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18.1 Check moment and shear strength at the base of structural wall shown in Fig. P18-1.
M u (base) = 1.6 (7 k 15 ft + 12 k 26 ft + 18 k 37 ft + 22 k 48 ft + 20 k 59 ft) = 5310 kip-ft Vu (base) = 1.6 ( 7 + 12 + 18 + 22 + 20 ) kips = 126 kips N u ,min (base) = 0.9 230 k = 207 kips
2. Calculate flexural strength. The total area of vertical wall reinforcement is:
l =
= l
fy f c
= 0.00333
Nu h l w f c
For 4500 psi concrete, 1 = 0.825. Then, from Eq. (18-28) the depth to the neutral axis is:
+ 0.0192 + 0.0444 c= l w = 240 in. = 19.3 in. 0.85 0.825 + 2 0.0444 0.851 + 2
This is very small compared to d (taken as 0.8 w), so this is clearly a tension-controlled section and = 0.9. From Eq. (18-25a), the tension force in the vertical reinforcement is:
18-1
And, from Eq. (18-29) the nominal moment strength at the base of the wall is:
l l c 240 in. 240 in. 19.3 in. M n = T w + Nu w = 441 k 2 + 207 k 2 2 2 = 53, 000 k-in. + 22,800 k-in. = 75,800 k-in. = 6320 k-ft
Using the strength reduction factor, , the design strength is:
Vc = 2 f c hd = 2 1 4500 psi 10 in. 192 in. = 258, 000 lbs = 258 kips
Using = 0.75 for shear, the design strength contribution from the concrete is:
18-2
18.2 Design a uniform distribution of vertical and horizontal reinforcement for the structural
M u (base) = 1.6 (75 k 12 ft + 100 k 24 ft) = 5280 kip-ft N u ,min (base) = 0.9 (70 + 40) kips = 99.0 kips
2. Flexural design. Based on the results from Problem 18-1 (a wall with similar design base moment and similar dimensions), select a trial value for = 0.0035. Then, from Eq. (18-26b),
= l
fy f c
= 0.0035
Nu h l w f c
For 4000 psi concrete, 1 = 0.85. Then, from Eq. (18-28) the depth to the neutral axis is:
+ 0.0103 + 0.0525 c= l w = 240 in. = 18.2 in. 0.851 + 2 0.85 0.85 + 2 0.0525
This is very small compared to d (taken as 0.8 w), so this is clearly a tension-controlled section and = 0.9. The total area of vertical wall reinforcement is:
l l c 240 in. 240 in. 18.2 in. M n = T w + Nu w = 466 k 2 + 99.0 k 2 2 2 = 55,900 k-in. + 11, 000 k-in. = 66,900 k-in. = 5570 k-ft
Using the strength reduction factor, , the design strength is:
18-3
For a wall with relatively low axial load, the nominal moment strength should increase approximately linearly with increases in the percentage of vertical reinforcement. Thus,
l (req'd.) l (trial)
Round this up a little and try = 0.0038. Then, redo the calculations to find:
= 0.0570, c = 19.3 in., Ast = 9.12 in.2 , T = 503 kips, and M n = 5350 k-ft > M u (o.k.)
Select vertical reinforcement as: No. 4 bars at 10 in. spacing in each face (EF), results in = 0.00400 No. 5 bars at 16 in. spacing in each face (EF), results in = 0.00388 Either selection will work. To use less total bars, select No. 5 bars at 16 in. spacing, EF. It is good practice to replace the pair of No. 5 bars at the edges of the wall with a pair of No. 6 bars. 3. Shear Design. The aspect ratio for this wall is, hw/w = 24/20 = 1.20. Thus, this is a short wall and the shear strength contribution from the concrete is probably given by Eq. (18-43). Using d = 0.8 x w = 192 in., results in:
Vc = 3.3 f c hd +
Nu d 4l w
99, 000 lbs 192 in. 4 240 in. = (401, 000 + 19,800) lbs = 421, 000 lbs = 421 kips = 3.3 1 4000 psi 10 in. 192 in. +
Before accepting this value, we will check the value of Vc from Eq. (18-44). For this flexural-shear strength equation, we need to evaluate the ratio of Mu/Vu at the critical section above the base of the wall, as defined in Fig. 18-19. For this wall, w/2 = 10 ft, governs. At that section the factored moment is,
18-4
Thus, the ratio of Mu/Vu = 2480/280 = 8.86 ft. Using this value, the denominator in the second term of Eq. (18-43) is,
Mu l w = 8.86 ft 10 ft = 1.14 ft Vu 2
Because this is a negative number, Eq. (18-44) is not valid for this wall. So, using = 0.75 and the value for Vc from Eq. (18-43):
t =
Av ,horiz h s2
The maximum center-to-center spacing for the horizontal reinforcement is the smallest of w/5 (48 in.), 3h (30 in.) and 18 in. Thus, the provided spacing of 16 in. for the horizontal reinforcement is ok. Vertical reinforcement. Because t = 0.0025, the minimum value for in Eq. (18-46) is 0.0025. From the flexural design, the provided value for = 0.00388, so it is o.k. Also, the selected spacing of 16 in. is less than the smallest of w/3 (80 in.), 3h (30 in.) and 18 in. (o.k.)
18-5
18-3
Check the moment and shear strength at the base of the structural wall shown in Fig. P18-3. Use x = 40 ft. for the flexural strength check and x = 30 ft for the capacity-based design approach to check the shear strength.
M u (base) = 1.0 150 k 2 3 60 ft = 6000 kip-ft N u ,min (base) = 0.9 150 k = 135 kips
2. Flexural strength. For a boundary element in tension, use Eq. (18-30) to find:
a=
T + Nu 569 k + 135 k = = 8.28 in. ( 20 in., o.k.) 0.85 f c b 0.85 5 ksi 20 in.
Assume d = w 20in./2 = 180 10 = 170 in. Then, from Eq. (18-33), the nominal moment strength is:
a l a M n = T d + Nu w 2 2 8.28 in. 180 in. 8.28 in. = 569 k 170 in. + 135 k 2 2 = (94, 400 + 11, 600)k-in. = 8830 kip-ft
With a = 8.28 in., it is clear that this is a tension-controlled section, and thus = 0.9. So,
18-6
With this axial load the wall moment strength will be reevaluated and referred to as the probable moment strength, Mpr. First, the depth of the compression stress block is,
a=
This is larger than calculated previously, but it is still clear that the tension steel in the boundary element will be yielding. With this value of a, the moment strength is:
a l a M pr = T d + N pr w 2 2 = 94, 000 k-in. + 21,300 k-in. = 115, 000 kip-in. = 9610 kip-ft
With this moment and assuming that x = 0.5 x 60 ft = 30 ft, the capacity-based design shear is,
Vu (cap-based) =
M pr 0.5hw
4. Check shear strength. For this wall, the value of Acv in Eq. (18-48) is:
Vn = Acv c fc + t f y
= 1800 in.2 ( 141 psi + 150 psi ) = 524, 000 lbs = 524 kips
Using = 0.75 for shear,
18-7
The vertical and horizontal steel percentages in the web of the wall (both 0.0025) and the bar spacing (16 in. both horizontal and vertical) satisfy the requirements of ACI Code Section 11.9.9, which are applicable for this wall. 18-4 Check the moment and shear strength at the base of the structural wall shown in Fig. P18-4. Use the capacity-based design approach to check the shear strength.
l =
Av ,vert h s1
From Eq. (18-26b) the reinforcement ratio for the vertical reinforcement is:
= l
fy f c
= 0.00388
Nu hl w f c
For 4000 psi concrete, 1 = 0.85. Then, from Eq. (18-28), the depth to the neutral axis is:
+ 0.0075 + 0.0582 c= l w = 240 in. = 18.8 in. 0.85 0.85 + 2 0.0582 0.851 + 2
This is very small compared to d (0.8w = 192 in.), so this is clearly a tension-controlled section and = 0.9. For the longitudinal steel,
l c 240 in. 18.8 in. 2 T = Ast f y w = 9.30 in. 60 ksi = 514 kips 240 in. lw
18-8
l l c M n = T w + Nu w 2 2 240 in. 240 in. 18.8 in. = 514 k + 72 k 2 2 = (61, 700 + 7960)k-in. = 5810 kip-ft
Applying the strength factor, the design flexural strength is,
= 0.0025 (the minimum value) and the design flexural strength, Mn = 3670 kip-ft.
3. Design shear (determine capacity-based design shear using original flexural design). Assume that the probable axial load is:
N pr = N D + N L = 80 k + 40 k = 120 kips
With this axial load, the axial load ratio is:
l c 240 in. 20.2 in. 2 T = Ast f y w = 9.30 in. 60 ksi = 511 kips lw 240 in.
Finally, the probably moment capacity is:
18-9
240 in. 240 in. 20.2 in. M pr = 511 k + 120 k 2 2 = (61,300 + 13, 200)k-in. = 6210 kip-ft
With this probable moment strength, the capacity-based design shear is,
Vu (cap-based) =
M pr hw
4. Check shear strength. For this wall, Eq. (18-45b) will be used to determine t for the distributed horizontal reinforcement.
Vn = Acv c fc + t f y
= 2400 in.2 ( 190 psi + 150 psi ) = 815, 000 lbs = 815 kips
Using = 0.75 for shear,
The vertical and horizontal steel percentages in the web of the wall (both 0.0025) and the bar spacing (16 in. both horizontal and vertical) satisfy the requirements of ACI Code Section 11.9.9, which are applicable for this wall.
18-10