Analysis and Design of Hydraulic Structures

Project Problem
Industrial Park Water Service Distribution Network

Motasem Miqdad 200800855 Hadi Al-Harastani - 200603350

Main Pipe
A "water-service" pipe extends from a potable water source to the interior of a building. Inside the building the "water-service" pipe becomes a "water-distribution" pipe.1 A water service pipe must be rated for the pressure produced by the water source and in the service line by pumps or static differences. it is common to rate water service lines for more than 160 psi (11 bar) and temperatures below approx. 75oF (25oF)

Commonly used materials in water service pipe lines are Cast iron pipe (ductile pipe) - used in large water mains PE - Polyethylene PVC - Polyvinyl Chloride PB - Polybutylene Asbestos cement pipe

After asking mechanical and civil engineers in Qatar. We decided to us PVC due to inexpensive price also, it is recommended to be used with diameters less than 10 inches.2 PVC Hazen-Williams Factor Poisson's Ratio @ 73F PVC schedule 40 minimum thickness for 6in pipe PVC schedule 40 maximum water pressure for 6in pipe3 PVC schedule 80 minimum thickness for 6in pipe PVC schedule 80 maximum water pressure for 6in pipe3 Modulus of elasticity of PVC (Ep)

C=150 0.410 7.11 mm 1241.1 kPa 11 mm 1930.6 kPa 2.83 GPa

Water Hammer
In our project the longitudinal stress in the main pipe is neglected So ( k= ( (5/4 ) - ) = 1 ) and the equation to find the composite elasticity Ec will be : 1/Ec = (1/Eb) + (D/Ep* e)

For PVC with diameter of 6 in. (150 mm) we start our assumption to find the thickness to be used (from the standard thicknesses) as well as the type of pipe that will carry the pressure without failure.

Try schedule 40: Minimum thickness e = 7.11 mm, Ep = 2.83 GPa, Pipe maximum pressure = 1240 kPa Using the water hammer equation to find the pressure rise P: P = C Vo 1/Ec = (1/Eb) + (D/Ep* e) = (1/2.15E9) + (0.15/2.83E9 * 0.00711) Ec = 126 MPa C = ( Ec/) = (1.26E8/999) = 355.5 m/s P = C Vo = ( 999 * 335.5 * 2.34 ) = 831.07 kPa P Total = ( 831.07 + (45.7 * 9.81) ) = 1279.389 kPa P Total = 1279.389 > 1240 kPa So we have to choose another schedule to satisfy our case.

Try schedule 80: Minimum thickness = 11 mm, Ep = 2.83 GPa, pressure capacity = 1930 kPa

1/Ec = (1/Eb) + (D/Ep* e) = (1/2.15E9) + (0.15/2.83E9 * .011) Ec = 190 MPa C = ( Ec/) = (1.9E8/999) = 435.263 m/s P = C Vo = ( 999 * 435.263 * 2.34 ) = 1017.5 kPa P Total = ( 1017.5 + (45.7 * 9.81) ) = 1554.104 kPa P Total = 1554.104 < 1930 kPa Thats mean schedule 80 is satisfy or case Then use for pipe PVC 6 in. schedule 80 with wall thickness 11mm

Inner Network Distribution Calculations

Design Criteria:
1- Satisfying the required demand at each building 2- Total static head at each building should not be less than 25 m and not more than 70 m according to US Army Corps of Engineers and A Report of the Water Supply Committee of the Great Lakes-Upper Mississippi River Board of State and Provincial Public Health and Environmental Managers also in ACTEW's Water Supply and Sewerage Standards. This also met Kahramma Specifications of having static head of 1 bar (10.2 m) over the building height. 3- Selection of inner network pipes diameter(s) should be from the nominal diameters that are available in the market.6 4- Since nominal diameters will be used, then Q at each loop is allowed to have error of 0.0007 5- For seek of simplicity in construction as well as reduction of minor losses due to expansion and contraction we will try to use all pipes with the same size.

Design Procedure:
1- Finding the total energy at Junction J. using energy equation between free surface at the reservoir and junction J considering friction losses and Gate valve minor losses. 2- Selection of pipe diameter for the inner network pipes. 3- Using Excel file to apply Hardy-Cross method for each loop. Using WaterGEMS to get first assumptions. 4- Checking over each junctions to make sure that conservation of mass satisfied. 5- Using WaterGEMS to check the results and the satisfaction of design criteria.

Calculations
Find HJ
Using Hazen-Williams Equation

Reservoir Head =80m

Junction = 12452 Q main = Q demand = 41.3 L/s Energy Equation between free surface of the reservoir and Junction J. Hreservoir hf hvalve = HJ
( )

80 124520.04131.85- 0.15

= HJ = 45.7 m

Inner Diameters and Hardy Cross

We will design our network using pipe diameter of 100mm for all pipes. The following equation where used to generate the Hardy Cross Excel file:

Label
Loop 1 Loop 2

Diameter (mm) 100 100 100 100

Material

HazenLength Williams (m) C 140 140 140 140 70 100 120 80

Q (L/s)

hf (m) hf/Q

dQ

New Q

New hf

New hf/Q 0.16 0.15 0.26 0.01 0.58

dQ

New Q (L/s)

New hf (m)

JB BD JI ID

Commercial Steel Commercial Steel Commercial Steel Commercial Steel

5944.905 (14.41) (2.33) 8492.722 (8.41) (1.23) 10191.266 13.50 3.54 6794.178 0.40 0.00 TOTAL (0.01)

0.16 0.15 0.26 0.01 0.58

(14.40) (2.33) (8.40) (1.23) 13.51 3.55 0.41 0.00 TOTAL (0.00)

(14.40) (2.33) (8.40) (1.23) 13.51 3.55 0.41 0.00 TOTAL (0.00)

(0.01)

(0.00)

Label

Diameter (mm) 100 100 100 100

Material

HazenWilliams C 140 140 140 140

Length (m) 120 80 130 80

Q (L/s)

hf (m)

hf/Q

dQ

New Q

New hf

JI JA AC IC

Commercial Steel Commercial Steel Commercial Steel Commercial Steel

10191.266 6794.178 11040.539 6794.178

(13.51) 13.39 8.39 (5.00) TOTAL

(3.55) 2.33 1.59 (0.38) (0.00)

0.26 0.17 0.19 0.08 0.70

(13.51) 13.39 8.39 (5.00) 3.29

(3.55) 2.33 1.59 (0.38) (0.00)

(0.00)

Label
Loop 3

Diameter (mm) 100 100 100 100

Material

HazenLength Williams (m) C 140 140 140 140 100 80 70 90

Q (L/s)

hf (m)

hf/Q

dQ

New Q (8.72) 4.38 9.27 1.27

TOTAL

New hf (1.32) 0.29 1.03 0.03 0.04

New hf/Q 0.15 0.07 0.11 0.03 0.36 0.15 0.07 0.11 0.03 0.35

dQ

New Q (L/s) (8.78) 4.32 9.21 1.21

New hf (m)

IF IC CE EF

Commercial Steel Commercial Steel Commercial Steel Commercial Steel

8492.722069 6794.177655 5944.905448 7643.449862

(8.10) (1.15) 5.00 0.38 9.89 1.16 1.89 0.07 TOTAL 0.46

0.14 0.08 0.12 0.04 0.37

TOTAL

(1.33) 0.29 1.02 0.03 TOTAL 0.00 (8.79) (1.33) 4.31 0.29 9.20 1.02 1.20 0.03 0.00

0.62

0.06 0.00

Check Over Junctions (Conservation Of Mass)

Using Q at Junction = Total flow in Total flow Out Total Demand = 0 This check satisfies design criteria mentioned above. Junctions A B C D E F Total in (L/s) 13.39 14.40 13.39 8.81 9.21 9.99 Total out (L/s) 8.39 8.40 9.21 0 1.21 0 Demand (L/s) 5 6 3.5 8.8 8 10 Q Junction (L/s) 0.00 0.00 0.68 0.01 0.00 (0.01)

Final Result for the flow at each pipe using Hardy-Cross method with pipe diameter of 100mm for all inner network pipes.

Pipes JB BD JI ID JA AC IC IF CE EF

Q Pipes (L/S) 14.40 8.40 13.51 0.41 13.39 8.39 5.00 8.78 9.21 1.21

WaterGEMS
To find check over the total static head at each building and to find the flow at each pipe with high accuracy we used WaterGEMS. And the result is shown in the following tables:

Junctions
ID 26 27 28 29 30 31 33 34 Label A B C D E F J I Elevation (m) 9.4 8.1 3.2 6 9.6 4.5 0 0 Demand (L/s) 5 6 3.5 8.8 8 10 0 0 Hydraulic Grade (m) 44.04 44.01 42.51 42.79 41.51 41.49 46.3 42.8

Pipe
Label AC JB CE BD EF IF JI JA IC ID Main Pipe Diameter (mm) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 150 Material Commercial Steel Commercial Steel Commercial Steel Commercial Steel Commercial Steel Commercial Steel Commercial Steel Commercial Steel Commercial Steel Commercial Steel PVC Hazen-Williams C 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 150 Flow (L/s) 8.312 -14.432 9.194 -8.432 1.194 -8.806 13.557 13.312 4.382 0.368 41.3 Length (m) 130 70 70 100 90 100 120 80 80 80 1200

Solving the Project Using Darwin-Designer

How Darwin-Designer works?7

Calibration Criteria Formulae

The following formulae are used for Minimize Difference Squares, Minimize Difference Absolute Values, and Minimize Maximum Difference. 9

Figure 11-1: Minimize Difference Squares:

Figure 11-2: Minimize Difference Absolute Values

Figure 11-3: Minimize Maximum Difference where Wnh and Wnf represent a normalized weighting factor for observed hydraulic grades and flows respectively. They are given as:

The weighting factors may also take many other forms, such as no weight (equal to 1), linear, square, square root and log functions. Other variables include: Hobsnh designates the nh-th observed hydraulic grade. Hsimnh is the nh-th model simulated hydraulic grade. Fobsnf is the observed flow. Fsimnf is the model simulated flow. Hpnt notes the hydraulic head per fitness point. Fpnt is the flow per fitness point. NH is the number of observed hydraulic grades. NF is the number of observed pipe discharges.

Results
There are two ways to look into the project using Darwin Designer. That are both satisfy the criteria of design and more accurately. I. II. Either to look to each pipe by its self to satisfy the required demand and total static head at each building. Using nominal diameters.6 Looking into two groups of pipes that will satisfy the design criteria. This look is more preferred from engineering point of view to reduce minor losses and to be easier construction wise.7

First solution: Each Pipe

Junctions
Label A B C D E F J I Elevation (m) 9.4 8.1 3.2 6 9.6 4.5 0 0 Demand (L/s) 5 6 3.5 8.8 8 10 0 0 Hydraulic Grade (m) 45.95 45.73 44.89 45.31 44.76 44.9 46.3 45.26

Pipes
Label AC JB CE BD EF IF JI JA IC ID Main Pipe Diameter (mm) 80 150 125 150 100 150 125 125 100 150 150 Material Commercial Steel Commercial Steel Commercial Steel Commercial Steel Commercial Steel Commercial Steel Commercial Steel Commercial Steel Commercial Steel Commercial Steel PVC Hazen-Williams C 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 150 Flow (L/s) 3.789 -19.825 5.302 -13.825 -2.698 -12.698 12.686 8.789 5.012 -5.025 41.3 Length (m) 130 70 70 100 90 100 120 80 80 80 1200

Second Solution: Two Groups

Junction
Label A B C D E F J I Elevation (m) 9.4 8.1 3.2 6 9.6 4.5 0 0 Demand (L/s) 5 6 3.5 8.8 8 10 0 0 Hydraulic Grade (m) 45.43 45.57 45.17 45.2 45.03 45.03 46.3 45.2

Pipes
Label AC JB CE BD EF IF JI JA IC ID Main Pipe Diameter (mm) 150 125 150 125 150 150 125 125 150 125 150 Material Commercial Steel Commercial Steel Commercial Steel Commercial Steel Commercial Steel Commercial Steel Commercial Steel Commercial Steel Commercial Steel Commercial Steel PVC Hazen-Williams C 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 150 Flow (L/s) 9.266 -14.001 9.363 -8.001 1.363 -8.637 13.032 14.266 3.596 0.799 41.3 Length (m) 130 70 70 100 90 100 120 80 80 80 1200

REFRANCES
Title Note No. 1 2 3 4 Reference

Water-service Pipes Types of Pipe Material Schedule 40 vs. Schedule 80 AED Design Requirements: Water Tanks & System Distribution

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/waterservice-pipes-d_1102.html http://water.me.vccs.edu/concepts/material. html http://pvcfittingsdirect.com/_e/page/1003/ Schedule_40_vs_Schedule_80.htm http://www.aed.usace.army.mil/Engineering Documents/AED%20Design%20Requiremen ts%20%20Water%20Tanks%20and%20System%2 0Distribution%20-%20Sep09.pdf Page 4 and 5

Recommended Standards for Water Works technical requirements for water supply

http://10statesstandards.com/waterstandar ds.html

http://www.actewagl.com.au/About-us/TheActewAGL-network/Water-network/Waterservice-standards-and-guidelines/Watersupply-and-seweragestandards/standards2.aspx#hd3.5 http://www.bentley.com/BentleyWebSite/T ools/library.aspx?id=732fba0a http://www.scribd.com/doc/49198873/Met hod-and-system-for-automatic-waterdistribution-model http://docs.bentley.com/en/HMHammer/HA MMER_V8i_Help-14-45.html http://www.scribd.com/doc/66147844/440 /B-6-1-Darwin-Calibrator-Methodology

and

Darwin Designer Tutorial Video Method and system for automatic water distribution model Darwin Calibration Objectives For more information about Darwin Designer

8 9 10

http://www.geneticprogramming.org/hc2006/Wu-Paper-4.pdf