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Fig. 1.11(a)
Fig. 1.11(b)
Consider terminals A and B in Fig. 1.11(a), we have a circuit having a resistance R3 in parallel with a circuit having resistances R1 and R2 in series; hence R AB = For Fig. 1.11(b), we have R AB = Ra + Rb Equating (1.7.1) and (1.7.2) Ra + Rb = R1 R3 + R2 R3 R1 + R2 + R3 (1.7.2) (1.7.3) R3 ( R1 + R2 ) R1 + R2 + R3 (1.7.1)
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Similarly, Rb + Rc = Ra + Rc = R1 R2 + R1 R3 R1 + R2 + R3 R1 R2 + R2 R3 R1 + R2 + R3 (1.7.4)
(1.7.5)
(1.7.7)
(1.7.8)
R2 = Ra + Rc + Ra Rc Rb
R3 = Ra + Rb + Ra Rb Rc
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To achieve maximum power transfer, differentiating (1.8.2) with respect to RL and setting the result equal to zero. dPL (r + RL ) 2 2 RL (r + RL ) 2 = E =0 dRL ( r + RL ) 4 (1.8.3)
To find the value of RL to satisfy (1.8.3), setting the numerator of (1.8.3) equal to zero to obtain
RL = r
(1.8.4)
For maximum power transfer, the load resistance is chosen to be equal to the internal resistance of the source.
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Additional examples
(1) Find the magnitude and direction of the current flowing through 7 resistor in the following network.
A 3 B 12 C 3 D
8V
4V
Approach 1 Kirchhoffs Law Approach Using KCL, the currents are assigned as in the following diagram.
A I1 3 B I2 12 I1-I2 8V 4 7 C I3 I2-I3 4V 3 D
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8V
I1
I2
I3
4V
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(2) Obtain the Thevenins equivalent circuit for the following active network.
A B 3 3 6 a
20V D C
10V b
By KVL, the current flowing through the 6 resistor is I 6 = 20 + 10 10 = A (circulate in clockwise direction) 3+6 3 VBC = 10 + 10 6 = 10V 3
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(3) Using Thevenins Theorem, find the current in the 10 resistor of the following network.
A A 12V 4 6V 4
6 3
10
6V
Applying Thevenins Theorem, simplify the networks across A-B and A-C.
A I1 6 3 I1 6V I1 B B 2V 2 12V I2 4 I2 C C A I2 I2 4 2 A
6V
6V
2V B 10 6V
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(4) A network is arranged as shown in the following figure. Calculate the equivalent resistance between (a) A and C, and (b) A and N. (a) By using Star-delta transformation,
15 B 15 C B R1 N 4 6 3 2 10 6 R2 R3 10 C
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(5) Calculate the voltage across A-B in the network by using delta-star transformation.
A 6 2 2 10V B 6 2 5
(1) Transform the 2-5-6 delta connection into Ra-Rb-Rc star connection.
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(2) Calculate the equivalent resistance Req and compute the current I.
(3) Using current division principle, compute the currents I1 and I2.
(4) Calculate the voltage drop across the 2 and 6 resistors which on the LHS in the middle figure. Compute the voltage difference between A and B.