfolio in PRC, as of October 2011

Net Loan Amount Sectors Agriculture & Natural Resources Energy Finance Industry and Trade Transport and ICT Water & Other Municipal Infrastructure & Services Multisector Total 1987 2010 ($ million) 1,732.5 2,235.8 565.6 670.6 12,392.4 2010 - Ongoing Loans ($ million) 1,049.5 808.2 0.0 0.0 6,150.9 % 1987-2010 No. of Loans 2010 %

9.9 7.6 -

22 27 7

13 9 -

18.8 13.0 -

Around 20% of ADB loan amount and 30% of loans comprise 5 urban/water/sanitation portfolio in the 58.2 68 PRC 25 36.2
13.7 26 14 20.3

2,594.1

1,450.8

1,591.2 21,782.2

1,116.1 10,575.4

10.6 100.0

13 168

8 69

11.7 100.0

Access to Affordability of Services: Water and Sanitation I

Women and girls primary collectors/users & managers
of water Women and girls promoters of sanitation & hygiene Strong links between womens participation & success of project sustainability Women and children participation in environmental management measures to prevent water pollution Women and children participation in public awareness campaigns for waste management, hygiene and disease control and water conservation Women involvement in county-level water resources protection

Access to Affordability of Services: Water and Sanitation II

Water access constrained by scarce water resources Unaffordable services due to high investment costs, O&M Well regulated tariff setting process with public
consultation but limited cost recovery

Target subsidies given to poor households (MLSS) Women representation needed in user groups in
public hearings/consultations on tariff increase

High public acceptance of tariff increase in water scarce

areas, as access is difficult and more expensive

Employment and Entrepreneurship

Poor women are mostly located in urban informal sector (hence, limited access to WSS, electricity, SWM, heating, etc. but important to income generation) Poor urban transport services barrier to women access to jobs, social network, opportunities To promote women job creation organize women groups and networking to access credit, trainings, businesses, project implementation and O&M

Employment and Entrepreneurship

Kunming Qingshuihai Water Supply Project Employment of local labor clauses included in civil works contracts 4,200 non-skilled temporary jobs provided to local people during implementation 20% of skilled and non-skilled jobs provided to women Trainings include livestock production, fruit tree planting, household services, waste management (recycling, reuse), landscaping Chongqing UrbanRural Infrastructure Development Project 30% participation of women and poor Equal payment received by male and female workers for same tasks; Engage women to lead construction teams Training records to be disaggregated by sex, income status, age & ethnicity Wage bills, contract staff/labor records (disaggregated by sex, income status, age and ethnicity)

Participation and Representation in Decision-making

Urban governance is not just about O&M of infrastructure and services but also civic engagement of all stakeholders, men and women. Ways to promote gender-sensitive good governance, increase womens voice in local decision-making: - elect women to key leadership positions in government on urban governance; - womens groups representations in tariff review committees, urban basic services improvement More women involvement in O&M, financial management and user fee charging for urban basic services, setting service standards (SW collection, transport, district heating, etc.)

Participation and Representation in Decision-making

Chongqing UrbanRural Infrastructure Development Project At least 40% of participants in consultation and socialization activities are women; Separate consultation meetings with women in the community; Number of female members of agencies/ bureaus/ committees; Records of meetings and consultations disaggregated by sex and age; Women Vice Mayors in charge of overseeing ADB-funded urban development projects; Women heading finance bureaus in PRC to look after key urban investments

Land and Property Ownership for Poor Women in Urban Areas

Hukou or household registration system classifies people as urban or rural and allocates rights to services accordingly. resulting to "counterfeit urbanisation": cities full of people who cannot enjoy much of city life, including poor women. Informal women workers lack of access to education, credit and income opportunities and basic urban services.

Urban Land Use and Zoning

Zoning not part of Chinas urban planning &management system Clearing Hutongs Low Income House for Commercial Development and High-End Real Estate Development Resettled people are in the citys edge with long distance travel from home to work and limited access to better urban services

Housing is expensive and sharing is norm among migrants

Safety, Security and Clean Environment/Better Health

Urban transport projects have road safety awareness programs in collaboration with traffic police existing program for pedestrians and NMT users; Public consultation with women's participation on lighting at bus stops, pedestrian walkways, seating, circulation system, etc. Women involvement in inclusion of community facilities for recreation in high density areas for social networking, education Women inputs in cities sanitation, transport and SWM services for the public health and safety in high-density urban living areas

 Urban

planning must not focus on self-confined city unit only but include estate interconnection & linkage to the city grid to prevent inconvenience to residents, traffic jams and promote for community facility sharing PRC cities require comprehensive study not only from estate development level but also from sustainable urban development level

Future planning and design of urban housing estates in

Thank You!
Theresa J. Villareal mtvillareal@adb.org